Formica sanguinea

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Formica sanguinea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Formica
Species: F. sanguinea
Binomial name
Formica sanguinea
Latreille, 1798

Formica sanguinea casent0173153 profile 1.jpg

Formica sanguinea casent0173153 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

Formica sanguinea is a slave-maker of many ants from the subgenus Serviformica. It uses two strategies to exploit its Serviformica hosts. The newly mated F. sanguinea queens usurp Serviformica nests and kill the resident Serviformica queens, thereby avoiding the costs of independent nest founding. Formica sanguinea workers from established colonies are also capable of raiding worker pupae from nearby Serviformica nests. This raiding can provide food and new Serviformica workers. After eclosion these slaves behave as regular members of the society, performing normal worker tasks and taking care of the slave-maker brood. Since F. sanguinea is a facultative social parasite, the workers are capable of nursing broods also independently and slaves are not found in all colonies. Queens may also start new colonies by fission. In Russia it is most common in dry pine forests and forest margins where large nests are constructed of plant material or soil (Haapaniemi and Pamilo 2015, Zryanin and Zryanina 2007) while in Greece it prefers mountain coniferous forests and in Achaia it has been observed inside humid fir forest and in border of mountain meadows, pastures and fir forest (Borowiec & Salata, 2021).

At a Glance • Dulotic  • Polygynous  


Common Name
Akayama-ari
Language: Japanese
Evolutionary Relationships

Proformica longiseta

Polyergus rufescens

Polyergus samurai

Iberoformica subrufa

Formica cunicularia

Formica gerardi

Formica frontalis

Formica sanguinea

Based on Gomez, Lorite, P. et al. 2018. Note that this study was restricted to species near Formica gerardi.

Photo Gallery

  • Formica sanguinea worker. Photo by Michal Kukla[1].
  • Formica sanguinea' queen with (possibly) phoretic mites. Photo by Michal Kukla.

Identification

Mesosoma and front of head bright red; gaster and ocellar region of head brownish black. Proportion of dark to red varies from north to south with some arctic samples having proponderantly dark heads and dusky red mesosoma contrasting with southern samples which may have whole body excluding gaster bright red. Frontal triangle dull; eyes without hairs. Clypeus with median anterior notch variable in size and shape but always present. Head and mandibles broad relative to alitrunk and gaster. Length: 6.0-9.0 mm (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution

Throughout Eurasia from Portugal to Japan and Iran to Arctic Norway (Collingwood 1979). The southernmost known Japanese locality in Honshu is Mt. Fuji (Japanese Ant Image Database).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 70.377854° to 14.480317°.

     
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Oriental Region: India, Pakistan.
Palaearctic Region: Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China, Croatia, Czechia, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Habitat

Borowiec and Salata (2022), for Greece - Reported from mountain deciduous forests, coniferous forests, mountain pastures and alpine pastures with shrubs and rocks.

Biology

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Nests in soil sometimes with soil mound, under stones and in rotten logs. In Greece, this is mainly mountain species, collected in area from an altitude 450 to 1720 m.

Collingwood (1979) - This is the well known aggressive red slave-making ant raiding nests of any species in its neighbourhood during the summer and removing pupae of the Formica fusca group of species for rearing in the parent nest as auxiliaries and also as food. All Fennoscandian species of the F. fusca group have been found in mixed colonies with F. sanguinea including Formica rufibarbis, Formica cinerea, Formica gagatoides and Formica transkaucasica as well as the more frequent Formica fusca or Formica lemani. F. sanguinea tends to avoid in-fighting but overwhelms other species by abrupt aggressive movements. Nests are situated under stones or in tree stumps with a small accumulation of leaf litter. It is often a dominant species in cleared woodland and in some localities all other Formica species have been eliminated and in such cases only pure F. sanguinea colonies are to be found, usually with a high proportion of small workers to act as nurses. Colonies spread by nest splitting and also by individual queens entering nests of the auxiliary species and appropriating a part of the brood, the host queen or queens being subsequently destroyed. Alatae are developed in July pairing often occurring in the vicinity of the nest.

Haapaniemi and Pamilo (2015) found workers of Formica fusca, Formica lemani, Formica gagatoides and Formica picea in the nests of Formica sanguinea they studied in Finland.

This species is known to suffer from labial gland disease, a condition caused by an unknown agent (Elton, 1991).

Association with Other Organisms

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Ant Hosts

The record of F. sanguinea being enslaved by Formica pratensis was based on the observation of a mixed colony and is likely an ephemeral association rather than true enslavement (Czechowski, 2001; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018).

The record of Formica truncorum enslaving this species (Ruano et al., 2018) is unlikely based on biology (Seifert, pers. comm., in de la Mora et al., 2021).

  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Lasius umbratus (a xenobiont) in Poland (Czechowski & Rotkiewicz, 1997; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Clearings in a pine forest. In the sandy soil.).

Other Insects

  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Chaitophorus populeti (a trophobiont) (Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (a trophobiont) (Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma luxemburgense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma petulans (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the ichneumonid wasp Hybrizon buccatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the ichneumonid wasp Hybrizon buccatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Aenigmatias lubbocki (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon formicarum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a prey for the Microdon fly Microdon sp. (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a host for the eulophid wasp Melittobia acasta (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This ant has been associated with the butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis (Obregon et al. 2015).

Nematode

  • This species is a host for the nematode Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") (a parasite) in Germany (Gosswald, 1930; Laciny, 2021).

Trematoda

  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum (a parasite) in Armenia (Arakelian et al., 1997).
  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).

Bacteria

  • This species is a host for the bacterium Wolbachia (Haapaniemi and Pamilo, 2015) (51% infection frequency).
  • This species is a host for the bacterium Spiroplasma (Haapaniemi and Pamilo, 2015) (80% infection frequency).
  • This species is a host for the bacterium Entomoplasma (Haapaniemi and Pamilo, 2015) (~20% infection frequency).

Fungi

  • This taxon is a host for the fungi Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila (Shrestha et al., 2017) and Aegeritella superficialis (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).

Flight Period

X X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info. Notes: Japan.

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Life History Traits

  • Queen number: polygynous (Pamilo & Varvio-Aho, 1979; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
  • Queen type: winged (Pamilo & Varvio-Aho, 1979; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (queen-right worker reproduction)
  • Queen mating frequency: multiple (pamilo & Varviio-Aho, 1979; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
  • Worker-produced males: present (Pamilo and Varvio-Aho, 1979; Pamilo, 1982; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)

Castes

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Formica sanguinea casent0173154 head 1.jpgFormica sanguinea casent0173154 profile 1.jpgFormica sanguinea casent0173154 dorsal 1.jpgFormica sanguinea casent0173154 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173154. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • sanguinea. Formica sanguinea Latreille, 1798: 37 (w.) FRANCE. Jurine, 1807: 272 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 169 (l.); Imai, 1966: 119 (k.). Combination in F. (Raptiformica): Forel, 1913i: 361. Senior synonym of dominula: Smith, F. 1851: 115; Schenck, 1852: 36; Mayr, 1855: 337; Radchenko, 2007: 37; of arenicola, borea, clarior, fusciceps, griseopubescens, leninei, mollesonae, monticola, rotundata, strennua, tristis: Dlussky, 1965a: 16; of flavorubra: Dlussky, 1967a: 97; Collingwood, 1978: 74. Material of the unavailable name minuta referred here by Dlussky, 1965a: 16. See also: Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 401; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 280; Stitz, 1939: 316; Dlussky, 1967a: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976: 186; Kutter, 1977c: 289; Collingwood, 1979: 137; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 191; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 280.
  • dominula. Formica dominula Nylander, 1846a: 905, pl. 18, fig. 15 (w.q.m.) FINLAND. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Smith, F. 1851: 115; Schenck, 1852: 36; Mayr, 1855: 337; Radchenko, 2007: 37.
  • fusciceps. Formica sanguinea var. fusciceps Emery, 1895c: 335 (footnote) (w.) JAPAN. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • mollesonae. Formica sanguinea var. mollesonae Ruzsky, 1903c: 206 (w.) RUSSIA. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • clarior. Formica (Raptiformica) sanguinea var. clarior Ruzsky, 1905b: 420 (w.) CAUCASUS. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • flavorubra. Formica sanguinea var. flavorubra Forel, 1909c: 105 (w.) SPAIN. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1967a: 97; Collingwood, 1978: 74.
  • borea. Formica (Raptiformica) sanguinea var. borea Santschi, 1925g: 351 (w.m.) FINLAND. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • strennua. Formica (Raptiformica) sanguinea var. strennua Santschi, 1925g: 352 (w.) SPAIN. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of strenua Haliday, above.] Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • griseopubescens. Formica sanguinea var. griseopubescens Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926b: 95 (w.) KAZAKHSTAN. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • monticola. Formica sanguinea subsp. monticola Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926b: 95, figs. 3, 4 (w.) KAZAKHSTAN. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of monticola Buckley, 1866: 157, above.] Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • rotundata. Formica sanguinea var. rotundata Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926b: 95, fig. 2 (w.) KAZAKHSTAN. Raised to species: Dlussky, 1962: 182. Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • clara. Formica (Raptiformica) sanguinea var. clara Karavaiev, 1927d: 345 (w.) UKRAINE. [Junior primary homonym of clara Forel, 1886f: 206.] Replacement name: leninei Santschi, 1928b: 46.
  • arenicola. Formica sanguinea subsp. arenicola Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928b: 15 (w.) RUSSIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of arenicola Buckley, above.] Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • leninei. Formica (Raptiformica) sanguinea var. leninei Santschi, 1928b: 46. Replacement name for clara Karavaiev, 1927d: 345. [Junior primary homonym of clara Forel, 1886f: 206.] Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.
  • tristis. Formica (Raptiformica) sanguinea var. tristis Karavaiev, 1929b: 217 (w.) RUSSIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of tristis Christ, above.] Junior synonym of sanguinea: Dlussky, 1965a: 16.

Description

Worker

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Very large, HL: 1.540-2.130 (mean 1.846); HW: 1.365-2.090 (mean 1.682); SL: 1.437-1.860 (mean 1.680); EL: 0.421-0.571 (mean 0.511); ML: 2.30-2.97; MW: 1.05-1.44. Color. Head bicolours, clypeus, genae, sides behind eyes and ventral side yellowish red to red, rest of surface brown to black, yellowish red of anterior part of head gradually turn into the dark posterior part of head without sharp border between pale and dark parts; mesosoma usually uniformly yellowish red to red, occasionally promesonotum at top with obscure spot with diffused borders but reddish always predominate, petiolar scale usually yellowish red to red, in rare melanistic forms whole mesosoma and petiolar scale brown except pale intersegmental sutures then head always bicolored with pale anterior part and dark frons and occipital part of head brown, gaster brown to black with transparent white posterior margin of tergites, antennae yellowish red to red, sometimes apical 3-5 antennomeres gradually infuscate, legs usually completely reddish, only in dark forms coxa partly brown, femora, tibiae and tarsi indistinctly infuscated. Head. Broad, usually 1.1 times only in small workers 1.2 times longer than wide, in front of eyes softly converging anterad, behind eyes softly rounded, occipital margin straight to slightly convex. Clypeus without or with obtuse median keel, on the whole surface distinctly microsculptured, slightly trapezoidal, its anterior margin convex but in the middle with distinct emargination, sides convergent posterad, posterior margin truncate, whole clypeal surface with very short and sparse appressed pubescence, a row of 10-13 long setae close at the anterior margin and usually 8 long erected setae arranged in three rows 4-2-2, sometimes with additional short, 2-3 erected setae, the longest anterior seta with length 0.224. Head distinctly microreticulate, appears dull and opaque, with very short and very sparse appressed pubescence not covering head surface, interocular and ocellar area usually with two pairs of moderately long, erected yellow setae, sometimes ocellar area with 1-3 additional short to moderately long erected setae, occasionally frons with only a pair of setae, ventral side of head lacking erected setae. Scape short, 0.9-1.1 times as long as width of head, thin, distinctly reaching beyond the occipital margin, distinctly, regularly widened from base to apex, its surface microreticulate, with short and dense appressed pubescence, erected setae absent. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 1.2 times as long as second segment, the second segment 1.6 times as long as wide, only slightly shorter than third segment, the rest of funicular segments clearly longer than broad. Eyes big, elongate oval, approximately 0.28 length of head. Mesosoma. Elongate in dorsal view distinctly constricted in the middle, 2.1-22 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally distinctly microreticulated, surface indistinctly dull and opaque. In lateral view promesonotum convex, mesonotal groove deep, propodeum strongly, obtusely convex. Whole mesosomal surface covered with long and dense appressed pubescence not covering the mesosomal surface, pronotum without o with 1-8 short erected setae, the longest with length 0.095, mesonotum and propodeum lacking erected setae. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale broad, moderately thick in lateral view, apex rounded but with shallow median emargination, without setae. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, all tergites distinctly microreticulate, appears dull and opaque, covered with moderately long and dense appressed pubescence not completely covering surface of tergites. All tergites close to posterior margin with a row of setae, surface of tergites with short, sparse erected setae. Legs. Ventral surface of fore femora with row of 3-4 erected setae, of mid femora lacking erected setae.

Bingham (1903): Head, thorax and legs a clear light red, slightly fuscous on the head; abdomen fuscous brown or black. Head, thorax and abdomen dull and semiopaque, with a few scattered erect red hairs on the front of the head, on the underside and at the apex of the abdomen; pubescence extremely minute and thin, giving the insect a silky appearance. Head without the mandibles nearly square; mandibles strong, broad and very clearly dentate; clypeus convex, medially vertically carinate and incised or emarginate at the apex of the carina; antenna more massive than in F. truncicola, F. fusca, &c. ; head posteriorly distinctly widely emarginate. Thorax narrower than the head, the emargination at the meso-metanotal suture deep and broad. Node of the pedicel sub-triangular, slightly biconvex, very broad and transverse above, the lateral angles rounded; abdomen depressed, broad, as broad as long. Length: 6 - 7 mm

Queen

Bingham (1903): Very similar to the worker but larger, the head, thorax and abdomen a lighter brighter yellow, the abdomen slightly darker, in greater contrast to the colour of the head and thorax. Length: 9 - 9.5 mm

Karyotype

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  • n = 26, 2n = 52 (Japan; Switzerland) (Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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