Formica truncorum

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Formica truncorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Formica
Species: F. truncorum
Binomial name
Formica truncorum
Fabricius, 1804

Formica truncorum casent0173144 profile 1.jpg

Formica truncorum casent0173144 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Subspecies
Synonyms


Common Name
Kezune-akayama-ari
Language: Japanese

This species builds discrete nests in well insolated situations. Mounds are up to 1m in diameter and constructed from dead grass or conifer needles. According to Kupianskaja (pers. com.) there are differences in nest site preference and nesting habits between F. truncorum and Formica yessensis in the Maritime Province of Siberia (Japanese Ant Image Database).

At a Glance • Polygynous  • Supercolonies  • Temporary parasite  • Diploid male  

Photo Gallery

  • Formica truncorum, the rarest of wood ants in the Netherlands. Photo by Jitte Groothuis.
  • Formica truncorum workers feeding. Photo by Michal Kukla[1].
  • Formica truncorum workers exchanging liquid food (trophallaxis). Photo by Michal Kukla[2].

Identification

Large workers with head, mesosoma and base of first gaster tergite bright yellowish red, gaster greyish brown covered with long pubescence; smaller workers are usually darker but never with clearly marked black patches as in Formica pratensis. Eyes, occiput, genae, gula, scapes and tibiae as well as whole body covered in short erect hairs. Frons with large shallow punctures; frontal triangle shining without punctures or sculpture. Funiculus in larger workers slender with segments two and three twice as long as wide. Lateral clypeal pits deep and rounded. Length: 3.5-9.0 mm (Collingwood 1979).

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Jura Alps to North Japan, Italy to North Norway (Collingwood 1979). In Japan the known geographical range of F. truncorum is nearly separate from that of F. yessensis, but further distributional analysis is desirable (Japanese Ant Image Database).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 70.377854° to 32.48611°.

   
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Oriental Region: India, Pakistan.
Palaearctic Region: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (type locality), Croatia, Czechia, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland (type locality), Germany (type locality), Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation (type locality), Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland (type locality), Türkiye, Ukraine.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Biology

Collingwood (1979) - This species has large spreading colonies among stones or in tree stumps with loose surface leaf litter sometimes built into a shallow loose mound. This is an aggressive acid squirting species found at the borders of woodland and in stony banks and often particularly abundant on offshore islands. F. truncorum is normally polygynous, sometimes with many small dark headed queens. New colonies may be formed by nest splitting or by the adoption of single large red headed queens by Formica fusca and allied species. Males and queens occur in July and August, latter than with most members of the F. rufa group.

Nesting Habits

Rybnikova and Kuznetsov (2015) studied nest complexes of wood ants in the Darwin Nature Reserve (Rybinsk Reservoir basin, Vologda and Yaroslavl Provinces, Russia). Their work assessed, in part, how wild boars and seasonal flooding may influence the survival and viability of wood ant colonies.

Silon Island is a tall ridge of glacial origin. The ant communities of the island were studied in the late 1990s (Rybnikova and Kuznetsov, 1998). The greatest part of the island is occupied by a lichen pine forest which provides little food for red wood ants; therefore, foraging mostly takes place in the riparian zone.

The complex of Silon Island—North. A complex of F. truncorum exists in the northern part of the island. In 1997–1998 it comprised 7–8 living nests and 12–15 foraging ones. The living nests of this species concentrated around the inner drainless depression filled with snowmelt water, with hydrophilic vegetation on its periphery. During the low-water periods, when the exposed inundation zone of the reservoir was overgrown with riparian vegetation, the ants built small foraging nests in the shoreline part of the island, at the edge of the precipice. As many as 15 such nests were present on the shore in some years. The foragers traveled down the precipice into the inundation zone, where aphid colonies developed on the riparian and periaquatic vegetation. After the long sequence of high-water years, four living nests remained on the shore, in the willow shrubs at the edge of the inundation zone. Five more living nests remained on the shores of the inner drainless depression. The mean nest size increased due to the disappearance of more than half of the small, mostly foraging nests. Every year, nests of this complex are destroyed by the bear which migrates to the island in the second half of summer. In some years, occasional wild boars also visit the island.

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

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Association with Other Organisms

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  • This species is a temporary parasite which uses these species as hosts: Formica fusca (Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018), Formica lemani (de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018), Formica polyctena (de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018) (single observation), Formica pratensis (de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018) and Formica rufibarbis (Chernenko et al., 2011; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formica fusca (a xenobiont) in Finland (Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Different successional series of rocky habitats. In rock crevice).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formicoxenus nitidulus (a xenobiont) (Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007).

The record of Formica sanguinea being enslaved by this species (Ruano et al., 2018) is unlikely based on biology (Seifert, pers. comm., in de la Mora et al., 2021).

Fungi

  • This species is a host for the fungus Aegeritella superficialis (a pathogen) (Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: polygynous (Rosengren et al., 1985; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)

Castes

Male

Diploid males are known to occur in this species (found in 9.8% of 1120 examined nests) (Pamilo et al., 1994; Cournault & Aron, 2009).

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • truncorum. Formica truncorum Fabricius, 1804: 403 (q.) CZECHOSLOVAKIA. Subspecies of rufa: Emery & Forel, 1879: 450; Santschi, 1925g: 351; Karavaiev, 1936: 247. Status as species: Bondroit, 1917a: 174; Stitz, 1939: 344; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 105; Holgersen, 1942: 13; Dlussky, 1967a: 81; Tarbinsky, 1976: 192; Kutter, 1977c: 274; Gösswald, 1989: 21; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 192; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 270. Senior synonym of truncicola: Roger, 1863b: 13; Bondroit, 1918: 60; Dlussky, 1967a: 81; Radchenko, 2007: 36; of truncicolopratensis: Dlussky, 1967a: 81; Bernard, 1967: 307; of menozzii, rufotruncicola, staegeri and material of the unavailable name stitzi referred here: Dlussky, 1967a: 81. Current subspecies: nominal plus finzii, frontalis.
  • truncicola. Formica truncicola Nylander, 1846a: 907 (w.q.) FINLAND. Nylander, 1849: 29 (m.). Subspecies of rufa: Forel, 1874: 52; André, 1903: 128; Ruzsky, 1905b: 330; Wheeler, W.M. 1908g: 406; Emery, 1909b: 187; Forel, 1915d: 57; Emery, 1916b: 256; Santschi, 1925f: 96. Status as species: Bingham, 1903: 334; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 434. Senior synonym of simulata: Forel, 1894c: 403. Junior synonym of truncorum: Roger, 1863b: 13; Bondroit, 1918: 60; Emery, 1925b: 255; Bernard, 1967: 307; Dlussky, 1967a: 81; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 174; Tarbinsky, 1976: 192; Kutter, 1977c: 274; Radchenko, 2007: 36.
  • truncicolopratensis. Formica rufa var. truncicolopratensis Forel, 1874: 53 (w.q.m.) SWITZERLAND. Subspecies of pratensis: Dalla Torre, 1893: 205; of rufa: Karavaiev, 1912b: 589; of truncorum: Stitz, 1939: 346; Holgersen, 1942: 14. Raised to species: Bondroit, 1918: 61. Junior synonym of truncorum: Bernard, 1967: 307; Dlussky, 1967a: 81; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 174.
  • simulata. Formica simulata Smith, F. 1878b: 10 (w.) CHINA. Junior synonym of truncicola: Forel, 1894c: 403.
  • rufotruncicola. Formica rufa var. rufotruncicola Ruzsky, 1896: 68 (w.) RUSSIA. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis form. rufotruncicola Ruzsky, 1895: 11; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of truncorum: Dlussky, 1967a: 81.
  • menozzii. Formica truncorum var. menozzii Stitz, 1939: 347 (w.) GERMANY. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. truncicola var. menozzii Krausse, 1926c: 336; unavailable name. Note: truncicola is misspelled aruncicola in this paper.] Junior synonym of truncorum: Dlussky, 1967a: 81.
  • staegeri. Formica truncorum var. staegeri Stitz, 1939: 347 (w.) GERMANY. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. truncicola ab. staegeri Krausse, 1926d: 264; unavailable name.] Subspecies of truncorum: Betrem, 1960b: 76. Junior synonym of truncorum: Dlussky, 1967a: 81; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 174.

Description

Karyotype

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  • n = 28 (Finland) (Rosengren et al., 1980) (Only one pupa analyzed was n=27).
  • n = 26, 2n = 52 (Finland; Japan; Switzerland) (Imai & Yosida, 1964; Imai, 1969; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980).

References

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