Trophobiosis

From Chapter 13 of The Ants :

A great majority of the members of the three phylogenetically most advanced ant subfamilies, the Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae, and Formicinae, attend homopterans to some extent. To employ one last term from Wasmann, the ants can be said to have entered into trophobiosis with the homopterans. As trophobionts, the homopterans resemble many of the lycaenid symbionts in a basic way: they obtain their own food and pass some of it on to their hosts. However, unlike the lycaenids that secrete substances from specialized exocrine glands, the honeydew provided for ants by homopterans is an excretion derived from a digestive process (see Plate 17).

Camponotus pennsylvanicus workers tending aphids. Video courtesy of Dick Walton / Natural History Services. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.

When aphids feed on the phloem sap of plants, they pass a complex mixture of nutrients, including sugars, free amino acids, amides, proteins, minerals and vitamins, through their gut and back out through the anus. During this passage the phloem sap changes as some of its components are absorbed and others are converted or added by the aphid (for recent reviews see Ziegler and Penth, 1977; Kunkel and Kloft, 1977; Dixon, 1985; Maurizio, 1985). According to Maurizio, O.2-1.8 percent of the honeydew dry weight is nitrogen and 70-95 percent of the nitrogen are amino acids and amides. The mixture of nitrogen compounds in the honeydew is largely identical to that in the phloem sap. Measurements made on Tuberolachnus salignus by Mittler (1958) show that as much as one-half of the free amino acids are absorbed by the aphid's gut. In a few cases the honeydew contains amino acids which are not present in the phloem sap. Presumably these are metabolic products added by the aphids (Gray, 1952; Ehrhardt, 1962).

By far the largest percentage (90-95 percent) of the honeydew dry weight consists of carbohydrates. Sugars from the phloem sap are partly absorbed or converted, and the diverse mixtures of sugars contained in the honeydew are often species-specific. They usually comprise fructose, glucose, saccharose, trehalose and higher oligosaccharides. Trehalose, which is the blood sugar of insects, composes up to 35 percent of the total sugar amount in the honeydew. Typical honeydew sugars also include the trisaccharides fructo-maltose and melezitose, with the latter making up 40-50 percent of the total sugar. Other sugars detected in honeydew are maltose, raffinose, melibiose, turanose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and stachyose. In addition the honeydew contains other classes of substances, including organic acids, B-vitamins, and minerals.

When unattended by ants, many aphids dispose of the honeydew droplets by flicking them away with their hind legs or caudae, or by expelling them through contractions of the rectum or entire abdomen. The honeydew then falls upon the vegetation and ground below. Similar substances are excreted by several other groups of sap-feeding Homoptera, including scale insects (Coccidae), mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), jumping plant lice (Chermidae = Psyllidae), tree hoppers (Jassidae, Membracidae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), froghoppers or spittle insects (Cercopidae), and members of the “lantern-fly” family (Fulgoridae). Sometimes honeydew accumulates in large enough quantities to be usable by man. The manna “given” to the Israelites in the Old Testament account was almost certainly the excretion of the coccid Trabutina mannipara, which feeds on tamarisk. The Arabs still gather the material, which they call “man.” In Australia, chermid honeydew is collected as food by the aborigines. Referred to as “sugar-lerp,” up to three pounds can be harvested by one person in a single day. It is no surprise, therefore, to find that ants also gather honeydew of all kinds. Many, perhaps most, species collect it from the ground and vegetation where it falls. But many others have developed the capacity to solicit the honeydew directly from the homopterans themselves.

Most aphid species associated with ants insert their stylets into the phloem of the host plant (Kloft, 1953, 1959a, 1960a,b,c; Kunkel, 1967). Although they can suck up limited amounts of liquid, the aphids appear to depend chiefly on the turgor pressure of the phloem, which forces sap up their stylets (Mittler, 1957; Kunkel and Kloft, 1985). To process a large volume of phloem sap and discard the excess as honeydew evidently costs the aphid fewer calories than a more nearly total extraction from smaller quantities of sap. The amounts of honeydew produced by individuals are often prodigious. First instar nymphs of Mittler's Tuberolachnus extracted honeydew at the rate of seven droplets per hour, each droplet containing 0.065 l, and the total output per aphid was 133 percent of the aphid's weight every hour. Other species that have been analyzed are slightly more modest, their hourly output ranging from 1.9 to 13.3 percent of body weight per hour (Auclair, 1963).

Most myrmecophilous homopterans, especially aphids, have special structural and behavioral adaptations for life with ants (Way, 1963; Kunkel, 1973; Kunkel and Kloft, 1985). Aphids frequently associated with ants tend to have poorly developed cornicles, a reduced cauda, and at most a thin coating of wax filaments. However, a few ant-attended species have large cornicles and others are densely covered with wax. In the case of one such species, Prociphilus fraxini, the ants simply remove wax from the bodies of the aphids (Zwölfer, 1958; Kunkel, 1973). And where most pseudococcids are covered with wax, the ants often clean the symbionts bare. Kunkel (1973) notes that myrmecophilous aphids generally have more setae on the dorsal body surface and tibiae. Anal setae in particular are very numerous in myrmecophilous aphids. They form a basket (“trophobiotic organ”) that holds the honeydew droplet until it is imbibed by the ants (Zwölfer, 1958; Kunkel, 1973).

Novgorodova (2015) - Trophobiont insects play an important role in the life of many ants. Their excreta (the honeydew) are rich in carbohydrates and form one of the main trophic resources for the ant colony (Dlussky, 1967; Delabie, 2001); therefore, protection of the trophobionts from various competitors is a fairly important task for ants. This is especially true of the species whose colonies include tens of thousands and more workers and require great amounts of carbohydrate food (Oliver et al., 2008). The efficiency of protection of trophobionts from their natural enemies varies significantly depending on the ant species (Itioka and Inoue, 1999; Gibernau and Dejean, 2001; Katayama and Suzuki, 2003; Novgorodova and Gavrilyuk, 2012). As a result, different representatives of the multi-species ant assemblage differently affect the survival of their symbionts (Addicott, 1978; Bristow, 1984; Buckley and Gullan, 1991).

List of Known Trophobiotic Associations

Acropyga mealybug associations are well documented and are clearly understood to be a mutualism. Most of the listed associations are less definitive. Many of these trophobiotic associations are reported as or presumed to be a mutualism with little evidence. Most are reported from one of two types of observations: an ant species is seen with a partnered species or a species is seen to be collecting liquid food resources from another organism. For these cases, without further study it is probably best to presume these associations are symbiotic relationships. Detailed and direct study of the interactions could show the two species are involved in a mutualism, commensalism or even a predatory relationship.

Ant	Relationship	Mealybug	Locality	Source	Notes
Acropyga arnoldi	mutualist	Eumyrmococcus scorpioides	Africa	Prins, 1982; LaPolla & Spearman, 2007; Schneider & LaPolla, 2020
Acropyga ayanganna	mutualist	Neochavesia lapollai Williams		LaPolla & Schneider, 2023
Acropyga epedana	mutualist	Rhizoecus colombiensis		Williams and LaPolla, 2004
Acropyga exsanguis	mutualist	Geococcus coffeae		LaPolla (2004)
Acropyga exsanguis	mutualist	Neochavesia sp.		LaPolla (2004)
Acropyga exsanguis	mutualist	Pseudorhizoecus proximus		LaPolla (2004)
Acropyga exsanguis	mutualist	Rhizoecus caladii		LaPolla (2004)
Acropyga exsanguis	mutualist	Rhizoecus coffeae		Bünzli, 1935; Roba, 1936; LaPolla, 2004
Acropyga exsanguis	mutualist	Rhizoecus falcifer		LaPolla (2004)
Acropyga glaesaria	mutualist	Electromyrmoccus abductus	Dominican Amber (Miocene)
Acropyga glaesaria	mutualist	Electromyrmoccus inclusus	Dominican Amber (Miocene)
Acropyga glaesaria	mutualist	Electromyrmoccus reginae	Dominican Amber (Miocene)
Acropyga manuense	mutualist	Neochavesia podexuta		LaPolla & Schneider, 2023
Acropyga nipponensis	mutualist	Eumyrmococcus nipponensis	Japan	Terayama, 1985, 1986
Acropyga sauteri	mutualist	Eumyrmococcus smithii		Terayama, 1988; LaPolla, 2004
Acropyga silvestrii	mutualist	Williamsrhizoecus udzungwensis	Tanzania	Schneider & LaPolla, 2020
Anoplolepis gracilipes	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Anoplolepis gracilipes	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Aphaenogaster kurdica	mutualist	Brachycaudus helichrysi		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Brachymyrmex patagonicus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Lescano et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus acvapimensis	mutualist	Diaphorina enderleini	Cameroon, Ethiopia	Aléné et al., 2011
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Aphis brotericola		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Aphis salviae		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Brachcaudus helicrysi		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Özdemir et al., 2008; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Lachnus roboris		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus aethiops	mutualist	Thelaxes suberi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Verghese and Tandon, 1987; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aphis nerii	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aphis punicae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Aulacorthum solani	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Eriosoma lanigerum	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Lipaphis erysimi	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Myzus ornatus	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Myzus persicae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Phorodon cannabis	Pakistan	Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Rakhshan & Ahmad, 2015; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum padi	Pakistan	Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Rakhshan & Ahmad, 2015; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Schizaphis graminum	Pakistan	Verghese & Tandon, 1987; Kataria & Kumar, 2013; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Sitobion avenae	Pakistan	Kataria & Kumar, 2013; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus compressus	mutualist	Uroleucon carthami	Pakistan	Kataria & Kumar, 2013; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Camponotus gestroi	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Aphis valerianae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Cinara apini		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Cinara hottesi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Cinara pseudotsugae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Cinara splendens		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Cinara vandykei		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Obtusicauda frigidae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Pterocomma populeum		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus herculeanus	mutualist	Schizaphis graminum		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus invidus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus japonicus	mutualist	Chaitophorus saliniger		Hembry et al., 2006; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus kurdistanicus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus kurdistanicus	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus lateralis	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus libanicus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus maculatus	mutualist	Cinara apini		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus modoc	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus navigator	mutualist	Hysteroneura setariae		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus novaeboracensis	mutualist	Chaitophorus nigrae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus novaeboracensis	mutualist	Cinara schwarzii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus novaeboracensis	mutualist	Lachnus solitarius		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus oasium	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus oasium	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus parius	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus	mutualist	Cinara coloradensis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus	mutualist	Cinara flexilis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus pennsylvanicus	mutualist	Cinara strobi		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Aphis brotericola		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Aphis chloris		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Aphis euphorbiae		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Aphis salviae		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Hyadaphis hofmanni		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus piceus	mutualist	Staegeriella necopinata		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus reticulatus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus reticulatus	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus sansabeanus	mutualist	Thecabius populimonilis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Aphis brohmeri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Callipterinella tuberculata		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Chaitophorus albus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Chaitophorus populialbae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Chaitophorus tremulae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Cinara pini		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Cinara pinihabitans		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Glyphina betulae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus saxatilis	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus subbarbatus	mutualist	Drepanaphis nigricans		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus turkestanicus	mutualist	Eulachnus tuberculostemmatus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Aphis clerodendri		Carver et al., 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Aphis valerianae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Bipersona torticauda		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminalis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Cinara edulis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Cinara oregonensis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Cinara ponderosae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Cinara pseudotsugae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Cinara schwarzii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Cinara sibiricae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Lachnus solitarius		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Macrosiphum chrysothamni		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Macrosiphum valerianae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Protaphis middletonii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Camponotus vicinus	mutualist	Thecabius populimonilis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cardiocondyla emeryi	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cardiocondyla sahlbergi	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cardiocondyla wroughtonii	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis aenescens	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis aenescens	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis aenescens	mutualist	Macrosiphum euphorbiae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis aenescens	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis cinnamomea	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis emeryi	mutualist	Cinara palaestinesis		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis emeryi	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis livida	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis livida	mutualist	Subcryptosiphon sp.		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis nodus	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis nodus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis nodus	mutualist	Chaitophorus sp.		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis nodus	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Cataglyphis nodus	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster antaris	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster antaris	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster antaris	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster antaris	mutualist	Chaitophorus truncates		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster antaris	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster auberti	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon gossypii		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon pisum		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Aphis pseudocardui		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Brachycaudus tragopogonis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Callaphis juglandis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster inermis	mutualist	Chaitophorus israeliticus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster laeviuscula	mutualist	Cinara ponderosae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Aphis coreopsidis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Capitophorus elaeagni		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminicola		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Cinara edulis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Cinara murrayanae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Cinara schwarzii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster lineolata	mutualist	Lachnus ater		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster schmidti	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster schmidti	mutualist	Aphis pseudocardui		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster schmidti	mutualist	Chaitophorus israeliticus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster schmidti	mutualist	Thelaxes californica		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster scutellaris	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster scutellaris	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster scutellaris	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster scutellaris	mutualist	Chaitophorus melanosiphon		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster scutellaris	mutualist	Pterocomma rufipes		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster sordidula	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Özdemir et al., 2008; Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster sordidula	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster striatula	mutualist	Diaphorina enderleini	Cameroon, Ethiopia	Aléné et al., 2011
Crematogaster subdentata	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster subdentata	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster subdentata	mutualist	Periphyllus bulgaricus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster subdentata	mutualist	Tuberculatus maximus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Crematogaster warburgi	mutualist	Chaitophorus sp.		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Dorymyrmex pyramicus	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Dorymyrmex pyramicus	mutualist	Periphyllus negundinis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Dorymyrmex tener	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Lescano et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Dorymyrmex wolffhuegeli	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Lescano et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Erromyrma latinodis	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica altipetens	mutualist	Bipersona torticauda		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis brohmeri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis evonymi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis jacobaeae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis subnitidae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Aphis viburni		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Callipterinella tuberculata		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Chaitophorus albitorosus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Chaitophorus albus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Chaitophorus populialbae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Chaitophorus salicti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Cinara boerneri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Cinara laricis		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Cinara piceae		Novgorodova, 2005; Gibb and Johansson, 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Cinara piceicola		Gibb and Johansson, 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Cinara pinea		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Cinara pini		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Glyphina betulae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum padi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Schizaphis gramina		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Schizaphis pyri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aquilonia	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Anuraphis subterranea		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis aiddletonii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis medicaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis sambucifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Aphis ulmariae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Bipersona torticauda		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Braggia eriogoni		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Chaitophorus nigrae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminalis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Cinara apini		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Cinara ponderosae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Cryptomyzus ribis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Drepanaphis acerifoliae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Hyperomyzus lactucae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Lachnus glaber		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Macrosiphum euphorbiae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Myzaphis rosarum		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Myzocallis discolor		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Periphyllus negundinis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Prociphilus fraxinifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Pterocomma smithiae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Uroleucon ambrosiae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Uroleucon erigeronense		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Uroleucon solidaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	Uroleucon taraxaci		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aterrima	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica bradleyi	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Aphis medicaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Aphis valerianae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Cinara pseudotsugae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Drepanaphis acerifoliae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Drepanosiphum braggii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Tuberolachnus salignus		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	Uroleucon ambrosiae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphis forbesi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphis medicaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1978; Breton and Addicott, 1992; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Aphthargelia symphoricarpi		Addicott, 1978; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	Bipersona torticauda		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis sambuci		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis serpylli		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Aphis verbasci		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Brachycaudus helichrysi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Brachycaudus lychnidis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Brachyunguis tamaricis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Chaitophorus longisetosus		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Cinara acutirostris		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Cinara maritimae		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Cinara pilicornis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Cinara pruinosa		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Myzus lythri		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Nearctaphis bakeri		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Periphyllus aceris		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Pterocallis albidus		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Pterocallis alni		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Schizaphis miscanthi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Schizolachnus pineti		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Sipha maydis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	Toxoptera aurantii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica coloradensis	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica comata	mutualist	Cinara apini		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica comata	mutualist	Cinara schwarzii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica comata	mutualist	Cinara splendens		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon pisum		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon rubi		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis acetosae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis brotericola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis solanella		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Brachycaudus tragopogonis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Chaitophorus albus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Chaitophorus populialbae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Cinara boerneri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Cinara palaestinesis		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Cinara pini		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Macrosiphoniella pulvera		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Macrosiphum rosae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	Sipha maydis		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica dakotensis	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica dakotensis	mutualist	Cinara apini		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica densiventris	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica densiventris	mutualist	Obtusicauda frigidae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica gagates	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	Aphis galliiscabri		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	Brachycaudus (Appelia) tragopogonis		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica gnava	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica incerta	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Addicott, 1978; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1978; Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica japonica	mutualist	Chaitophorus saliniger		Hembry et al., 2006; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica japonica	mutualist	Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum		Ando and Ohgushi, 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lasioides	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lasioides	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lasioides	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1978; Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lasioides	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica limata	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lugubris	mutualist	Cinara pini		Sudd, 1983; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Aphis oregonensis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Cinara medispinosa		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Cinara pseudotsugae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Macrosiphum chrysothamni		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	Pseudoepameibaphis tridentatae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica neoclara	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica neogagates	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica neorufibarbis gelida''
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica neorufibarbis gelida''
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica neorufibarbis gelida''
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1978; Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	Pleotrichophorus utensis		Billick et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	Uroleucon escalantii		Billick et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obtusopilosa	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica munda''
Formica opaciventris	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica opaciventris	mutualist	Aphis medicaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica oreas	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica podzolica	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Mooney et al., 2008; Nielsen et al., 2009; Abdala-Roberts et al., 2012; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica podzolica	mutualist	Aphis valerianae		Petry et al., 2012; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis brohmeri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis evonymi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis jacobaeae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Aphis subnitidae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Callipterinella tuberculata		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Chaitophorus albitorosus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Chaitophorus albus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Chaitophorus populialbae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Chaitophorus salicti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Cinara boerneri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Cinara laricis		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Cinara piceae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Cinara pinea		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Cinara pini		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Glyphina betulae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Macrosiphoniella pulvera		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum padi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Schizaphis gramina		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Schizaphis pyri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Chaitophorus nassonowi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Cinara boerneri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Cinara laricis		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Cinara pinea		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Cinara pini		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica propinqua	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Wimp and Whitham, 2001; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica puberula	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica puberula	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica puberula	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica ravida	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rubicunda	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Aphis helianthi		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Aphis medicaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Aphis valerianae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Aphis varians		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Nearctaphis bakeri		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Cinara indica		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Cinara occidentalis		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Dysaphis devecta		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Myzus ornatus		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Myzus padellus		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	Tuberolachnus salignus		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica sanguinea	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica sanguinea	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subaenescens	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subintegra	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Aphis coreopsidis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Aulacorthum solani		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Cinara atlantica		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Cinara pinivora		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Hyperomyzus nabali		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Neomyzus circumflexum		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	Uroleucon pieloui		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica ulkei	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica yessensis	mutualist	Tuberculatus quercicola		Yao and Akimoto, 2001; Yao and Akimoto, 2009; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Iridomyrmex anceps	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Iridomyrmex hartmeyeri	mutualist	Aphis clerodendri		Carver et al., 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis galliiscabri		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Akyildirim et al., 2014, Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis idaei		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis maidi-radicis		Forbes, 1906; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis molluginis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis pseudocardui		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis solanella		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis urticata		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Aphis verbasci		Özdemir et al., 2008; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Brachycaudus (Appelia) tragopogonis		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Capitophorus hippophaes		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Chaitophorus kapuri		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Cinara atlantica		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Cinara palaestinesis		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Dysaphis foeniculus		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Dysaphis pyri		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Myzus cerasi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Neobetulaphis pusilla		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Periphyllus bulgaricus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Barton and Ives, 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Sipha maydis		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius alienus	mutualist	Toxoptera aurantii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius americanus	mutualist	Forda marginata		Cockerell, 1903; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius americanus	mutualist	Pemphigus lasii		Palmer, 1952; Cockerell, 1903; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis hillerislambersi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis middletonii		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Cinara cedri		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Cinara cupressi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Cinara tujafilina		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Dysaphis plantaginea		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Hyalopterus pruni		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Lachnus roboris		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Periphyllus aceris		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Pterocomma populeum		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Schizaphis pyri		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Sitobion fragariae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Thelaxes suberi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius brunneus	mutualist	Uroleucon kashmiricum		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius claviger	mutualist	Forda marginata		Cockerell, 1903; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius claviger	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Anoecia corni		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Aphis impatientis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Aphis longituba		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Brachycaudus schwartzi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Chaitophorus longisetosus		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Cinara pini		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Myzus cerasi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Myzus lythri		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Periphyllus aceris		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius emarginatus	mutualist	Thelaxes californica		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuji	mutualist	Stomaphis yanonis		Endo and Itino, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Chaitophorus vitellinae		Molnar et al., 2000; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Cinara boerneri		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Cinara laricis		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Cinara pinea		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Lachnus tropicalis		Zhang et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Pterocomma pilosum		Molnar et al., 2000; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Pterocomma rufipes		Molnar et al., 2000; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Stomaphis japonica		Zhang et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Stomaphis quercus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius fuliginosus	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius japonicus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Suzuki et al., 2004; Katayama et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius japonicus	mutualist	Chaitophorus saliniger		Hembry et al., 2006; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius latipes	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius nearcticus	mutualist	Lachnus roboris		Paris and Espadaler, 2009; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius nearcticus	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius neoniger	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis craccae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Novgorodova, 2005; Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Liepert and Dettner, 1993; Volkl et al., 1999; Offenberg, 2001; Woodring et al., 2004; Fischer et al., 2005; Detrain et al., 2010; Sanders and Frank, 2010; Tegelaar et al., 2012; Tegelaar et al., 2013; Fischer et al., 2015; Tegelaar, 2015; Vantaux et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Kaneko, 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis idaei		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis jacobaeae		Vrieling et al., 1991; Müller and Godfray, 1999; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis vandergooti		Woodring et al., 2004; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Aphis viburni		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Volkl et al., 1999; Müller and Godfray, 1999; Woodring et al., 2004; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Callipterinella tuberculata		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Chaitophorus albus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Fischer and Shingleton, 2001; Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Chaitophorus populialbae		Fischer and Shingleton, 2001; Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Chaitophorus tremulae		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Chromaphis obiensis		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Cinara pini		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Dysaphis plantaginea		Nagy et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Lachnus tropicalis		Sakata, 1995; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Metopeurum fuscoviride		Volkl et al., 1999; Fischer et al., 2002; Woodring et al., 2004; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Myzocallis kuricola		Sakata, 1995; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Symydobius oblongus		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius niger	mutualist	Trama troglodytes		Woodring et al., 2004; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius pallitarsis	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Özdemir et al., 2008; Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis galliiscabri		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis rumicis		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Aphis umbrella		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Chaitophorus longisetosus		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populeti		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Chaitophorus populialbae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Chaitophorus remaudierei		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Chaitophorus truncates		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Cinara palaestinensis		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Cinara palaestinesis		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Hyadaphis foeniculi		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Hyalopterus pruni		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius paralienus	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius productus	mutualist	Stomaphis hirukawai		Matsuura and Yashiro, 2006; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon gossypii		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon pisum		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Anoecia corni		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis brunellae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyildirim et al., 2014, Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis sambuci		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyildirim et al., 2014, Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Brachycaudus amygdalinus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Brachycaudus helichrysi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Chaitophorus hillerislambersi		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Chaitophorus salicti		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Cinara cupressi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Cinara pilicornis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Cinara pini		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Cinara tujafilina		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Myzus cerasi		Akyildirim et al., 2014, Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Myzus lythri		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Myzus varians		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Neobetulaphis pusilla		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Phleomyzus passerini		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Protaphis terricola		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Pterocomma populeum		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lasius turcicus	mutualist	Toxoptera aurantii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota	mutualist	Chaitophorus sp.		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota	mutualist	Lachnus sp.		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis parietariae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis punicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Aphis umbrella		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Chaitophorus euphraticus		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Chaitophorus truncates		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Hyalopterus pruni		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota bipartita	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum padi		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota dolabellae	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon pisum		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota dolabellae	mutualist	Brachycaudus tragopogonis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Aphis eugeniae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Aphis gossypii	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Aphis pomi	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Greenidea (Greenidea) decaspermi	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Greenidea (Greenidea) ficicola	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) formosana	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Macrosiphoniella sanborni	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Ovatus crataegarius	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Tinocallis kahawaluokalani	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota frauenfeldi	mutualist	Tuberolachnus salignus	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Brachycaudus helichrysi		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Brachycaudus tragopogonis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Chaitophorus israeliticus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Hyalopterus amygdali		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Macrosiphon rosae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Periphyllus bulgaricus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lepisiota nigra	mutualist	Schizaphis nigerrima		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Leptothorax muscorum	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Linepithema humile	mutualist	Aphis coreopsidis		Altfeld and Stiling, 2009; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Linepithema humile	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Powell and Silverman, 2010; Tena et al., 2013; LeVan and Holway, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Linepithema humile	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Bristow, 1991; Pringle et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Linepithema humile	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Tena et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Linepithema humile	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Mondor and Addicott, 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Linepithema humile	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Powell and Silverman, 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Liometopum luctuosum	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Liometopum occidentale	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Meranoplus bicolor	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Messor orientalis	mutualist	Chaitophorus israeliticus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium exiguum	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Monomorium qarahe''
Monomorium exiguum	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Monomorium qarahe''
Monomorium exiguum	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Monomorium qarahe''
Monomorium floricola	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium indicum	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Rasheed et al., 2020
Monomorium indicum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii	Pakistan	Rasheed et al., 2020
Monomorium libanicum	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium libanicum	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium minimum	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium minimum	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium minimum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium minimum	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Kataria and Kumar, 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium minimum	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium monomorium	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium nitidiventre	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium pharaonis	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Monomorium sagei	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Rasheed et al., 2020
Monomorium sagei	mutualist	Aphis fabae solanella	Pakistan	Rasheed et al., 2020
Monomorium sagei	mutualist	Aphis gossypii	Pakistan	Rasheed et al., 2020
Monomorium sagei	mutualist	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii	Pakistan	Rasheed et al., 2020
Myrmecina graminicola	mutualist	Aphis forbesi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmecina graminicola	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminalis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica aimonissabaudiae	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Myrmica aimonissabaudiae	mutualist	Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) glabrum	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Myrmica aimonissabaudiae	mutualist	Cinara confinis	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Myrmica aimonissabaudiae	mutualist	Cinara orientalis	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Myrmica whymperi''
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis medicaginis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis oenotherae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Myrmica whymperi''
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Aphis rumicis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Artemisaphis artemisicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Brachycaudus prunicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Chaitophorus macrostachyae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminalis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Myrmica whymperi''
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Cinara oregonensis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Eriosoma crataegi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Protaphis middletonii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Pterocomma bicolor		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Pterocomma salicis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Uroleucon ambrosiae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica incompleta	mutualist	Wahlgreniella nervata		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica punctiventris	mutualist	Aphis illinoisensis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica punctiventris	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica punctiventris	mutualist	Drepanaphis nigricans		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica rubra	mutualist	Cinara apini		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica ruginodis	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica ruginodis	mutualist	Aphis jacobaeae		Müller and Godfray, 1999; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica ruginodis	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Müller and Godfray, 1999; Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Aphis forbesi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Brachycaudus helichrysi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Brachycaudus persicae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Cinara brevispinosa		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Cryptomyzus ribis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis	mutualist	Drepanaphis acerifoliae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmicaria aphidicola	mutualist	Toxoptera odinae		Calilung, 2000
Myrmicaria brunnea	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Myrmicaria opaciventris	mutualist	Diaphorina enderleini	Cameroon, Ethiopia	Aléné et al., 2011
Notoncus capitatus	mutualist	Aphis clerodendri		Carver et al., 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia bourbonica	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia bourbonica	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia fulva	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Sharma et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia fulva	mutualist	Aphis vernoniae		Sharma et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia fulva	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminicola		Sharma et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia fulva	mutualist	Cinara juniperivora		Sharma et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia fulva	mutualist	Sanbornia juniperi		Sharma et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia fulva	mutualist	Shivaphis celti		Sharma et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia parvula	mutualist	Aphis coreopsidis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Nylanderia vaga	mutualist	Aphis clerodendri		Carver et al., 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Paratrechina longicornis	mutualist	Aphis coreopsidis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Paratrechina longicornis	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Paratrechina longicornis	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole bicarinata	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole bicarinata	mutualist	Thecabius populimonilis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole fervens	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole indica	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Pheidole teneriffana''
Pheidole indica	mutualist	Aphis umbrella		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Pheidole teneriffana''
Pheidole megacephala	mutualist	Diaphorina enderleini	Cameroon, Ethiopia	Aléné et al., 2011
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Aphis davletshinae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Aphis umbrella		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Cinara palaestinesis		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pallidula	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pheidole pilifera	mutualist	Pemphigus populiramulorum		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Acyrthosiphon pisum		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Plagiolepis taurica''
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Brachycaudus (Appelia) tragopogonis		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Brachycaudus tragopogonis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Callaphis juglandis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Hyalopterus amygdali		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Staegeriella necopinata		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Plagiolepis vindobonensis''
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Tinocallis platani		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pallescens	mutualist	Toxoptera aurantii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Plagiolepis taurica''
Plagiolepis pygmaea	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pygmaea	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pygmaea	mutualist	Aphis gerardianae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pygmaea	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pygmaea	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Plagiolepis pygmaea	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pogonomyrmex occidentalis	mutualist	Hyalopterus pruni		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pogonomyrmex occidentalis	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Polyrhachis hauxwelli	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Polyrhachis lacteipennis	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Polyrhachis lacteipennis	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Polyrhachis lacteipennis	mutualist	Chaitophorous populialbae		Degen et al., 1986; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Polyrhachis simplex''
Polyrhachis lacteipennis	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Polyrhachis schellerichae	mutualist	Kermicus wroughtoni		Schellerich-Kaaden et al. 1997
Prenolepis imparis	mutualist	Aphis cornifoliae		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Prenolepis imparis	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Prenolepis imparis	mutualist	Capitophorus elaeagni		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Prenolepis imparis	mutualist	Nearctaphis bakeri		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Prenolepis imparis	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Barton and Ives, 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Prenolepis imparis	mutualist	Uroleucon sonchellum		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pristomyrmex punctatus	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Katayama et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Pristomyrmex punctatus	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Kaneko, 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Pristomyrmex pungens''
Proformica kobachidzei	mutualist	Lachnus roboris		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Proformica kobachidzei	mutualist	Myzus cerasi		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Proformica pilosiscapa	mutualist	Brachycaudus amygdalinus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Solenopsis geminata	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Solenopsis richteri	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Lescano et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Brachycaudus amygdalinus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Brachycaudus tragopogonis		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Chaitophorus israeliticus		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma erraticum	mutualist	Cinara pini		Latibari et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma indicum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Aphis eugeniae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Aphis fabae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Aphis fabae solanella	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Idechiil et al., 2007; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Siddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Aphis pomi	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Greenidea (Greenidea) decaspermi	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Greenidea (Greenidea) ficicola	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) formosana	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Hysteroneura setariae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Idechiil et al., 2007; Siddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Macrosiphoniella sanborni	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Myzus persicae	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020Siddiqui et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2015
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Ovatus crataegarius	Pakistan	Siddiqui et al., 2019; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa	Pakistan	Siddiqui et al., 2019; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020; Idechiil et al., 2007
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Tinocallis kahawaluokalani	Pakistan	Siddiqui et al., 2019; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma melanocephalum	mutualist	Tuberolachnus salignus	Pakistan	Siddiqui et al., 2019; Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Aphis asclepiadis		Addicott, 1979a; Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Powell and Silverman, 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Aphis helianthi		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Aphis lugentis		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Aphis salicariae		Addicott, 1979a; Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Aphis varians		Addicott, 1979a; Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Bipersona torticauda		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Chaitophorus populicola		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Chaitophorus populifolii		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Chaitophorus viminalis		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Cinara atlantica		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Cinara pineti		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Cinara ponderosae		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Dysaphis sorbi		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma sessile	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Powell and Silverman, 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Stary, 1969; Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis davletshinae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Stary, 1969; Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis nasturtii		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis pomi		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis punicae		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis rumicis		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Aphis umbrella		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Brachycaudus helichrysi		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Brachyonguis harmalae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Brachyonguis tamaricophilus		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Capitophorus inulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Cinara cedri		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Colorado absinthiella		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Eulachnus tuberculostommata		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Hyalopterus pruni		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Nearctaphis bakeri		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Pterochloroides persicae		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum padi		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tapinoma simrothi	mutualist	Thelaxes suberis		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Technomyrmex albipes	mutualist	Aphis clerodendri		Carver et al., 2003; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Technomyrmex albipes	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Technomyrmex albipes	mutualist	Hysteroneura setariae		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Technomyrmex albipes	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium bicarinatum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium bicarinatum	mutualist	Pentalonia nigronervosa		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Aphis farinosa		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Aphis gossypii		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Aphis salviae		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Aphis spiraecola		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Macrosiphoniella sanborni		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	Myzus lythri		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium chefketi	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium chefketi	mutualist	Aphis rumicis		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	Aphis rumicis		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	Brachycaudus cardui		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	Cinara pilicornis		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	Uroleucon sonchi		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium semilaeve	mutualist	Paracletus cimiciformis		Salazar et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium tsushimae	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Suzuki et al., 2004; Katayama et al., 2013; Hayashi et al., 2015; Hayashi et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium tsushimae	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Hayashi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetraponera allaborans	mutualist	Chaitophorus sp.	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020	on ''Salix'' sp.
Tetraponera rufonigra	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex destructor	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex destructor	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex destructor	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Monomorium gracillimum''
Trichomyrmex destructor	mutualist	Chaitophorus euphraticus		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex destructor	mutualist	Uroleucon dactynotus		Stary, 1969; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Monomorium gracillimum''
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Aphis craccivora		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Aphis fabae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Aphis frangulae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Aphis nerii		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Aphis polygonata		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Chaitophorus euphraticus		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Hyalopterus amygdali		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Myzus persicae		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Trichomyrmex mayri	mutualist	Rhopalosiphum maidis		Shiran et al., 2013; Saddiqui et al., 2019

References

• Delabie, J.H.C. 2001. Trophobiosis between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an overview. Neotropical Entomology 30: 501-516.
• Gull-E-Fareen, A., Bodlah, I., Rasheed, M. T., Niaz, Y., Bodlah, M. A., Asif, M., Khokhar, N. M. (2020). Trophic associations of ants with aphid partners and new distribution records of some ants in Pothwar Region of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 531 (doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20190510120507).
• Hölldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
• Novgorodova, T. A. 2015a. Interaction of ants with aphid enemies: Do inexperienced ants specializing in honeydew collection recognize aphidophages at their first contact? Entomological Review. 95:1182-1190. doi:10.1134/s0013873815090055
• Novgorodova, T. A. 2015b. Organization of honeydew collection by foragers of different species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Effect of colony size and species specificity. European Journal of Entomology. 112:688-697. doi:10.14411/eje.2015.077
• Watanabe, S., Y. Murakami, and E. Hasegawa. 2019. Effects of Attending Ant Species on the Fate of Colonies of an Aphid, Macrosiphoniella yomogicola (Matsumura) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in an Ant-Aphid Symbiosis. 128(4):325-332.