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Parasites and Parasitoids
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense, resulting in the death of the host. A parasitoid is an insect whose larvae live as parasites that eventually kill their hosts (typically other insects).
This differs from social parasitism, where the "parasite" does not feed directly on their host, but rather benefits from exploiting the host's colony.
A pathogen is an infectious microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as certain worms or insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are referred to as parasites rather than pathogens.
Major Groups of Parasites
Major Groups of Pathogens
References
- Cook, J.L. 2019. Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the world. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 144: 121-267 (doi:10.3157/061.145.0202).
- Gonzalez, C., Wcislo, W., Cambra, R., Wheeler, T., Fernandez-Marın, H. 2016. A new ectoparasitoid species of Pseudogaurax Malloch, 1915 (Diptera: Chloropidae), attacking the fungus-growing ant, Apterostigma dentigerum Wheeler, 1925 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 109(4): 639–645 (doi:10.1093/aesa/saw023).
- Fernandez-Marın, H., Zimmerman, J.K., Wcislo, W.T. 2006. Acanthopria and Mimopriella parasitoid wasps (Diapriidae) attack Cyphomyrmex fungus-growing ants (Formicidae, Attini). Naturwissenschaften 93: 17–21 (doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0048-z).
- Loiacono, M.S. 1987. Un nuevo diaprido (Hymenoptera) parasitoide de larvas de Acromyrmex ambiguus (Emery) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en el Uruguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 44: 129–136.
- Loiacono, M.S., Margarıa, C.B., Aquino, D.A. 2013. Diapriinae wasps (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea: Diapriidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina. Psyche 2013: Article 320590 (doi:10.1155/2013/320590).
- Perez-Ortega, B., Fernandez-Marın, H., Loiacono, M.S., Galgani, P., Wcislo, W.T. 2010. Biological notes on a fungus-growing ant, Trachymyrmex cf. zeteki (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Attini) attacked by a diverse community of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae). Insectes Sociaux 57: 317–322 (doi:10.1007/s00040-010-0086-1).
- Peeters, C., Heraty, J., Wiwatwitaya, D. 2015. Eucharitid wasp parasitoids in the cocoons of the ponerine ant Diacamma scalpratum from Thailand. Halteres 6: 90-94.
- Torrens, J. 2013. A review of the biology of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Argentina. Psyche 2013: Article 926572 (doi:10.1155/2013/926572).
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