Eucharitid Wasps

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All but one species of Eucharitid wasps attack ant larvae.

Ant Parasitoids


  • The life cycle of a typical orasemine wasp. On the left are shown behaviours occurring outside the ant nest: mating, oviposition and planidial acquisition by the ants (EFN, extrafloral nectary). On the right are shown behaviours occurring within the ant nest: attachment to the ant larva, development on the ant pupa, pupation and eclosion. (Baker et al., 2019)
Parasitic eucharitid wasp.

Peeters et al (2015) - Among 9 families of wasps parasitic on ants, only Eucharitidae (56 genera) specialize in attacking the immature stages of ants. Unlike most parasitoid wasps, eucharitid females deposit their eggs away from the host, in or on plant tissue (leaves and flower buds). The very active, minute, strongly sclerotized first-instar larvae (‘planidia’) are transported by foraging ants to their nest where they attach to ant larvae and development proceeds once the latter have spun a cocoon (Clausen, 1940; Heraty and Murray, 2013). The eucharitid parasitoids attacking Ponerinae, Ectatomminae, Myrmeciinae and Formicinae belong to a monophyletic derived lineage of Eucharitidae (Murray et al., 2013).

Heraty et al. (2015) - All known Eucharitidae are parasitoids of the immature stages of ants. Larval stages were first described by Wheeler (1907) for Orasema Cameron. The late instar larvae and pupae of Eucharitinae and Oraseminae were then described in a series of early papers summarized by Clausen (1940). The first-instar larvae are highly conservative in their morphology, but late instars can be strikingly ornate with numerous odd protuberances and swellings over the body.

Another oddity of Eucharitidae is the inverse evolutionary association with their ant hosts. Phylogenetic results based on molecular data suggest that the more ancestral eucharitid lineages are associated with more derived groups of ants (e.g., Formicinae and Myrmicinae), and the more derived eucharitid lineages attack the more primitive groups (e.g., Ponerinae) (Murray et al. 2013).

Planidia on adult Camponotus sp.

Schwitzke et al. (2015) found an unspecialized Eucharitid laid its eggs on stipules of the plant Leea manillensis (Leeaceae). The widespread forest plant, occurring throughout the Philippines and parts of Southeast Asia, is a large erect shrub up to 6 m tall. The plant also produces extrafloral nectaries (EFN) that attract a broad array of ant species.

In Leea manillensis, the stipule that encloses the next generation of shoot is the spatial focus of investment into defensive mechanisms via EFN and FB. Obviously not general herbivores are the most damaging threats for Leea manillensis in the study area, but the specialized ant-parasitoid.

The hatching planidia had a massive impact on the whole ant–plant–herbivore system. In our study, about 53 % of the plants’ shoots were observed to be infested with planidia. All of the common ant visitors at the extrafloral nectaries strictly avoided the shoots after the eclosion of the wasps’ larvae. That might explain why we noticed planidia to leave the shoot and disperse. The

Planidia moving along strands.

avoidance of shoots and the observed aggressive behaviour of ants towards adult wasps indicate that the ants were able to recognize this parasitoid as a threat. On 81 % of the planidia-infested shoots, ants were never observed to visit the extrafloral nectaries. Our observations suggest that this avoidance finally led to a cessation of EFN secretion in most of the shoots. Hence, the avoidance of planidia directly resulted in a lasting lack of ants on the shoots, which then caused an almost 10-fold increase in complete shoot losses compared to the unaffected shoots.

We found no evidence that the parasitoid wasp on Leea manillensis had its focus on a specific ant species, genus, or subfamily. In the contrary, we observed a broad range of ant species to get attacked and killed by the planidia, but have no information about the effect of the parasitoid on the ant colony level. As far as it is known, hatching planidia are carried into the colony via foraging ants (Pe´rez-Lachaud et al. 2006; Lachaud and Perez-Lachaud 2012). On Leea, the number of larvae on the shoots declined over time, and we observed planidia to spread over the whole plant along strands. We assume but do not know whether they were carried away by ant foragers. So far, the attack of adult ants has not been reported for the family Eucharitidae. In our experiments with planidia and different ant species, all of the ants died quite fast. On Leea, we found foraging ants killed and attached to leaves and stems. Ants tend to keep foraging trails free of dead nestmates to avoid disease transmission (e.g. Wilson et al. 1958). Besides lurking on the shoot and other plant parts, lurking on corpses might be another way to ensure a contact with foraging ants. Access to ant colonies might also occur via alternate hosts (Heraty et al. 2004). As we observed the planidia to attack all kinds of insects in the vial experiments, they might indeed use a number of different taxa of insect prey as a transport vehicle. However, the killing of potential host ants foraging on the plant does not fit to what is known so far about phoretic behaviour of the Eucharitidae. At this point, we could only speculate what strategies planidia might use to gain access to the ant host colony.

Known Ant Hosts

Ant Wasp Species Locality Source Notes
Anoplolepis Athairocharis vannoorti Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Anoplolepis Athairocharis vannoorti Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Calomyrmex purpureus Stilbuloida calomyrmecis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Ancylotropus manipurensis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Ancylotropus manipurensis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Lophyrocera variabilis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Lophyrocera variabilis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Mateucharis rugulosa Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Mateucharis rugulosa Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Pseudochalcura americana Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Pseudochalcura gibbosa Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Pseudochalcura nigrocyanea Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Camponotus Rhipipalloidea madangensis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Rhipipalloidea madangensis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Rhipipalloidea sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Rhipipalloidea sp. Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Stilbula cyniformis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Stilbula cyniformis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Stilbuloida doddi Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Stilbuloida doddi Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus Zulucharis campbelli Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus Zulucharis campbelli Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus aethiops Stilbula cyniformis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus aethiops Stilbula cyniformis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus atriceps Obeza floridana Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus atriceps Obeza floridana Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus floridanus Obeza floridana Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus herculeanus Stilbula cyniformis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus japonicus Stilbula cyniformis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus japonicus Stilbula cyniformis tenuicornis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus maculatus Hydrorhoa striaticeps Kieffer complex Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus maculatus Stilbula cyniformis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus novaeboracensis Pseudochalcura gibbosa Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Camponotus obscuripes Stilbula cyniformis tenuicornis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Camponotus planatus Pseudochalcura sculpturata Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Cataglyphis bicolor Eucharis bedeli Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Cataglyphis bicolor Eucharis bytinskisalzi Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate and primary host
Cataglyphis nodus Eucharis microcephala Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Cataglyphis viatica Eucharis bedeli Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Diacamma scalpratum Schizaspidia diacammae Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Diacamma scalpratum Schizaspidia diacammae Thailand Peeters et al. 2015
Dinoponera lucida Kapala sp. Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Eciton burchellii Isomerala azteca Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Eciton quadriglume Orasema rapo Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host; questionable, needs confirmation
Ectatomma Tricoryna ectatommae Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Ectatomma Tricoryna ectatommae Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate, primary host
Ectatomma brunneum Dicoelothorax platycerus Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Ectatomma brunneum Galearia latreillei Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Ectatomma brunneum Kapala sp. 1 Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Ectatomma ruidum Isomerala azteca Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Ectatomma ruidum Isomerala coronata Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Ectatomma ruidum Kapala iridicolor Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Ectatomma ruidum Kapala izapa Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Ectatomma ruidum Kapala sulcifacies Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Ectatomma tuberculatum Dilocantha lachaudii Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Ectatomma tuberculatum Isomerala azteca Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Ectatomma tuberculatum Isomerala coronata Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Ectatomma tuberculatum Kapala sp. 2 Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica Eucharis adscendens Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica Eucharis adscendens Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Formica Eucharis esakii Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica Eucharis esakii Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Formica cunicularia Eucharis adscendens Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica japonica Eucharis esakii Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica neorufibarbis Eucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica oreas Orasema coloradensis Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica oreas Orasema coloradensis Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Formica oreas Orasema sp. nr coloradensis Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa Chalcura sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa Eucharis adscendens Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Formica rufa Eucharis bedeli Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Formica subnitens Orasema coloradensis Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database questionable, needs confirmation
Gnamptogenys regularis Kapala iridicolor Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys sulcata Kapala iridicolor Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys sulcata Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys tortuolosa Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Holcoponera striatula Kapala iridicolor Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Hypoponera Neolosbanus gemma Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Hypoponera Neolosbanus gemma Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Hypoponera Neolosbanus palgravei Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Hypoponera Neolosbanus palgravei Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Hypoponera nitidula Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Lasius Pseudometagea schwarzii Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Lasius Pseudometagea schwarzii Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Lasius Pseudometagea sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Lasius fuliginosus Pseudometagea sp. Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Lasius neoniger Pseudometagea schwarzii Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Messor Eucharis adscendens Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Messor Eucharis punctata Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Messor Eucharis punctata Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Messor barbarus Eucharis adscendens Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Messor barbarus Eucharis punctata Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Messor concolor Eucharis punctata Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Messor structor Eucharis shestakovi Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Monomorium Orasema monomoria Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Monomorium Zuparka monomoria Heraty, 2000; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia Austeucharis sp. Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia Chalcura affinis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmecia Chalcura affinis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia forficata Austeucharis fasciiventris Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia forficata Austeucharis myrmeciae Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia gulosa Austeucharis fasciiventris Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia nigriceps Austeucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmecia pavida Austeucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmecia pilosula Austeucharis implexa Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Myrmecia pilosula Austeucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmecia pyriformis Austeucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmecia tarsata Austeucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmecia vindex Austeucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Myrmica incompleta Eucharis sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Neoponera apicalis Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Neoponera verenae Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus Kapala sp. Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Odontomachus bauri Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus brunneus Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus chelifer Latina rugosa Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate, primary host
Odontomachus haematodus Chalcura deprivata Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Odontomachus haematodus Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus haematodus Kapala terminalis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Odontomachus haematodus Schizaspidia convergens Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Odontomachus hastatus Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus insularis Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus insularis Kapala terminalis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Odontomachus laticeps Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus mayi Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus meinerti Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus opaciventris Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Odontomachus rixosus Schizaspidia nasua Heraty et al., 2015; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Odontomachus ruficeps Chalcura affinis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Odontomachus troglodytes Ancylotropus sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pachycondyla crassinoda Kapala cuprea Myers, 1931:276
Pachycondyla crassinoda Kapala cuprea Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pachycondyla harpax Kapala atrata Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pachycondyla harpax Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Paratrechina Gollumiella longipetiolata Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole alfaroi Orasema wayqecha Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole bicarinata Orasema coloradensis Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole bicarinata Oresema sp. Arizona Stefan Cover (pers. obs.)
Pheidole bilimeki Orasema sp. Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole californica Orasema sp. b2 nr bakeri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole capensis Timioderus acuminatus Heraty, 2000; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole ceres Orasema wheeleri Wheeler, 1907; Gahan, 1940; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole clementensis Orasema sp. b2 nr bakeri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole dentata Orasema achkola Heraty, 1994; Baker et al., 2019
Pheidole dentata Orasema evansi Burks et al., 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole dentata Orasema robertsoni Van Pelt, 1950; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole dentata Orasema sp. c1 near costari. Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole dentata Orasema sp.1 Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole dentata Orasema viridis Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole dentata Orasema wheeleri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole desertorum Orasema simulatrix Carey et al., 2012; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole flavens Orasema costaricensis Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Kempf, 1972; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole gibba Orasema chunpi Brazil Silva & Casadei-Ferreira, 2020
Pheidole hyatti Orasema tolteca Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole megacephala Ivieosema fraudulenta Reichensperger, 1913; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole megacephala Orasema fraudulenta Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole nitidula Orasema argentina Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole nitidula Orasema worcesteri Gemignani, 1933; Heraty et al., 1993; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole nitidula Orasema worcesteri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole obtusospinosa Orasema tolteca Mann, 1914; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole paiute Orasema sp. Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole pilifera Orasema occidentalis Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986; Baker et al., 2019
Pheidole proxima Orasemorpha tridentata Brues, 1934; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole radoszkowskii Orasema worcesteri Gemignani, 1933; Heraty et al., 1993; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole radoszkowskii Orasema worcesteri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole sciophila Orasema wheeleri Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole tasmaniensis Orasemorpha xeniades Heraty, 1994; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole tepicana Orasema viridis Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole tepicana Orasema viridis Wheeler, 1907; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole tepicana Orasema wheeleri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole tepicana Orasema wheeleri Wheeler, 1907; Gahan, 1940; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pheidole tetra Orasema minuta Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole tetra Orasema susanae Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pheidole vallifica Orasema costaricensis Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Kempf, 1972; Baker et al., 2019
Pheidole veteratrix Ibitya communis Burks et al., 2017; Baker et al., 2019
Pogonomyrmex badius Kapala floridana Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pogonomyrmex serpens Galearia latreillei Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pogonomyrmex serpens Galearia latreillei Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Polyrhachis dives Stilbula polyrachicida Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Polyrhachis dives Stilbula polyrhachicida Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Polyrhachis dives Stilbuloida doddi Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Polyrhachis femorata Rhipipalloidea mira Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Pseudoponera stigma Kapala iridicolor Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Pseudoponera stigma Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera Tricoryna ectatommae Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera Tricoryna ectatommae Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera Tricoryna iello Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera Tricoryna iello Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera chalybaea Chalcura sp. nr. polita Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera metallica Chalcura nigricyanea Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera metallica Chalcura polita Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera metallica Tricoryna chalcoponerae Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera metallica Tricoryna minor Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera victoriae Tricoryna chalcoponerae Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera victoriae Tricoryna minor Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera violacea Stilbula cyniformis Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera violacea Tricoryna alcicornis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Rhytidoponera violacea Tricoryna sp. Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Rhytidoponera violacea Tricoryna sp. nr. alcicornis Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis Orasema pireta Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis Orasema pireta Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019 primary host
Solenopsis Orasema sp. Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis daguerrei Orasema xanthopus Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis geminata Orasema sp. b1 nr bakeri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis geminata Orasema taii Heraty, 1990; Chien & Heraty, 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host; ''Solenopsis geminata'' X ''xyloni'' hybrid
Solenopsis macdonaghi Orasema salebrosa Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis macdonaghi Orasema simplex Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019
Solenopsis molesta Orasema coloradensis Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis quinquecuspis Orasema aenea Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis quinquecuspis Orasema freychei Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019;
Solenopsis quinquecuspis Orasema simplex Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019;
Solenopsis quinquecuspis Orasema xanthopus Silveira-Guido et al., 1964; Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019 primary host
Solenopsis richteri Orasema salebrosa Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis richteri Orasema simplex Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis richteri Orasema xanthopus Silveira-Guido et al., 1964; Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al. 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis saevissima Orasema xanthopus Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate, primary host
Solenopsis tenuis Orasema sixaolae Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Solenopsis xyloni Orasema sp. Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis xyloni Orasema sp. b1 nr bakeri Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Solenopsis xyloni Orasema taii Heraty, 1990; Chien & Heraty, 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host; ''Solenopsis geminata'' X ''xyloni'' hybrid
Stictoponera menadensis Pogonocharis browni Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Temnothorax allardycei Orasema minuta Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Temnothorax allardycei Orasema minuta Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" Heraty 1990; Baker et al., 2019 primary host
Tetramorium Orasema sp. Quevillon, 2018 encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi Kapala sp. Quevillon, 2018 multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Wasmannia auropunctata Orasema minutissima Mann, 1918; Heraty, 1994; Wetterer & Porter, 2003; Burks et al., 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Heraty et al., 2021; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host
Wasmannia sigmoidea Orasema minutissima Mann, 1918; Heraty, 1994; Wetterer & Porter, 2003; Burks et al., 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database primary host

References

 
Interactions with Other Organisms
Plants
General
Feeding
Extrafloral Nectaries • Honeydew Gatherers • Seed Harvesting • Myrmecochorous Plants • Leaf-cutting • Beltian Bodies
Nesting
Domatia • Ant Gardens • Twig Nests
Foraging
Pitcher Plants
Taxa
Animals
General
Ant-Mimicking Spiders • Mimicry (Myrmecomorphy) • Organisms living with Ants (Myrmecophily) • Trophobiosis • Ants as Predators • Predators Specialising on Ants (Myrmecophagy) • Phoresy • Parasites and Parasitoids • Parasitoids • Symbiosis
Social Parasitism
Taxa
Fungi
General
Taxa
Bacteria and Viruses
General
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