Formica
Formica Temporal range: 48.6–0 Ma Eocene – Recent | |
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Formica rufa | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Formicinae |
Tribe: | Formicini |
Genus: | Formica Linnaeus, 1758 |
Type species | |
Formica rufa | |
Diversity | |
280 species 68 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) | |
Synonyms | |
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Evolutionary Relationships | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Based on Ward et al. 2016. |
A large holarctic genus that are common in many northern temperate areas. For many reasons this genus as a whole has many well studied species. The taxonomy is fractured into many smaller subdivisions (both subgenera and species groups; see Formica species groups), many of which have no official taxonomic designation and are poorly delineated. In some cases older group names have been replaced by newer names, and new arrangements of species, but the older groups remain in use by some myrmecologists and not others.
Contents
Photo Gallery
Identification
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See images of species within this genus |
Keys including this Genus
- Key to Ant Genera of the Navajo Reservation
- Key to North American Genera of Formicinae
- Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico
Keys to Species in this Genus
- Key to US Formica pallidefulva group species
- Key to Nearctic species in the Formica rufa group
- Key to Formica subgenus Coptoformica workers of Europe
- Key to Formica subgenus Coptoformica queens of Europe
- Key to Formica rufibarbis group
- Key to Formica cinerea group
- Key to Nearctic Formica fusca group males
- Key to Nearctic Formica fusca group queens
- Key to Nearctic Formica fusca group workers
- Key to New England Formica
- Key to Palaearctic Formica rufa group species
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Fossils
Fossils are known from: Aix-en-Provence, France (Late Oligocene), Auxillac, Auvergne, France (Early Oligocene), Baltic amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya, Sikhote-Alin, Russia (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K. (Bartonian, Middle Eocene), Danish-Scandinavian amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Florissant, Colorado, United States (Late Eocene), Joursac, Auvergne, France (Late Miocene), Kishenehn Formation shale, Montana, United States (Lutetian, Middle Eocene), Kleinkems, Germany (Early Oligocene), Lac Chambon, Auvergne, France (Pliocene), Mokrina (Krottensee), Czech Republic (Late Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Oeningen, Switzerland (Messinian, Late Miocene), Ormety, Georgia (Serravallian, Miocene), Quesnel, British Columbia, Canada (Early Miocene?), Radoboj, Croatia (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Rovno amber (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Rott, Westphalia, Germany (Late Oligocene), Shanwang, China (Early Miocene), Mossy Creek, near Wellborn, Texas, United States (Late Eocene).
Biology
Subgeneric Phylogentics Romiguier et al. (2018) "resolved the phylogenetic relationships among palearctic Formica subgenera (Formica str. s., Coptoformica, Raptiformica and Serviformica). Interestingly, our phylogenetic tree reveals that the free-living Serviformica species do not form a monophyletic clade, and that parasitic colony founding in wood ants and Raptiformica slave-makers is likely to have a single origin. Our results suggest that parasitic colony founding is likely to be an intermediary step between free-living hosts and slave-maker parasites in the Formica genus. Similar studies in other genera containing slave-making species (e.g. Temnothorax, Harpagoxenus, Myrmoxenus, Protomognathus…) will be necessary to get a better global picture of the evolution of slave-making in ants."
Association with Other Organisms
Species Uncertain
Unknown species of Formica are hosts for the nematode Diploscapter lycostoma (Wahab, 1962), the eucharitid wasps Eucharis adscendens and Eucharis esakii (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) and the fungi Ophiocordyceps subunilateralis.
Unknown species of Formica are prey for the tiger beetles Cicindela tranquebarica and Cicindelidia marginipennis (predators) in the United States (Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020).
All Associate Records for Genus
Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
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Formica | host | eucharitid wasp | Eucharis adscendens | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica | host | eucharitid wasp | Eucharis esakii | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica | host | fungus | Ophiocordyceps subunilateralis | pathogen | Shrestha et al. 2017 | ||
Formica | host | nematode | Diploscapter lycostoma | parasite | Wahab, 1962 | ||
Formica | prey | tiger beetle | Cicindela tranquebarica | predator | United States | Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020 | |
Formica | prey | tiger beetle | Cicindelidia marginipennis | predator | United States | Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020 | |
Formica accreta | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica adamsi | temporary parasite | ant | Formica neorufibarbis | host | |||
Formica adamsi alpina | slave maker | ant | Formica neorufibarbis | host | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica aerata | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica aerata | host | aphelinid wasp | Aphytis melinus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica altipetens | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica altipetens | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | |||
Formica altipetens | host | ant | Polyergus breviceps | slave maker | |||
Formica aquilonia | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica aquilonia | host | beetle | Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) | myrmecophile | Europe | Wagner et al., 2020 | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Achrysocharoides niveipes | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Chrysocharis assis | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Chrysocharis collaris | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Chrysocharis nephereus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Chrysocharis orbicularis | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Chrysocharis pilicoxa | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Cirrospilus curvineurus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Cirrospilus vittatus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Derostenus gemmeus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Dicladocerus westwoodii | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Elachertus artaeus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Pediobius metallicus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Pnigalio longulus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Pnigalio pectinicornis | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Sympiesis gordius | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Sympiesis sericeicornis | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica aquilonia | host | eulophid wasp | Sympiesis xanthostoma | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica archboldi | host | ant | Polyergus oligergus | slave maker | |||
Formica archboldi | host | cricket | Myrmecophila pergandei | myrmecophile | |||
Formica argentea | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | |||
Formica argentea | host | ant | Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica argentea | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica argentea | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica argentea | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica aserva | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica aserva | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica aserva | slave maker | ant | Formica neorufibarbis | host | Wheeler and Wheeler, 1986 | ||
Formica aserva | slave maker | ant | Formica podzolica | host | Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001 | ||
Formica biophilica | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | |||
Formica biophilica | host | ant | Polyergus ruber | slave maker | |||
Formica bradleyi | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica bradleyi | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | |||
Formica bruni | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica canadensis | host | ant | Polyergus breviceps | slave maker | |||
Formica candida | host | ant | Polyergus nigerrimus | slave maker | |||
Formica ciliata | host | ant | Formicoxenus hirticornis | xenobiont | |||
Formica cinerea | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica cinerea | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | |||
Formica cinerea | mutualist | butterfly | Glaucopsyche alexis | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Formica clara | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | |||
Formica cunicularia | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica cunicularia | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | Romani et al., 2006 | ||
Formica cunicularia | mutualist | butterfly | Zizeeria knysna | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Formica curiosa | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica lepida | host | |||
Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica montana | host | |||
Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica pallidefulva | host | |||
Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica subsericea | host | |||
Formica decipiens | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica densiventris | slave maker | ant | Formica argentea | host | |||
Formica densiventris | slave maker | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica densiventris | slave maker | ant | Formica neogagates | host | |||
Formica densiventris | slave maker | ant | Formica neorufibarbis | host | |||
Formica densiventris | slave maker | ant | Formica subpolita | host | |||
Formica densiventris | slave maker | ant | Formica subsericea | host | |||
Formica difficilis | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica difficilis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica incerta | host | |||
Formica dirksi | temporary parasite | ant | Formica subaenescens | host | |||
Formica dolosa | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica dolosa | host | ant | Polyergus longicornis | slave maker | |||
Formica dolosa | host | ant | Polyergus sanwaldi | slave maker | Goodloe and Sanwald, 1985; Goodloe, Sanwald and Topoff, 1987 | ||
Formica exsecta | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica exsecta | host | beetle | Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) | myrmecophile | Europe | Wagner et al., 2020 | |
Formica exsecta | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |||
Formica exsecta | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | ||||
Formica exsecta | temporary parasite | ant | Formica lemani | ||||
Formica exsectoides | host | ''Microdon'' fly | Microdon abstrusus | predator | Maryland (type), Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia | Thompson, 1981 | |
Formica fennica | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica foreli | temporary parasite | ant | unkown | host | primary host likely to be ''F. fusca'', ''F. cunicularia'' or ''F. rufibarbis'' | ||
Formica foreliana | host | ant | Polyergus topoffi | slave maker | |||
Formica forsslundi | mutualist | butterfly | Glaucopsyche alexis | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Formica forsslundi | temporary parasite | ant | Formica transkaucasica | host | |||
Formica fossaceps | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica fukaii | host | ant | Polyergus samurai | slave maker | a relatively rare host | ||
Formica fukaii | temporary parasite | ant | Formica japonica | host | Kubota & Kondoh, 1954; Hayashida, 1963 | ||
Formica fukaii | temporary parasite | ant | Formica lemani | host | Yamaoka, 1977 | ||
Formica fusca | host | ant | Formica exsecta | temporary parasite | |||
Formica fusca | host | ant | Formica rufa | temporary parasite | |||
Formica fusca | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica fusca | host | ant | Formica suecica | temporary parasite | |||
Formica fusca | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | |||
Formica fusca | host | eucharitid wasp | Eucharis esakii | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica fusca | host | eulophid wasp | Melittobia acasta | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica fusca | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica fusca | host | fungus | Aegeritella tuberculata | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica fusca | host | fungus | Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila | pathogen | Shrestha et al., 2017 | ||
Formica fusca | host | nematode | Comanimermis clujensis | parasite | Coman, 1953 | ||
Formica fusca | mutualist | butterfly | Glaucopsyche alexis | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Formica gagates | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | |||
Formica gagatoides | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica gerardi | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | |||
Formica glabridorsis | host | ant | Polyergus samurai | slave maker | |||
Formica gnava | host | ant | Polyergus topoffi | slave maker | |||
Formica hayashi | host | ant | Polyergus samurai | slave maker | a relatively rare host | ||
Formica hewitti | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica incerta | host | ''Microdon'' fly | Microdon ocellaris | predator | Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania (type), South Carolina | Curran, 1924 | |
Formica incerta | host | ant | Formica difficilis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica incerta | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica incerta | host | ant | Polyergus lucidus | slave maker | |||
Formica incerta | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica indianensis | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica integroides | host | ant | Formicoxenus hirticornis | xenobiont | |||
Formica japonica | host | ant | Polyergus samurai | slave maker | |||
Formica japonica | host | butterfly | Lampides argyrognomon | myrmecophile | Mizuno et al., 2018 | ||
Formica japonica | host | histerid beetle | Hetaerius gratus | myrmecophile | Kubota, 1965 | ||
Formica japonica | host | Staphylinid beetle | Kigatrodes gracilis | myrmecophile | Sawada, 1974 | ||
Formica knighti | temporary parasite | ant | Formica subsericea | host | needs confirmation | ||
Formica kozlovi | host | ant | Polyergus nigerrimus | slave maker | |||
Formica lasioides | host | ant | Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica lasioides | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica lasioides | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | |||
Formica lasioides | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica lemani | host | ant | Formica exsecta | temporary parasite | |||
Formica lemani | host | ant | Formica pressilabris | temporary parasite | |||
Formica lemani | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica lemani | host | ant | Formica suecica | temporary parasite | |||
Formica lepida | host | ant | Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica lepida | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica lepida | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | |||
Formica lugubris | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica lugubris | host | beetle | Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) | myrmecophile | Europe | Wagner et al., 2020 | |
Formica lugubris | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica manchu | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica manni | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica mesasiatica | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | ant | Formica argentea | host | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | host | Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | ant | Formica lasioides | host | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | ant | Formica neogagates | host | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica microphthalma | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica moki | host | ant | Polyergus vinosus | slave maker | |||
Formica moki | xenobiont | ant | Temnothorax andrei | xenobiont | Mann, 1911 | nature of relationship unknown | |
Formica montana | host | ant | Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica montana | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica montana | host | ant | Polyergus breviceps | slave maker | |||
Formica montana | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica morsei | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica neoclara | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica neoclara | host | ant | Polyergus breviceps | slave maker | |||
Formica neoclara | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica neogagates | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica neogagates | host | ant | Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica neogagates | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica neogagates | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica neogagates | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica neogagates | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica neogagates | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Formica adamsi | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Formica adamsi alpina | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Formica aserva | slave maker | Wheeler and Wheeler 1986 | ||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | |||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | |||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Polyergus bicolor | slave maker | |||
Formica neorufibarbis | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | as ''Polyergus breviceps'' | |
Formica neorufibarbis | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus nebrascensis | myrmecophile | United States | ||
Formica nepticula | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica nevadensis | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica obscuripes | host | ''Microdon'' fly | Microdon xanthopilis | predator | California (type), Idaho, Washington | Townsend, 1895 | |
Formica obscuripes | host | ant | Formica talbotae | workerless inquiline | British Columbia, Canada | ||
Formica obscuripes | host | ant | Formicoxenus diversipilosus | xenobiont | |||
Formica obscuripes | host | ant | Formicoxenus hirticornis | xenobiont | |||
Formica obscuripes | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus manni | myrmecophile | Mexico, United States | ||
Formica obscuripes | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus nebrascensis | myrmecophile | United States | ||
Formica obscuripes | host | eurytomid wasp | Sycophila sp. | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica obscuripes | temporary parasite | ant | Formica pacifica | host | |||
Formica obscuriventris | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica obscuriventris | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica obscuriventris | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus pergandei | myrmecophile | United States | ||
Formica obtusopilosa | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica occulta | host | ant | Polyergus breviceps | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica occulta | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica oreas | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema coloradensis | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Formica pacifica | host | ant | Formica obscuripes | temporary parasite | British Columbia, Canada | J. Roth, pers. comm., 2019 | |
Formica pacifica | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica pallidefulva | host | ant | Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica pallidefulva | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica pallidefulva | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica pallidefulva | host | ant | Formica subintegra | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica pallidefulva | host | ant | Polyergus montivagus | slave maker | |||
Formica pallidefulva | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus pergandei | myrmecophile | United States | ||
Formica pallidefulva | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica pallidefulva | prey | tiger beetle | Cicindela bellissima | predator | United States | Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020 | |
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica biophilica | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica difficilis | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica dolosa | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica incerta | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica neogagates | host | Mackay and Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica obscuriventris | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica pallidefulva | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica podzolica | host | |||
Formica pergandei | slave maker | ant | Formica subsericea | host | |||
Formica picea | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica pisarskii | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica pisarskii | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica podzolica | host | ant | Formica aserva | slave maker | |||
Formica podzolica | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica podzolica | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica polyctena | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica polyctena | host | beetle | Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) | myrmecophile | Europe | Wagner et al., 2020 | |
Formica polyctena | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica polyctena | host | fungus | Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila | pathogen | Shrestha et al., 2017 | ||
Formica postoculata | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica pratensis | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica pratensis | host | beetle | Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) | myrmecophile | Europe | Wagner et al., 2020 | |
Formica pratensis | host | eulophid wasp | Melittobia acasta | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica pratensis | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica pratensis | host | fungus | Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila | pathogen | Shrestha et al., 2017 | ||
Formica pratensis | mutualist | butterfly | Glaucopsyche alexis | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Formica pressilabris | host | fungus | Aegeritella tuberculata | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica pressilabris | temporary parasite | ant | Formica lemani | host | |||
Formica puberula | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica querquetulana | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica ravida | host | ant | Formicoxenus hirticornis | xenobiont | |||
Formica ravida | xenobiont | ant | Temnothorax andrei | xenobiont | Mackay & Mackay, 1984 | nature of relationship unknown | |
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica altipetens | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica argentea | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica aserva | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica bradleyi | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica fossaceps | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica lasioides | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica lepida | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica montana | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica neoclara | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica neogagates | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica neorufibarbis | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica obscuriventris | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica obtusopilosa | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica pallidefulva | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Formica subsericea | host | |||
Formica rubicunda | slave maker | ant | Myrmica | host | |||
Formica rufa | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica rufa | host | beetle | Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) | myrmecophile | Europe | Wagner et al., 2020 | |
Formica rufa | host | eucharitid wasp | Eucharis adscendens | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica rufa | host | eucharitid wasp | Eucharis bedeli | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica rufa | host | fungus | Aegeritella sp. | pathogen | photo by Michal Kukla | ||
Formica rufa | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica rufa | host | fungus | Aegeritella tuberculata | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica rufa | host | fungus | Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila | pathogen | Shrestha et al., 2017 | ||
Formica rufa | host | nematode | Oscheius dolichurus | parasite | Janet, 1893; Wahab, 1962 | ||
Formica rufa | host | nematode | Pristionchus lheritieri | parasite | Wahab, 1962 | ||
Formica rufa | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica rufibarbis | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica rufibarbis | host | ant | Polyergus rufescens | slave maker | |||
Formica rufibarbis | host | fungus | Aegeritella tuberculata | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica sanguinea | host | bacterium | Entomoplasma | Haapaniemi and Pamilo, 2015 | ~20% infection frequency | ||
Formica sanguinea | host | bacterium | Spiroplasma | Haapaniemi and Pamilo, 2015 | 80% infection frequency | ||
Formica sanguinea | host | bacterium | Wolbachia | Haapaniemi and Pamilo, 2015 | 51% infection frequency | ||
Formica sanguinea | host | eulophid wasp | Melittobia acasta | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Formica sanguinea | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica sanguinea | host | fungus | Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila | pathogen | Shrestha et al., 2017 | ||
Formica sanguinea | mutualist | butterfly | Glaucopsyche alexis | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica candida | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica cinerea | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica cunicularia | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica gagatoides | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica hayashi | host | Japanese Ant Image Database | ||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica japonica | host | Japanese Ant Image Database | ||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica lemani | host | Japanese Ant Image Database | ||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica picea | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica rufibarbis | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Formica transkaucasica | host | |||
Formica sanguinea | slave maker | ant | Myrmica jessensis | host | Hayashida, 1966 | ||
Formica scitula | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica spatulata | temporary parasite | ant | unknown | host | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica dirksi | slave maker | Mackay and Mackay 2002 | ||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica microgyna | temporary parasite | Gregg, 1963; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica querquetulana | temporary parasite | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica rubicunda | slave maker | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica ulkei | temporary parasite | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Formica wheeleri | slave maker | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Polyergus bicolor | slave maker | |||
Formica subaenescens | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica subcyanea | host | ant | Polyergus topoffi | slave maker | |||
Formica subintegra | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica subintegra | slave maker | ant | Formica pallidefulva | host | Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica subintegra | slave maker | ant | Formica podzolica | host | Savolainen & Deslippe, 2001 | ||
Formica subnitens | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema coloradensis | parasite | Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | questionable, needs confirmation | |
Formica subpolita | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | |||
Formica subpolita | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica subpolita | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica subsericea | host | ant | Formica dakotensis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica subsericea | host | ant | Formica densiventris | slave maker | |||
Formica subsericea | host | ant | Formica knighti | temporary parasite | needs confirmation | ||
Formica subsericea | host | ant | Formica pergandei | slave maker | |||
Formica subsericea | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica subsericea | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus pergandei | myrmecophile | United States | ||
Formica subsericea | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica suecica | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | host | needs confirmation | ||
Formica suecica | temporary parasite | ant | Formica lemani | host | |||
Formica suecica | temporary parasite | ant | Formica transkaucasica | host | |||
Formica talbotae | workerless inquiline | ant | Formica obscuripes | host | |||
Formica transkaucasica | host | ant | Formica forsslundi | temporary parasite | |||
Formica transkaucasica | host | ant | Formica sanguinea | slave maker | |||
Formica transkaucasica | host | ant | Formica suecica | temporary parasite | |||
Formica transkaucasica | host | ant | Formica uralensis | temporary parasite | |||
Formica truncorum | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica truncorum | host | fungus | Aegeritella superficialis | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica ulkei | temporary parasite | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica uralensis | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Formica uralensis | temporary parasite | ant | Formica transkaucasica | host | |||
Formica vinculans | host | ant | Polyergus mexicanus | slave maker | |||
Formica vinculans | host | fungus | Laboulbenia formicarum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica altipetens | host | |||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica bradleyi | host | |||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica fusca | host | |||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica lasioides | host | |||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica lepida | host | |||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica neogagates | host | Mackay and Mackay, 2002 | ||
Formica wheeleri Creighton | slave maker | ant | Formica neorufibarbis | host |
Castes
Morphology
Worker Morphology
- Antennal segment count: 12
- Antennal club: absent
- Palp formula: 6,4; 5,4
- Total dental count: 7-10(0-3)
- Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple
- Eyes: present, ocelli present
- Scrobes: absent
- Caste: some with marked size-variation
- Sting: absent
Karyotype
Species Uncertain
- Formica sp.3: n = 27 (Crozier, 1975) ('Formica fusca group).
- Formica sp.4: n = 26 (Crozier, 1975).
All Karyotype Records for Genus
Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formica | 26 | Crozier, 1975 | ||||
Formica | 27 | Crozier, 1975 | 'Formica fusca'' group | |||
Formica aquilonia | 26 | Finland | Rosengren et al., 1980 | |||
Formica candida | 6 | 52 | Japan | Imai, 1969 | as ''F. picea'' | |
Formica cinerea | 27 | 54 | Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica cunicularia | 27 | 54 | France | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica dakotensis | 26 | Crozier, 1975 | ||||
Formica exsecta | 26 | 52 | Switzerland | Agosti & Hauschteck-Jungen, 1987; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica frontalis | 52 | Spain | Lorite et al., 2002b; Lorite et al., 2004a | |||
Formica fusca | 27 | 54 | Germany; Japan; Switerland | Imai, 1969 ; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica gagates | 27 | 54 | France; old Yugoslavia | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica gerardi | 27 | Spain | Lorite et al., 1998a; Lorite et al., 2002b | |||
Formica japonica | 27 | 54 | Japan | Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Crozier, 1975 | ||
Formica lemani | 54 | Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | |||
Formica lugubris | 26 | 52 | Finland; Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980 | ||
Formica montana | 27 | 54 | USA | Hung, 1969 | ||
Formica obscuripes | 26 | USA | Hung, 1969 | |||
Formica pergandei | 26 | Crozier, 1975 | ||||
Formica picea | 26 | 52 | Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica polyctena | 26 | 52 | Finland; Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980 | ||
Formica pratensis | 26 | 52 | Finland; Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980 | ||
Formica pressilabris | 26 | Finland | Rosengren et al., 1980 | |||
Formica reflexa | 26 | Crozier, 1975 | ||||
Formica rufa | 26 | 52 | Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica rufibarbis | 27 | 54 | Finland; Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980 | ||
Formica sanguinea | 26 | 52 | Japan; Switzerland | Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976 | ||
Formica subintegra | 26 | USA | Hung, 1969 | |||
Formica transkaucasica | 26 | Finland | Rosengren et al., 1980 | as ''F. transkaucasica'' (incertae sedis) | ||
Formica truncorum | 26 | 52 | Finland; Japan; Switzerland | Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1969; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980 | ||
Formica truncorum | 28 | Finland | Rosengren et al., 1980 | Only one pupa analyzed was ''n=27 | ||
Formica ulkei | 26 | USA | Hung, 1969 | |||
Formica uralensis | 26 | Finland | Rosengren et al., 1980 | |||
Formica yessensis | 26 | 52 | Japan | Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969 |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- FORMICA [Formicinae: Formicini]
- Formica Linnaeus, 1758: 579. Type-species: Formica rufa, by subsequent designation of Curtis, 1839: 752.
- Formica senior synonym of Formicina: Wheeler, W.M. 1911c: 860; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.
- Formica senior synonym of Raptiformica, Serviformica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote).
- Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica (and its junior synonym Adformica): Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448.
- Formica senior synonym of Neoformica: Buren, 1968a: 39.
- Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica, Formicina, Neoformica, Raptiformica, Serviformica: Agosti, 1994a: 106.
- ADFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
- Adformica Lomnicki, 1925a: 164 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica exsecta, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1927b: 316.
- Adformica junior synonym of Coptoformica: Stitz, 1939: 306 (as Adformica and Coptoformica share the same type-species synonymy is absolute).
- COPTOFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
- Coptoformica Müller, 1923: 146 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica exsecta, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1941f: 37.
- Coptoformica senior synonym of Adformica: Stitz, 1939: 306 (as Adformica and Coptoformica share the same type-species synonymy is absolute).
- Coptoformica junior synonym of Formica: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 107.
- FORMICINA [junior synonym of Formica]
- Formicina Shuckard, in Swainson & Shuckard, 1840: 172. Type-species: Formica rufa, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.
- [Type-species not Formica flava, unjustified subsequent designation by Emery, 1916a: 61 (footnote); repeated by Emery, 1916b: 239 and Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 170.]
- Formicina junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1911c: 860; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.
- Formicina incorrectly as replacement name for Lasius Fabricius: Emery, 1916a: 60; Emery, 1916b: 239; Bondroit, 1918: 19.
- Formicina incorrectly as subgenus of Lasius: Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 172.
- Formicina incorrectly as junior synonym of Lasius: Emery, 1925b: 226; Brown, 1973b: 180.
- Formicina incorrectly as junior synonym of Acanthomyops: Donisthorpe, 1927b: 209.
- Formicina junior synonym of Formica: Agosti, 1994a: 106.
- [Formica and Formicina share the same type-species, synonymy is therefore absolute.]
- NEOFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
- Neoformica Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 82 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica pallidefulva, by original designation.
- [Neoformica also described as new by Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 548.]
- Neoformica junior synonym of Formica: Buren, 1968a: 39; Agosti, 1994a: 107.
- RAPTIFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
- Raptiformica Forel, 1913i: 361 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica sanguinea, by original designation.
- Raptiformica subgenus of Formica: Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1925b: 258; Creighton, 1950a: 460.
- Raptiformica junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote); Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 107.
- SERVIFORMICA [junior synonym of Formica]
- Serviformica Forel, 1913i: 361 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica fusca, by original designation.
- Serviformica subgenus of Formica: Forel, 1913i: 361; Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1925b: 245.
- Serviformica junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote); Francoeur, 1973: 34; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 106.
References
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- Romiguier, J., Rolland, J., Morandin, C., Keller, L. 2018. Phylogenomics of palearctic Formica species suggests a single origin of temporary parasitism and gives insights to the evolutionary pathway toward slave-making behaviour. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 40 (DOI 10.1186/s12862-018-1159-4).
- Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 1323-1467 in: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R., Burks, B. D. (eds.) Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Pr (page 1448, Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica (and its junior synonym Adformica), Serviformica and Raptiformica.)
- Smith, F. 1858a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. (page 1, Formica in Formicidae)
- Smith, M. R. 1951c. Family Formicidae. Pp. 778-875 in: Muesebeck, C. F., Krombein, K. V., Townes, H. K. (eds.) Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalogue. U. S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Monogr. 2:1-1420. (page 860, Formica senior synonym of Coptoformica (and its junior synonym Adformica), Serviformica and Raptiformica.)
- Snelling, R. R.; Buren, W. F. 1985. Description of a new species of slave-making ant in the Formica sanguinea group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 18: 69-78 (page 71, Key to Nearctic fauna (sanguinea-group))
- Tartally, A., Somogyi, A.Á., Révész, T., Nash, D.R. 2020. Host ant change of a socially parasitic butterfly (Phengaris alcon) through host nest take-over. Insects 11, 556 (doi:10.3390/INSECTS11090556).
- Valenti, M.A., Gaimari, S.D. 2000. Of tiger beetles and ubiquitous ants: hazardous living amongst tenacious prey. Cicindela 32: 19–29.
- Wahab, A. 1962. Untersuchungen uber Nematoden in den drusen des kopfes der Ameisen (Formicidae). Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere 52: 33–92.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 143, Formica in Camponotinae, Formicini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1911c. Three formicid names which have been overlooked. Science (N. Y.) (n.s.) 33: 858-860 (page 860, Formica senior synonym of Formicina)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1911g. A list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 21: 157-175 (page 164, Formica senior synonym of Formicina)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1915i [1914]. The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schr. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsb. 55: 1-142 (page 120, Formica in Camponotinae, Formicini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 699, Formica senior synonym of Raptiformica and Serviformica (footnote); Formica in Formicinae, Formicini)
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- Aix-en-Provence, France fossil
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- Eocene
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- Bournemouth fossil
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- Miocene
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- Pliocene
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