Formica

Formica Temporal range: 48.6–0 Ma K Pa Eo Ol Mi Pl Eocene – Recent
Formica rufa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Formicinae
Tribe:	Formicini
Genus:	Formica Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Formica rufa
Diversity
283 species 69 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) Formica rufa Specimen Label
Synonyms
Adformica Lomnicki, 1925 Coptoformica Müller, 1923 Formicina Shuckard, in Swainson & Shuckard, 1840 Neoformica Wheeler, W.M., 1913 Raptiformica Forel, 1913 Serviformica Forel, 1913

A large holarctic genus that are common in many northern temperate areas. For many reasons this genus as a whole has many well studied species. The taxonomy is fractured into many smaller subdivisions (both subgenera and species groups; see Formica species groups), many of which have no official taxonomic designation and are poorly delineated. In some cases older group names have been replaced by newer names, and new arrangements of species, but the older groups remain in use by some myrmecologists and not others.

Photo Gallery

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  Formica sanguinea group workers tending aphids at Grafton, Massachusetts. Photo by Tom Murray.
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Identification

Formica species groups

See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

• Key to Ant Genera of the Navajo Reservation
• Key to North American Genera of Formicinae
• Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico

 

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to US Formica pallidefulva group species
• Key to Nearctic species in the Formica rufa group
• Key to Formica subgenus Coptoformica workers of Europe
• Key to Formica subgenus Coptoformica queens of Europe
• Key to Formica rufibarbis group
• Key to Formica cinerea group
• Key to Nearctic Formica fusca group males
• Key to Nearctic Formica fusca group queens
• Key to Nearctic Formica fusca group workers
• Key to New England Formica
• Key to Palaearctic Formica rufa group species
• Key to Palaearctic species in the Formica rufa group
• Key to subgenera of Formica of Greece
• Key to Formica species of the subgenus Formica of Greece
• Key to Formica species of the subgenus Serviformica of Greece

Distribution

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indo-Australian Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oriental Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	0	0	1	0	98	33	21	113
Total Species	2841	1736	3045	932	835	4379	1741	2862

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Aix-en-Provence, France (Late Oligocene), Auxillac, Auvergne, France (Early Oligocene), Baltic amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Bolshaya Svetlovodnaya, Sikhote-Alin, Russia (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K. (Bartonian, Middle Eocene), Danish-Scandinavian amber (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Florissant, Colorado, United States (Late Eocene), Joursac, Auvergne, France (Late Miocene), Kishenehn Formation shale, Montana, United States (Lutetian, Middle Eocene), Kleinkems, Germany (Early Oligocene), Lac Chambon, Auvergne, France (Pliocene), Mokrina (Krottensee), Czechia (Late Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Oeningen, Switzerland (Messinian, Late Miocene), Ormety, Georgia (Serravallian, Miocene), Quesnel, British Columbia, Canada (Early Miocene?), Radoboj, Croatia (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Rovno amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Rott, Westphalia, Germany (Late Oligocene), Shanwang, China (Early Miocene), Mossy Creek, near Wellborn, Texas, United States (Late Eocene).

Biology

Subgeneric Phylogentics Romiguier et al. (2018) "resolved the phylogenetic relationships among palearctic Formica subgenera (Formica str. s., Coptoformica, Raptiformica and Serviformica). Interestingly, our phylogenetic tree reveals that the free-living Serviformica species do not form a monophyletic clade, and that parasitic colony founding in wood ants and Raptiformica slave-makers is likely to have a single origin. Our results suggest that parasitic colony founding is likely to be an intermediary step between free-living hosts and slave-maker parasites in the Formica genus. Similar studies in other genera containing slave-making species (e.g. Temnothorax, Harpagoxenus, Myrmoxenus, Protomognathus…) will be necessary to get a better global picture of the evolution of slave-making in ants."

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Species Uncertain

• An unknown species is a xenobiont for the ant Strumigenys pergandei (a xenobiont) in United States (Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1905) (In soil).
• An unknown species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma vigilans (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a associate (details unknown) for the ichneumonid wasp Pseomachus sp. (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
• An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis adscendens (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis esakii (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis adscendens (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
• An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis esakii (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
• An unknown species is a host for the fungus Beauveria bassiana (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps subunilateralis (a pathogen) (Shrestha et al. 2017).
• An unknown species is a host for the nematode Diploscapter lycostoma (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the nematode Diploscapter lycostoma (a parasite) (Wahab, 1962).
• An unknown species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela tranquebarica (a predator) in United States (Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020).
• An unknown species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindelidia marginipennis (a predator) in United States (Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020).

All Associate Records for Genus

Click here to show/hide associate data.

Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Formica	associate (details unknown)	ichneumonid wasp	Pseomachus sp.	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Formica	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma berolinense	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma vigilans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis adscendens	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Formica	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis adscendens	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis esakii	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Formica	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis esakii	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica	host	fungus	Beauveria bassiana	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps subunilateralis	pathogen		Shrestha et al. 2017
Formica	host	nematode	Diploscapter lycostoma	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica	host	nematode	Diploscapter lycostoma	parasite		Wahab, 1962
Formica	prey	tiger beetle	Cicindela tranquebarica	predator	United States	Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Formica	prey	tiger beetle	Cicindelidia marginipennis	predator	United States	Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020
Formica	xenobiont	ant	Strumigenys pergandei	xenobiont	United States	Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1905	In soil
Formica accreta	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	properly ''Polyergus umbratus''
Formica accreta	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon albicomatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica accreta	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica accreta	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica adamsi	temporary parasite	ant	Formica neorufibarbis	host
Formica adamsi alpina	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neorufibarbis	host		Mackay and Mackay 2002
Formica adamsi whymperi	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica adamsi whymperi	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica altipetens	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica altipetens	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica altipetens	host	ant	Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite
Formica altipetens	host	ant	Polyergus breviceps	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; Torres & Tsutsui, 2016; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica altipetens	mutualist	aphid	Bipersona torticauda	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica archboldi	host	ant	Polyergus oligergus	dulotic parasite		King & Trager, 2007; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	as ''Polyergus lucidus'' in early records
Formica archboldi	host	cricket	Myrmecophila pergandei	myrmecophile
Formica argentea	host	ant	Formica aserva	dulotic parasite		Wheeler & Wheeler, 2002
Formica argentea	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite
Formica argentea	host	ant	Formica gynocrates	dulotic parasite		Bono et al., 2006; de la Mora et al., 2021	host as ''Formica'' sp. cf. ''argentea''
Formica argentea	host	ant	Formica microgyna	temporary parasite		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica argentea	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica argentea	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Moffett, 2010; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica argentea	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica argentea	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Anuraphis subterranea	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis aiddletonii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis gossypii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis lugentis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis medicaginis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis sambucifolii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis ulmariae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Bipersona torticauda	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Braggia eriogoni	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus nigrae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populicola	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populifolii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus viminalis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara apini	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara ponderosae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Cryptomyzus ribis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Drepanaphis acerifoliae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Hyperomyzus lactucae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Lachnus glaber	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Macrosiphum euphorbiae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Myzaphis rosarum	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Myzocallis discolor	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Myzus persicae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Periphyllus negundinis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Prociphilus fraxinifolii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Pterocomma smithiae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon ambrosiae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon erigeronense	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon solidaginis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon taraxaci	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica argentea	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon lanceolatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica aserva	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica argentea	host		Wheeler and Wheeler, 2002
Formica aserva	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neorufibarbis	host		Wheeler and Wheeler, 1986
Formica aserva	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica podzolica	host		Ruano et al., 2018; Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica aserva	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite			doubtful, needs confirmation
Formica aserva	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica aserva	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica aserva	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasite	Canada (Alberta)	van Paridon et al., 2017; Martin-Vega et al., 2018; Criscione et al., 2020
Formica aserva	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salicariae	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica aserva	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon albicomatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica aserva	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica aserva	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica aserva	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon tristis	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica aterrima	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populifolii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica biophilica	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite			doubtful, possible misidentification of host species
Formica biophilica	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica biophilica	host	ant	Polyergus ruber	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica bradleyi	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica bradleyi	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite			doubtful, slave maker possibly ''Formica pergandei''
Formica bradleyi	host	ant	Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite
Formica bradleyi	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica bruni	temporary parasite	ant	Formica (Serviformica) species	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica brunneonitida	temporary parasite	ant	Formica candida	host		Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica canadensis	host	ant	Polyergus breviceps	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis lugentis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis medicaginis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis pomi	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis valerianae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populifolii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pseudotsugae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Drepanaphis acerifoliae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Drepanosiphum braggii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Tuberolachnus salignus	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica canadensis	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon ambrosiae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica candida	host	ant	Formica brunneonitida	temporary parasite		Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica candida	host	ant	Formica pisarskii	temporary parasite		Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica candida	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite
Formica candida	host	ant	Polyergus nigerrimus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica caucasicola	temporary parasite	ant	Formica picea	host	Georgia	Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica ciliata	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus hirticornis	xenobiont
Formica cinerea	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite
Formica cinerea	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis forbesi	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis gossypii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis medicaginis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis pomi	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Addicott, 1978; Breton and Addicott, 1992; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Aphthargelia symphoricarpi	trophobiont		Addicott, 1978; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Bipersona torticauda	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus helichrysi	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara coloradensis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara cupressi	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara hottesi	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pseudotsugae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Diuraphis calamagrostis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Eriosoma americanum	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinerea	mutualist	aphid	Pleotrichophorus quadritrichus	trophobiont		Addicott, 1978; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis farinosa	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis gossypii	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis nasturtii	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis sambuci	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis serpylli	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis spiraecola	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis verbasci	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus cardui	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus helichrysi	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus lychnidis	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Brachyunguis tamaricis	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus longisetosus	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Cinara acutirostris	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Cinara maritimae	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pilicornis	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pruinosa	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Myzus lythri	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Nearctaphis bakeri	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Periphyllus aceris	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Pterocallis albidus	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Pterocallis alni	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Schizaphis miscanthi	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Schizolachnus pineti	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Sipha maydis	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Symydobius oblongus	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cinereofusca	mutualist	aphid	Toxoptera aurantii	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica clara	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica clara	mutualist	aphid	Cinara confinis	trophobiont	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Formica clara	mutualist	aphid	Cinara orientalis	trophobiont	Pakistan	Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020
Formica clara	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus sibiricus	xenobiont		Seifert, 2023
Formica coloradensis	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica comata	mutualist	aphid	Cinara apini	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica comata	mutualist	aphid	Cinara schwarzii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica comata	mutualist	aphid	Cinara splendens	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica creightoni	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neogagates	host		J. Trager (pers. comm.)
Formica creightoni	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica pallidefulva	host		J. Trager (pers. comm.)
Formica cunicularia	host	ant	Formica exsecta	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica cunicularia	host	ant	Formica pratensis	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica cunicularia	host	ant	Formica rufa	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica cunicularia	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite		Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica cunicularia	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Romani et al., 2006; D'Ettorre et al., 2000; Mori et al., 2000; Visiccio et al., 2000; Visiccio et al., 2001; Romani et al., 2006; Seifert, 2018; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Acyrthosiphon pisum	trophobiont		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Acyrthosiphon rubi	trophobiont		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis acetosae	trophobiont		Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis brotericola	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis nasturtii	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis pomi	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	mutualist	aphid	Aphis solanella	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica cunicularia	xenobiont	ant	Lasius flavus	xenobiont	United Kingdom	Kanizsai et al., 2013; Morley, 1945	Foreshore. Under stone
Formica curiosa	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica curiosa	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica dakotensis	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populicola	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica dakotensis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara apini	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica glacialis	host		J. Trager, pers. comm.	sometimes as a cohabiting inquiline
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lepida	host
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica montana	host
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica pallidefulva	host
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subsericea	host
Formica decipiens	host	fungus	Aegeritella superficialis	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica argentea	host
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica biophilica	host			doubtful, possible misidentification of host species
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neogagates	host
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neorufibarbis	host
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica puberula	host
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host			host given as ''Formica fusca'', but likely ''Formica subaenescens'', needs confirmation
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subpolita	host
Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subsericea	host			host possibly ''Formica podzolica'', needs confirmation
Formica densiventris	mutualist	aphid	Aphis lugentis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica densiventris	mutualist	aphid	Obtusicauda frigidae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica densiventris	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon manitobensis	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica difficilis	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica difficilis	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon tristis	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica difficilis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica incerta	host
Formica dirksi	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host
Formica dolosa	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica dolosa	host	ant	Polyergus longicornis	dulotic parasite		Goodloe & Sanwald, 1985; MacGown & Brown, 2006; King & Trager, 2007; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	slave-maker misidentified as ''Polyergus lucidus''
Formica dolosa	host	ant	Polyergus sanwaldi	dulotic parasite		Goodloe and Sanwald, 1985; Goodloe, Sanwald and Topoff, 1987; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica exsecta	host	beetle	Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae)	myrmecophile	Europe	Wagner et al., 2020
Formica exsecta	host	fungus	Aegeritella superficialis			Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica exsecta	host	fungus	Pandora formicae	pathogen		Małagocka et al., 2017
Formica exsecta	host	fungus	Pandora myrmecophaga	pathogen	Romania	Csata et al., 2013
Formica exsecta	host	phorid fly	Aenigmatias lubbocki	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica exsecta	temporary parasite	ant	Formica cunicularia	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica exsecta	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica exsecta	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica exsecta	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica exsectoides	host	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon abstrusus	predator	Maryland (type), Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia	Thompson, 1981
Formica exsectoides	inquiline	ant	Formica fusca	host
Formica exsectoides	inquiline	ant	Formica subsericea	host
Formica fennica	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica foreli	temporary parasite	ant	Formica (Serviformica) species	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018	primary host likely to be ''F. fusca'', ''F. cunicularia'' or ''F. rufibarbis''
Formica foreliana	host	ant	Polyergus topoffi	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013
Formica forsslundi	mutualist	butterfly	Glaucopsyche alexis			Obregon et al. 2015
Formica forsslundi	temporary parasite	ant	Formica picea	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica forsslundi	temporary parasite	ant	Formica transkaucasica	host
Formica fossaceps	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica montana	host
Formica fossaceps	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica frontalis	temporary parasite	ant	Iberoformica subrufa	host	Spain	de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica fukaii	host	ant	Polyergus samurai	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	a relatively rare host
Formica fukaii	temporary parasite	ant	Formica japonica	host		Kubota & Kondoh, 1954; Hayashida, 1963
Formica fukaii	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host		Yamaoka, 1977
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica aquilonia	temporary parasite		Chernenko et al., 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica exsecta	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica lugubris	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Chernenko et al., 2013
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica pratensis	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica rufa	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite		Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica suecica	temporary parasite
Formica fusca	host	ant	Formica truncorum	temporary parasite		Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018
Formica fusca	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; Sulger et al., 2014; de la Mora et al., 2021	properly ''Polyergus umbratus''
Formica fusca	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica fusca	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite	Spain	Espadaler & Riasol, 1981; Elton, 1991
Formica fusca	xenobiont	ant	Camponotus herculeanus	xenobiont	Poland	Czechowski, 2005; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Forest edge. Under wood
Formica fusca	xenobiont	ant	Camponotus vagus	xenobiont	Hungary	Kanizsai et al., 2013	Pine and poplar forest patches. In/under wood
Formica fuscocinerea	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica fuscocinerea	xenobiont	ant	Lasius flavus	xenobiont	Poland	Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Grassy mountain slope. Under stone
Formica gagates	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica gagates	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium chinensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica gagates	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica gagates	mutualist	aphid	Aphis farinosa	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica gagatoides	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite
Formica gerardi	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica glabridorsis	host	ant	Polyergus samurai	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica glacialis	host	ant	Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite		J. Trager, pers. comm.	sometimes as a cohabiting inquiline
Formica glacialis	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite		Apple et al., 2014; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica glacialis	host	ant	Formica subintegra	dulotic parasite		Apple et al., 2014; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica glauca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	aphid	Aphis galliiscabri	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus (Appelia) tragopogonis	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica glauca	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus cardui	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica gnava	host	ant	Polyergus topoffi	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica gnava	xenobiont	ant	Monomorium minimum	xenobiont	United States	Kanizsai et al., 2013
Formica gynocrates	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica argentea	host		Bono et al., 2006; de la Mora et al., 2021	host as ''Formica'' sp. cf. ''argentea''
Formica gynocrates	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica perpilosa	host		S. Cover, MCZbase
Formica hewitti	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica hewitti	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica impexa	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host
Formica incerta	host		Microdon ocellaris	predator	Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania (type), South Carolina	Curran, 1924
Formica incerta	host	ant	Formica difficilis	temporary parasite
Formica incerta	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica incerta	host	ant	Polyergus lucidus	dulotic parasite		Goodloe & Sanwald, 1985; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica incerta	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica incerta	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica incerta	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica indianensis	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica integra	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma pergandei	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica integra	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma petulans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica integroides	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	aphid	Aphis farinosa	trophobiont		Addicott, 1978; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salicariae	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Addicott, 1978; Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica integroides	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus hirticornis	xenobiont
Formica japonica	host	histerid beetle	Hetaerius gratus	myrmecophile		Kubota, 1965
Formica japonica	host	Staphylinid beetle	Kigatrodes gracilis	myrmecophile		Sawada, 1974
Formica knighti	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subsericea	host			needs confirmation
Formica kozlovi	host	ant	Polyergus nigerrimus	dulotic parasite
Formica lepida	host	ant	Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite
Formica lepida	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica lepida	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica lepida	host	ant	Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite
Formica lepida	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salicariae	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lepida	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica limata	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lugubris	host	beetle	Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae)	myrmecophile	Europe	Wagner et al., 2020
Formica lugubris	host	fungus	Aegeritella superficialis	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica lugubris	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite	Spain	Espadaler & Riasol, 1981; Elton, 1991
Formica lugubris	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica lugubris	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pini	trophobiont		Sudd, 1983; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica lugubris	temporary parasite	ant	Formica (Serviformica) species	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 1=2019
Formica lugubris	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Chernenko et al., 2013
Formica lugubris	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica lugubris	temporary parasite	ant	Formica picea	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Chernenko et al., 2013
Formica lugubris	xenobiont	ant	Formica fusca	xenobiont	Finland	Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Different successional series of rocky habitats. Mound of ''F. lugubris''
Formica lugubris	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica manchu	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica manni	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica mesasiatica	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica mesasiatica	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica microgyna	temporary parasite	ant	Formica argentea	host		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica microgyna	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lasioides	host		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica microgyna	temporary parasite	ant	Formica neogagates	host		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica microgyna	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica microphthalma	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	properly ''Polyergus umbratus''
Formica moki	host	ant	Polyergus vinosus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica moki	xenobiont	ant	Temnothorax andrei	xenobiont		Mann, 1911	nature of relationship unknown
Formica montana	host	ant	Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite
Formica montana	host	ant	Formica fossaceps	dulotic parasite
Formica montana	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica montana	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica montana	host	ant	Polyergus breviceps	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica montana	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica montana	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Aphis oregonensis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populicola	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Cinara medispinosa	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pseudotsugae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Macrosiphum chrysothamni	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Pleotrichophorus glandulosus	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica montana	mutualist	aphid	Pseudoepameibaphis tridentatae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica morsei	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica neoclara	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica neoclara	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica neoclara	host	ant	Polyergus breviceps	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica neoclara	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	doubtful, ''P. breviceps'' more likely
Formica neoclara	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica neoclara	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon albicomatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica neoclara	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica neoclara	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon manitobensis	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica neogagates	host	ant	Formica creightoni	dulotic parasite		J. Trager (pers. comm.)
Formica neogagates	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite		Mackay and Mackay 2002
Formica neogagates	host	ant	Formica gynocrates	dulotic parasite		Snelling & Buren, 1985	uncommon
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica adamsi	temporary parasite		Mackay and Mackay 2002
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica adamsi alpina	dulotic parasite		Mackay and Mackay 2002
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica aserva	dulotic parasite		Wheeler and Wheeler 1986
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Polyergus bicolor	dulotic parasite
Formica neorufibarbis	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Mackay and Mackay 2002; de la Mora et al., 2021	as ''Polyergus breviceps''
Formica neorufibarbis	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus nebrascensis	myrmecophile	United States
Formica neorufibarbis	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica neorufibarbis gelida''
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salicariae	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica neorufibarbis gelida''
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica neorufibarbis gelida''
Formica neorufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica neorufibarbis	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon albicomatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica neorufibarbis	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica nepticula	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica nevadensis	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica obscuripes	host	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon xanthopilis	predator	California (type), Idaho, Washington	Townsend, 1895
Formica obscuripes	host	ant	Formica talbotae	workerless inquiline	British Columbia, Canada
Formica obscuripes	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma michaeli	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica obscuripes	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus manni	myrmecophile	Mexico, United States
Formica obscuripes	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus nebrascensis	myrmecophile	United States
Formica obscuripes	host	eurytomid wasp	Sycophila sp.	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Formica obscuripes	host	tenebrionid beetle	Alaudes singularis	myrmecophile
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salicariae	trophobiont		Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Addicott, 1978; Addicott, 1979a; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	aphid	Pleotrichophorus utensis	trophobiont		Billick et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon escalantii	trophobiont		Billick et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica obscuripes	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon albicomatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica obscuripes	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica obscuripes	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica obscuripes	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon tristis	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica obscuripes	temporary parasite	ant	Formica pacifica	host
Formica obscuripes	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus diversipilosus	xenobiont
Formica obscuripes	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus hirticornis	xenobiont
Formica obscuriventris	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica obscuriventris	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica obscuriventris	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma michaeli	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica obscuriventris	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica obscuriventris	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus pergandei	myrmecophile	United States
Formica obscuriventris	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica obscuriventris	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica obtusopilosa	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica obtusopilosa	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019	as ''Formica munda''
Formica occulta	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Bono et al., 2006; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica occulta	host	ant	Polyergus breviceps	dulotic parasite		Mackay and Mackay, 2002; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021; Bono et al., 2006; Bono et al., 2007; Johnson, 2000; Johnson et al., 2005
Formica occulta	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	as ''Formica'' cf. ''occulta''
Formica occulta	xenobiont	ant	Lasius latipes	xenobiont
Formica occulta	xenobiont	ant	Lasius sitiens	xenobiont
Formica occulta	xenobiont	ant	Myrmica hamulata	xenobiont
Formica opaciventris	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma petulans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica opaciventris	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica opaciventris	mutualist	aphid	Aphis medicaginis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica oreas	host	eucharitid wasp	Orasema coloradensis	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	associate
Formica oreas	host	eucharitid wasp	Orasema coloradensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica oreas	host	eucharitid wasp	Orasema sp. nr coloradensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica oreas	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pacifica	host	ant	Formica obscuripes	temporary parasite	British Columbia, Canada	J. Roth, pers. comm., 2019
Formica pacifica	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica pallidefulva	host	ant	Formica creightoni	dulotic parasite		J. Trager (pers. comm.)
Formica pallidefulva	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica biophilica	host
Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica difficilis	host
Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica dolosa	host
Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica glacialis	host		Apple et al., 2014; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica incerta	host
Formica perpilosa	host	ant	Formica gynocrates	dulotic parasite		S. Cover, MCZbase
Formica perpilosa	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma vigilans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica picea	host	ant	Formica aquilonia	temporary parasite		Chernenko et al., 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica picea	host	ant	Formica caucasicola	temporary parasite	Georgia	Seifert, 2021
Formica picea	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite
Formica pisarskii	temporary parasite	ant	Formica candida	host		Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica pisarskii	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica pisarskii	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus sibiricus	xenobiont		Seifert, 2023	misidentified as ''Formica pressilabris''
Formica podzolica	host	ant	Formica aserva	dulotic parasite		Ruano et al., 2018; Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica podzolica	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica podzolica	host	ant	Formica subintegra	dulotic parasite		Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica podzolica	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica podzolica	mutualist	aphid	Aphis asclepiadis	trophobiont		Mooney et al., 2008; Nielsen et al., 2009; Abdala-Roberts et al., 2012; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica podzolica	mutualist	aphid	Aphis valerianae	trophobiont		Petry et al., 2012; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica polyctena	host	ant	Formica truncorum	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018	single observation
Formica polyctena	host	beetle	Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae)	myrmecophile	Europe	Wagner et al., 2020
Formica polyctena	host	fungus	Aegeritella superficialis	pathogen		Pascovici, 1983; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica polyctena	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila	pathogen		Shrestha et al., 2017
Formica polyctena	host	fungus	Pandora formicae	pathogen		Małagocka et al., 2017
Formica polyctena	host	fungus	Pandora myrmecophaga	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica polyctena	host	fungus	Pandora myrmecophaga	pathogen		Boer, 2008; Csata et al., 2013
Formica polyctena	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite		Elton, 1991
Formica polyctena	host	nematode	Oscheius dolichura	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica polyctena	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasite	Denmark	Botnevik et al., 2016; de Bekker et al., 2018
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis brohmeri	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis evonymi	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis jacobaeae	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis pomi	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Aphis subnitidae	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Callipterinella tuberculata	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus albitorosus	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus albus	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populeti	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populialbae	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus salicti	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Cinara boerneri	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Cinara laricis	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Cinara piceae	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pinea	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pini	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Glyphina betulae	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Macrosiphoniella pulvera	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum padi	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Schizaphis gramina	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Schizaphis pyri	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	mutualist	aphid	Symydobius oblongus	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica polyctena	temporary parasite	ant	Formica (Serviformica) species	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018
Formica polyctena	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica postoculata	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica pratensis	host	ant	Formica truncorum	temporary parasite		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica pratensis	host	beetle	Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae)	myrmecophile	Europe	Wagner et al., 2020
Formica pratensis	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma berolinense	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica pratensis	host	braconid wasp	Kollasmosoma marikovskii	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica pratensis	host	braconid wasp	Neoneurus auctus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica pratensis	host	eulophid wasp	Melittobia acasta	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Formica pratensis	host	fungus	Aegeritella superficialis	pathogen		Pascovici, 1983; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica pratensis	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila	pathogen		Shrestha et al., 2017
Formica pratensis	host	fungus	Pandora formicae	pathogen		Małagocka et al., 2017
Formica pratensis	host	fungus	Pandora myrmecophaga	pathogen		Boer, 2008; Csata et al., 2013
Formica pratensis	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite	Japan	Elton, 1991	as ''Formica nigricans'', needs confirmation
Formica pratensis	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasite		de Bekker et al., 2018
Formica pratensis	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus nassonowi	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populeti	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara boerneri	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara laricis	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pinea	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pini	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	aphid	Symydobius oblongus	trophobiont		Novgorodova, 2005; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica pratensis	mutualist	butterfly	Glaucopsyche alexis			Obregon et al. 2015
Formica pratensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica cunicularia	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica pratensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica pratensis	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica pressilabris	host	fungus	Aegeritella tuberculata	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica pressilabris	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host
Formica pressilabris	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica propinqua	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populicola	trophobiont		Wimp and Whitham, 2001; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica querquetulana	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite		J. Trager, pers. comm.
Formica querquetulana	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host
Formica ravida	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica ravida	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon cothurnatus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica ravida	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon piperi	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica ravida	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus hirticornis	xenobiont
Formica ravida	xenobiont	ant	Temnothorax andrei	xenobiont		Mackay & Mackay, 1984	nature of relationship unknown
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica altipetens	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica argentea	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica aserva	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica bradleyi	host			doubtful, slave maker possibly ''Formica pergandei''
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica fossaceps	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica lasioides	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica lepida	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica montana	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neoclara	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neogagates	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neorufibarbis	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica obscuriventris	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica obtusopilosa	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica pallidefulva	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subsericea	host
Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite	ant	Myrmica	host			possibly a prey item rather than a slave
Formica rubicunda	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma petulans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rubicunda	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite		Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021	probable ephemeral host
Formica rufa	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma berolinense	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa	host	braconid wasp	Neoneurus auctus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa	host	braconid wasp	Neoneurus clypeatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa	host	eucharitid wasp	Chalcura sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis adscendens	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Formica rufa	host	eucharitid wasp	Eucharis bedeli	parasite		Universal Chalcidoidea Database	primary host
Formica rufa	host	ichneumonid wasp	Eurypterna cremieri	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa	host	ichneumonid wasp	Hybrizon buccatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufa	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite		Elton, 1975; Elton, 1991
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Aphis helianthi	trophobiont		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Aphis medicaginis	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salicariae	trophobiont		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Aphis valerianae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Aphis varians	trophobiont		Mooney et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus cardui	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Chaitophorus populifolii	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Nearctaphis bakeri	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufa	temporary parasite	ant	Formica cunicularia	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica rufa	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica rufa	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica rufa	xenobiont	ant	Leptothorax muscorum	xenobiont	Sweden	Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1901
Formica rufibarbis	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite
Formica rufibarbis	host	ant	Formica truncorum	temporary parasite		Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica rufibarbis	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Mori et al., 2000; Trager, 2013; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica rufibarbis	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma luxemburgense	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufibarbis	host	ichneumonid wasp	Hybrizon buccatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufibarbis	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite		Elton, 1991
Formica rufibarbis	host	nematode	Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix")	parasite	Germany	Gosswald, 1930; Laciny, 2021
Formica rufibarbis	host	phorid fly	Aenigmatias brevifrons	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufibarbis	host	phorid fly	Aenigmatias dorni	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufibarbis	host	phorid fly	Aenigmatias lubbocki	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica rufibarbis	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium dendriticum	parasite		de Bekker et al., 2018
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis pomi	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Aphis spiraecola	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara indica	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Cinara occidentalis	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Dysaphis devecta	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Myzus ornatus	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Myzus padellus	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	mutualist	aphid	Tuberolachnus salignus	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica rufibarbis	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon sp.	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica candida	host
Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica cinerea	host
Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica cunicularia	host		Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host		Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica gagatoides	host
Formica sanguinea	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite		Elton, 1991
Formica scitula	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica selysi	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Aspergillus parasiticus	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Formica selysi	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Penicillium sizovae	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Formica selysi	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Penicillium skrjabinii	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Formica selysi	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Petromyces alliaceus	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Formica selysi	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Purpureocillium lilacinum	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Formica selysi	host	fungus	Aspergillus flavus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica selysi	host	fungus	Beauveria bassiana	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica selysi	host	fungus	Metarhizium brunneum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica spatulata	temporary parasite	ant	unknown	host
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica dakotensis	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica dirksi	temporary parasite		Mackay and Mackay 2002
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica impexa	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica microgyna	temporary parasite		Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica querquetulana	temporary parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica ulkei	temporary parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Polyergus bicolor	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica subaenescens	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite
Formica subaenescens	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subaenescens	xenobiont	ant	Camponotus pennsylvanicus	xenobiont	United States	Gaige ,1914; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Hardwood forest. Under log.
Formica subcyanea	host	ant	Polyergus topoffi	dulotic parasite
Formica subintegra	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica glacialis	host		Apple et al., 2014; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica subintegra	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica pallidefulva	host		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica subintegra	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica podzolica	host		Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica subintegra	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma petulans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica subintegra	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarium	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica subintegra	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica subintegra	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subnitens	host	eucharitid wasp	Orasema coloradensis	parasite		Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database	questionable, needs confirmation
Formica subpolita	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite
Formica subpolita	host	ant	Formica puberula	dulotic parasite		Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica subpolita	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite			true slave maker ''Polyergus laeviceps''
Formica subpolita	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma vigilans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica subpolita	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarium	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica subpolita	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica subsericea	host	ant	Formica dakotensis	temporary parasite
Formica subsericea	host	ant	Formica densiventris	dulotic parasite
Formica subsericea	host	ant	Formica knighti	temporary parasite			needs confirmation
Formica subsericea	host	ant	Formica pergandei	dulotic parasite
Formica subsericea	host	ant	Formica rubicunda	dulotic parasite
Formica subsericea	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica subsericea	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma pergandei	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica subsericea	host	braconid wasp	Elasmosoma petulans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica subsericea	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus pergandei	myrmecophile	United States
Formica subsericea	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica subsericea	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Aphis coreopsidis	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Aulacorthum solani	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara atlantica	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pinivora	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Hyperomyzus nabali	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Neomyzus circumflexum	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon pieloui	trophobiont		Favret et al., 2010; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica subsericea	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon megalogaster	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Formica suecica	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host			needs confirmation
Formica suecica	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Formica suecica	temporary parasite	ant	Formica transkaucasica	host
Formica talbotae	workerless inquiline	ant	Formica obscuripes	host
Formica tianshanica	host	ant	Polyergus rufescens	dulotic parasite		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Formica transkaucasica	host	ant	Formica forsslundi	temporary parasite
Formica transkaucasica	host	ant	Formica sanguinea	dulotic parasite
Formica transkaucasica	host	ant	Formica suecica	temporary parasite
Formica transkaucasica	host	ant	Formica uralensis	temporary parasite
Formica transkaucasica	host	phorid fly	Aenigmatias lubbocki	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Formica transkaucasica	host	trematode	Dicrocoelium lanceatum	parasite	Armenia	Arakelian et al., 1997
Formica truncorum	host	fungus	Aegeritella superficialis	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica truncorum	temporary parasite	ant	Formica fusca	host		Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018
Formica truncorum	temporary parasite	ant	Formica lemani	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica truncorum	temporary parasite	ant	Formica polyctena	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018	single observation
Formica truncorum	temporary parasite	ant	Formica pratensis	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica truncorum	temporary parasite	ant	Formica rufibarbis	host		Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018
Formica truncorum	xenobiont	ant	Formica fusca	xenobiont	Finland	Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Different successional series of rocky habitats. In rock crevice
Formica truncorum	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica ulkei	mutualist	aphid	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae	trophobiont		Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Formica ulkei	temporary parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host
Formica uralensis	host	labial gland disease	unknown agent	parasite	Japan	Elton, 1991	needs confirmation
Formica uralensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica transkaucasica	host
Formica uralensis	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007
Formica vinculans	host	ant	Formica gynocrates	dulotic parasite		Snelling & Buren, 1985
Formica vinculans	host	ant	Polyergus mexicanus	dulotic parasite		Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021	identity of slave maker need confirmation, likely not ''P. mexicanus''
Formica vinculans	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Formica vinculans	host	fungus	Laboulbenia formicarum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica altipetens	host
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica bradleyi	host
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica lasioides	host
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica lepida	host
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neogagates	host		Mackay and Mackay, 2002
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica neorufibarbis	host
Formica wheeleri	dulotic parasite	ant	Formica subaenescens	host			given as ''Formica fusca'' but probably ''Formica subaenescens''
Formica yessensis	temporary parasite	ant	Formica (Serviformica) species	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018

Flight Period

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Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Formica altipetens	Jul • Aug	Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica argentea	Jul • Aug	Mackay & Mackay, 2002
Formica aserva	Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica biophilica	Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica bruni	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica brunneonitida	Jun • Jul • Aug	Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica caucasicola	Jul • Aug	Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica cinerea	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica clara	Jun • Jul	Seifert & Schultz, 2009; antkeeping.info
Formica exsecta	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica exsectoides	Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica foreli	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica forsslundi	Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica francoeuri	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Formica fuscocinerea	Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	antkeeping.info
Formica gagates	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica gagatoides	Jul • Aug
Formica glacialis	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica glauca	Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica incerta	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica integra	May	antkeeping.info
Formica integroides	Apr	antkeeping.info
Formica longiceps	Jul • Aug
Formica lugubris	May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica manchu	Jun • Jul • Aug	Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica mesasiatica	Jun • Jul • Aug	Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica moki	Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica obscuripes	Apr • May	antkeeping.info (April)	Washington (May)
Formica obscuriventris	Jun	antkeeping.info
Formica pacifica	Apr	antkeeping.info
Formica paralugubris	May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica pisarskii	Aug	Seifert & Schultz, 2021
Formica polyctena	Apr • May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Formica pratensis	Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	antkeeping.info; Collingwood, 1979
Formica pressilabris	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica ravida	May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica rubicunda	Jul	antkeeping.info
Formica selysi	Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	antkeeping.info
Formica subaenescens	Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica subpolita	Jun	antkeeping.info
Formica subsericea	Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica transkaucasica	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica transmontanis	Oct • Nov	antkeeping.info
Formica truncorum	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica ulkei	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Formica uralensis	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info

Life History Traits

• Mean colony size: 500-300000000 (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: dulosis; inquilinism; temperary parasite (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: omnivore (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)

Morphology

Worker Morphology

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• Antennal segment count: 12 • Antennal club: absent • Palp formula: 6,4; 5,4 • Total dental count: 7-10(0-3) • Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple • Eyes: >100 ommatidia • Ocelli: present • Scrobes: absent • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: monomorphic, some with marked size-variation • Sting: absent • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: polymorphic

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

• Formica sp.3: n = 27 (Crozier, 1975) ('Formica fusca group).
• Formica sp.4: n = 26 (Crozier, 1975).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

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Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Formica	26				Crozier, 1975
Formica	27				Crozier, 1975	'Formica fusca'' group
Formica candida	6	52		Japan	Imai, 1969	as ''F. picea''
Formica dakotensis	26				Crozier, 1975
Formica exsecta	26	52		Switzerland	Agosti & Hauschteck-Jungen, 1987; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976
Formica gagates	27	54		France; old Yugoslavia	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976
Formica gerardi	27			Spain	Lorite et al., 1998a; Lorite et al., 2002b
Formica lugubris	26	52		Finland; Switzerland	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980
Formica montana	27	54		USA	Hung, 1969
Formica obscuripes	26			USA	Hung, 1969
Formica polyctena	26	52		Finland; Switzerland	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980
Formica pratensis	26	52		Finland; Switzerland	Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980
Formica pressilabris	26			Finland	Rosengren et al., 1980
Formica reflexa	26				Crozier, 1975
Formica subintegra	26			USA	Hung, 1969
Formica transkaucasica	26			Finland	Rosengren et al., 1980	as ''F. transkaucasica'' (incertae sedis)
Formica truncorum	26	52		Finland; Japan; Switzerland	Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1969; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980
Formica truncorum	28			Finland	Rosengren et al., 1980	Only one pupa analyzed was ''n=27
Formica ulkei	26			USA	Hung, 1969
Formica uralensis	26			Finland	Rosengren et al., 1980

Phylogeny

Formicinae

Myrmelachistini ⊞(2 genera) ⊟ Brachymyrmex  (41 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmelachista  (69 species, 0 fossil species) Lasiini ⊞(11 genera) ⊟ Cladomyrma  (13 species, 0 fossil species) Lasius  (140 species, 23 fossil species) Myrmecocystus  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Metalasius  (1 species, 1 fossil species) Paraparatrechina  (42 species, 0 fossil species) Prenolepis  (21 species, 1 fossil species) Zatania  (6 species, 1 fossil species) Nylanderia  (149 species, 2 fossil species) Pseudolasius  (66 species, 0 fossil species) Euprenolepis  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Paratrechina  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Melophorini ⊞(9 genera) ⊟ Melophorus  (92 species, 0 fossil species) Stigmacros  (39 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmecorhynchus  (3 species, 1 fossil species) Lasiophanes  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Notostigma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Notoncus  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Pseudonotoncus  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Prolasius  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Teratomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Formicini ⊞(8 genera) ⊟ Polyergus  (15 species, 0 fossil species) Formica  (283 species, 69 fossil species) Iberoformica  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Bajcaridris  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Proformica  (33 species, 0 fossil species) Cataglyphis  (124 species, 0 fossil species) Rossomyrmex  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Gesomyrmecini Gesomyrmex  (7 species, 12 fossil species) Oecophyllini Oecophylla  (15 species, 16 fossil species) Plagiolepidini ⊞(9 genera) ⊟ Anoplolepis  (15 species, 0 fossil species) Tapinolepis  (18 species, 0 fossil species) Aphomomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Petalomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lepisiota  (147 species, 0 fossil species) Plagiolepis  (78 species, 10 fossil species) Acropyga  (42 species, 1 fossil species) Agraulomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Gigantiopini Gigantiops  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Santschiellini Santschiella  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmoteratini Myrmoteras  (41 species, 0 fossil species) Camponotini ⊞(8 genera) ⊟ Colobopsis  (117 species, 1 fossil species) Opisthopsis  (20 species, 0 fossil species) Dinomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Polyrhachis  (793 species, 1 fossil species) Camponotus  (1,504 species, 1 fossil species) Overbeckia  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Calomyrmex  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Echinopla  (39 species, 0 fossil species)

See Phylogeny of Formicinae for details.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• FORMICA [Formicinae: Formicini]
  • Formica Linnaeus, 1758: 579. Type-species: Formica rufa, by subsequent designation of Curtis, 1839: 752.
  • Formica senior synonym of Formicina: Wheeler, W.M. 1911c: 860; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.
  • Formica senior synonym of Raptiformica, Serviformica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote).
  • Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica (and its junior synonym Adformica): Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448.
  • Formica senior synonym of Neoformica: Buren, 1968a: 39.
  • Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica, Formicina, Neoformica, Raptiformica, Serviformica: Agosti, 1994a: 106.
• ADFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
  • Adformica Lomnicki, 1925a: 164 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica exsecta, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1927b: 316.
  • Adformica junior synonym of Coptoformica: Stitz, 1939: 306 (as Adformica and Coptoformica share the same type-species synonymy is absolute).
• COPTOFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
  • Coptoformica Müller, 1923: 146 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica exsecta, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1941f: 37.
  • Coptoformica senior synonym of Adformica: Stitz, 1939: 306 (as Adformica and Coptoformica share the same type-species synonymy is absolute).
  • Coptoformica junior synonym of Formica: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 107.
• FORMICINA [junior synonym of Formica]
  • Formicina Shuckard, in Swainson & Shuckard, 1840: 172. Type-species: Formica rufa, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.
  • [Type-species not Formica flava, unjustified subsequent designation by Emery, 1916a: 61 (footnote); repeated by Emery, 1916b: 239 and Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 170.]
  • Formicina junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1911c: 860; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.
  • Formicina incorrectly as replacement name for Lasius Fabricius: Emery, 1916a: 60; Emery, 1916b: 239; Bondroit, 1918: 19.
  • Formicina incorrectly as subgenus of Lasius: Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 172.
  • Formicina incorrectly as junior synonym of Lasius: Emery, 1925b: 226; Brown, 1973b: 180.
  • Formicina incorrectly as junior synonym of Acanthomyops: Donisthorpe, 1927b: 209.
  • Formicina junior synonym of Formica: Agosti, 1994a: 106.
  • [Formica and Formicina share the same type-species, synonymy is therefore absolute.]
• NEOFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
  • Neoformica Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 82 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica pallidefulva, by original designation.
  • [Neoformica also described as new by Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 548.]
  • Neoformica junior synonym of Formica: Buren, 1968a: 39; Agosti, 1994a: 107.
• RAPTIFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
  • Raptiformica Forel, 1913i: 361 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica sanguinea, by original designation.
  • Raptiformica subgenus of Formica: Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1925b: 258; Creighton, 1950a: 460.
  • Raptiformica junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote); Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 107.
• SERVIFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
  • Serviformica Forel, 1913i: 361 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica fusca, by original designation.
  • Serviformica subgenus of Formica: Forel, 1913i: 361; Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1925b: 245.
  • Serviformica junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote); Francoeur, 1973: 34; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 106.

References

• Agosti, D. 1991. Revision of the oriental ant genus Cladomyrma, with an outline of the higher classification of the Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 16: 293-310 (page 295, Formica in Formicinae, Formica genus group)
• Agosti, D. 1994b. The phylogeny of the ant tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the description of a new genus. Syst. Entomol. 19: 93-117 (page 106, Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica (and its junior synonym Adformica), Formicina, Hypochira, Iberoformica, Neoformica, Raptiformica, and Serviformica)
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