Formica japonica

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Formica japonica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Formica
Species: F. japonica
Binomial name
Formica japonica
Motschoulsky, 1866

Formica japonica casent0280389 p 1 high.jpg

Formica japonica casent0280389 d 1 high.jpg

Specimen Labels

Synonyms


Common Name
Kuroyama-ari
Language: Japanese

Common in lowlands and open mountainous regions all over Japan. This species nests in the soil. Its nests open directly at the ground surface and are nearly vertical, with a depth of 1-2m. The number of workers in a colony may reach 16,000 (Kondoh, 1968a; Yamauchi & Suzuki, 1987). Sexual alates fly during early June to mid July in Tokyo (Kawai, 1942) and from August to September in Kochi (Okamoto, 1957). Pseudogynes are found in some colonies (Sonobe, 1974). Known inquilines include the histerid beetle Hetaerius gratus (Kubota, 1965) and the short-winged mold beetle Kigatrodes gracilis (Sawada, 1974).

Mizuno et al. (2018) studied interactions between this ant and the myrmecophytic butterfly Lampides argyrognomon. In Korea this is the most common species within the Formica fusca group, being easy to see even in city areas (Dong & Kim, 2019).

At a Glance • Polygynous  

Photo Gallery

Identification

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 43.6956797° to 29.383333°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Japan (type locality), Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation.

Distribution based on AntMaps

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Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

Mizuno et al (2018) - Myrmecophilous lycaenid caterpillars have close relationships with their ant hosts by means of various myrmecophilous organs, most of which are usually lost after pupation. However, some lycaenid species, including Lycaeides argyrognomon, maintain such relationships at the pupal stage and go so far as to pupate in ant nests. This invokes the hypothesis that these myrmecophilous lycaenid pupae might have alternative tactics to retain myrmecophilous interactions without ant attacks. Camponotus japonicus, Formica japonica, and Lasius japonicus exhibited distinctive aggressive behaviors against ant cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from different colonies of the same species but few attacks against the crude extract of L. argyrognomon pupae. GC-MS analysis revealed that the pupal cuticular lipids contain not only CHCs but also several long-chained aliphatic aldehydes, including 1-octacosanal and 1-triacontanal, which are absent from larval cuticular lipids. With the addition of synthesized 1-octacosanal and 1-triacontanal to ant CHCs from different colonies of the same species, the aggressive behavior decreased in C. japonicus, and the duration of physical contact shortened in C. japonicus and F. japonica. However, the behavior of L. japonicus remained unaffected after the addition of those aldehydes. These results suggest that the pupae-specific cuticular aldehydes of L. argyrognomon suppress ant aggression even after the loss of certain myrmecophilous organs, though the effects varied depending on the attending ant species. Since L. argyrognomon occasionally pupate in the nests of C. japonicus in the field, the lycaenids might be better adapted to associations with C. japonicus than with the other two ant species studied.

This species is known to suffer from labial gland disease, a condition caused by an unknown agent, in Japan (Sonobe, 1974; Elton, 1991).

Association with Other Organisms

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  • This species is a host for the ant Polyergus samurai (a dulotic parasite) (Tsuneoka, 2008; Tsuneoka & Akino, 2009; Tsuneoka & Akino, 2012; Trager, 2013; de la Mora et al., 2021).
  • This species is a host for the ant Formica sanguinea (a dulotic parasite) (Ruano et al., 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021).
  • This species is a host for the ant Formica fukaii (a temporary parasite) (Kubota & Kondoh, 1954; Hayashida, 1963).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formica lemani (a xenobiont) (Yamaoka, 1977; Kvifte and Soule, 2017) (plesiobiotic).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Tetramorium tsushimae (a xenobiont) in Japan (Czechowski & Yamauchi, 1998; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Urban area. In the soil.).
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Chaitophorus saliniger (a trophobiont) (Hembry et al., 2006; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum (a trophobiont) (Ando and Ohgushi, 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis esakii (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon kidai (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon yokohamai (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).

Flight Period

X X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

 Notes: early June to mid July in Tokyo, Japan (Kawai, 1942) and from August to September in Kochi, Japan (Okamoto, 1957).

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Life History Traits

  • Queen number: polygynous (Rissing and Pollock, 1988; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
  • Maximum colony size: 16,000 (Kondoh, 1968a; Yamauchi & Suzuki, 1987)

Castes

  • Liu, C. et al. 2020. Ants of the Hengduan Mountains, Figure 32, Formica japonica.

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Formica japonica casent0280390 h 1 high.jpgFormica japonica casent0280390 p 1 high.jpgFormica japonica casent0280390 d 1 high.jpgFormica japonica casent0280390 l 1 high.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0280390. Photographer Shannon Hartman, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by PSWC, Philip S. Ward Collection.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • japonica. Formica japonica Motschoulsky, 1866: 183 (w.) JAPAN. Imai, 1966: 119 (k.). Combination in F. (Serviformica): Emery, 1925b: 247. Subspecies of fusca: Emery, 1909b: 197; Emery, 1923: 62; Wheeler, W.M. 1929f: 10; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929a: 19; Stitz, 1934: 9. Revived status as species: Dlussky, 1967a: 78; Collingwood, 1976: 305; Wu, 1990: 5; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 185. Senior synonym of nipponensis: Emery, 1909b: 197; Karavaiev, 1927b: 111; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929a: 19.
  • nipponensis. Formica fusca var. nipponensis Forel, 1900e: 270 (w.) JAPAN. Forel, 1901h: 66 (q.). Subspecies of fusca: Ruzsky, 1925b: 44. Junior synonym of japonica: Emery, 1909b: 197; Karavaiev, 1927b: 111; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929a: 19.

Description

Karyotype

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  • n = 27, 2n = 54 (Japan) (Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Crozier, 1975).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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