Formica pratensis

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Formica pratensis
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Formica
Species: F. pratensis
Binomial name
Formica pratensis
Retzius, 1783

Formica pratensis casent0010647 profile 1.jpg

Formica pratensis casent0010647 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Subspecies
Synonyms

Collingwood (1979) - This is the black backed meadow ant characteristic of rough alpine pastures but also common on woodland borders and scrubby heathland throughout lowland Europe and South Fennoscandia. Colonies are isolated single nests with one or very few queens. Jensen (1977) gives population estimates for this species in Denmark of up to 60,000 workers. Nests are smaller than with Formica rufa and other species of this group and nest materials are coarser. A polygynous form with many grouped nests, occurs locally in Germany and the Netherlands, often in shaded woodland, but has not been recorded from Denmark or Fennoscandia. Brood development begins later in the spring with sexuals normally appearing in July.

At a Glance • Temporary parasite  

Identification

Bicoloured with gaster, occiput and frons matt black, not shining; gaster more or less thickly pubescent. Black patch on promesonotum variable but in typical specimens clearly demarcated. Eyes thickly haired; occiput with short to medium length fringing hairs, sometimes reduced to very few. Antennal scapes without protruding hairs. Femora and tibiae fringed with hairs on extensor surfaces. Length; 4.5-9.5mm (Collingwood 1979).

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Portugal to Siberia. Central Italy to Central Sweden and the Russian Federation.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 66° to 36.7475°.

 
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Habitat

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Inhabits open rocky mountain pastures or borders between pastures and coniferous forests, only one locality was from meadow close to river. In Greece, this is mainly an alpine species, collected in area from an altitude 700 to 2200 m, only one collecting site was from lowland at an altitude 100 m.

Biology

Nest photo provided by A. Buschinger.

Novgorodova (2105) showed that workers actively attacked adult insects that are predators of aphids, regardless of their prior experience tending trophobionts. This is an expected result of the ants use of aphids as an important source of honeydew.

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Nests in the ground, usually entrances are with a flat cover or a flat mound of plant material which is frequently mixed with coarse sand or small pebbles. In high altitude locations, nests were also found under stones.

Foraging/Diet

Formica pratensis collect honeydew.

Novgorodova (2015b) investigated ant-aphid interactions of a dozen honeydew collecting ant species in Western Siberia pine and aspen-birch-pine forests (54°7´N, 83°06´E, 200 m, Novosibirsk) and mixed-grass-cereal steppes with aspen-birch groves (53°44´N, 78°02´E, 110 m, near Karasuk) in the Novosibirsk Region and coniferous forests in the northeastern Altai (north end of Lake Teletskoe, 51°48´N, 87°17´E, 434 m). All of the ants studied had workers that showed high fidelity to attending particular aphid colonies, i.e, individual ants tend to return to the same location, and group of aphids, every time they leave the nest. F. pratensis' honeydew collecting activities also showed some other specialization. During the summer months when the aphids and ants were most active, individual foragers tended to specialize on collecting honeydew or guarding, i.e. protecting aphids from competitors. During cooler months when aphids were still active foragers showed no specialization. F. pratensis tended: Symydobius oblongus (Heyden) and Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer) and Aphis jacobaeae Schrank.

This species is suspected (needs confirmation) to suffer from labial gland disease, a condition caused by an unknown agent, in Japan (Elton, 1991).

Association with Other Organisms

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Other Insects

  • This species is a host for the ant Formica truncorum (a temporary parasite) (de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018).
  • This species is a temporary parasite for the ant Formica cunicularia  (a host) (de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018).
  • This species is a temporary parasite for the ant Formica fusca (a host) (de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formicoxenus nitidulus (a xenobiont) (Holldobler & Wilson 1990; Busch 2001; Martin et al. 2007).
  • This species is associated with the aphids Aphis craccivora, Chaitophorus nassonowi, Chaitophorus populeti, Cinara boerneri, Cinara laricis, Cinara pinea, Cinara pini and Symydobius oblongus (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references).
  • This species is a host for the eulophid wasp Melittobia acasta (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This species is a host for the beetle Monotoma angusticollis (Coleopotera: Monotomidae) (a myrmecophile) in Europe (Wagner et al., 2020).
  • This ant has been associated with the butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis (Obregon et al. 2015).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma berolinense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Kollasmosoma marikovskii (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Neoneurus auctus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Fungi

This taxon is a host for the fungi Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila (Shrestha et al., 2017), Aegeritella superficialis (Pascovici, 1983; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012), Pandora myrmecophaga (Boer, 2008; Csata et al., 2013) and Pandora formicae (Małagocka et al., 2017).

Trematoda

  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a parasite) (de Bekker et al., 2018).
  • This species is a host for the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).

The records of this species being enslaved by Formica aserva noted by Ruano et al. (2019) are in error as this species is outside the geographic distribution of F. aserva (Palearctic host, Nearctic parasite) (de la Mora et al., 2021).

The record of F. pratensis with Formica sanguinea was based on the observation of mixed colony and is likely an ephemeral association rather than true enslavement (Czechowski, 2001; de la Mora et al., 2021; Ruano et al., 2018; Seifert, 2018).

Flight Period

X X X X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info; Collingwood, 1979.

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Life History Traits

  • Queen number: monogynous (Pamilo, 1987; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
  • Queen type: winged (pamilo, 1987; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (queenless worker reproduction)
  • Mean colony size: 60,000 (Jensen, 1977; Beckers et al., 1989) (1 nest examined)
  • Nest site: thatch mound
  • Foraging behaviour: trunk trail (Jensen, 1977; Beckers et al., 1989)

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Formica pratensis casent0173142 head 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173142 profile 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173142 dorsal 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173142 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173142. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Formica pratensis casent0173148 head 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173148 profile 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173148 dorsal 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173148 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173148. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Formica pratensis casent0173861 head 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173861 profile 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173861 dorsal 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173861 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173861. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Formica pratensis casent0173141 head 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173141 profile 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173141 dorsal 1.jpgFormica pratensis casent0173141 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173141. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • pratensis. Formica pratensis Retzius, 1783: 75 (w.) no locality given. Forel, 1874: 52 (q.m.). Subspecies of rufa: Forel, 1874: 52; Forel, 1892i: 307; Ruzsky, 1905b: 337; Emery, 1909b: 186; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 428; Forel, 1915d: 57; Emery, 1916b: 256; Emery, 1925b: 254; Ruzsky, 1925b: 43; Karavaiev, 1929b: 217; Stitz, 1939: 341; Gösswald, 1941: 81; Holgersen, 1942: 13. Status as species: André, 1882b: 184; Nasonov, 1889: 17; Ruzsky, 1902d: 10; Bondroit, 1912: 352; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 267; Bondroit, 1917a: 174; Müller, 1923: 142; Ruzsky, 1926: 110; Novak & Sadil, 1941: 105; Boven, 1947: 188; Yarrow, 1955a: 4; Kutter, 1965: 140; Dlussky, 1967a: 84; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177; Tarbinsky, 1976: 194; Kutter, 1977c: 272; Collingwood, 1979: 152; Gösswald, 1989: 19; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 272; Seifert, 1992a: 225. Senior synonym of nigricans (and its junior synonyms cordieri, pratensoides, thyssei): Dlussky, 1967a: 84; Kutter, 1977c: 272; Seifert, 1992a: 225; of ciliata: Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177; Seifert, 1992a: 225; of grouvellei: Seifert, 1996a: 200. Current subspecies: nominal plus nuda, staerckei.
  • pratensoides. Formica minor subsp. pratensoides Gösswald, 1951: 436 (w.q.m.) GERMANY. Junior synonym of nigricans: Yarrow, 1955a: 4. [Revived from synonymy: Gösswald, 1989: 20; returned to synonymy: Bolton, 1995b: 201.]
  • nigricans. Formica pratensis var. nigricans Bondroit, 1912: 352 (w.) SPAIN. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis var. nigricans Emery, 1909b: 187; unavailable name.] Subspecies of pratensis: Novak & Sadil, 1941: 105; Boven, 1947: 189. Raised to species: Yarrow, 1955a: 4. Status as species: Betrem, 1960b: 77; Bernard, 1967: 314; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 220; Paraschivescu, 1972: 534; Collingwood, 1979: 153. Senior synonym of pratensoides, thyssei: Yarrow, 1955a: 4; of cordieri: Betrem, 1962: 38; Kutter, 1965: 140. Junior synonym of pratensis: Dlussky, 1967a: 84; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177; Kutter, 1977c: 272; Seifert, 1992a: 225.
  • cordieri. Formica pratensis var. cordieri Bondroit, 1917a: 174 (diagnosis in key) (q.) FRANCE. Raised to species: Betrem, 1960b: 77. Junior synonym of nigricans: Betrem, 1962: 38; Kutter, 1965: 140.
  • grouvellei. Formica rufa var. grouvellei Bondroit, 1918: 60 (q.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of pratensis: Seifert, 1996a: 200.
  • ciliata. Formica pratensis var. ciliata Ruzsky, 1926: 110 (w.q.) RUSSIA. [First available use of Formica rufa subsp. pratensis var. ciliata Ruzsky, 1915b: 7; unavailable name.] [Unresolved junior primary homonym of ciliata Mayr, above.] Junior synonym of pratensis: Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 177.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Very large, HL: 1.413-2.220 (mean 1.766); HW: 1.127-2.064 (mean 1.502); SL: 1.206-1.910 (mean 1.504); EL: 0.365-0.5556 (mean 0.452); ML: 2.00-3.17; MW: 0.84-1.43. Color. Head bicolours, clypeus, genae, sides behind eyes and ventral side yellowish red to red, rest of surface brown to black, yellowish red of anterior part of head usually distinctly bordered from the dark posterior part of head; mesosoma mostly yellowish red to red, usually promesonotum at top with dark brown to black spot of sharp borders but usually pale parts predominate; occasionally only pronotum with dorsal dark spot with indistinctly diffused borders or in melanistic forms dark color occupies great part of mesosoma; petiolar scale uniformly yellowish red to red or upper margin indistinctly infuscated, gaster dark brown to black with transparent white posterior margin of tergites, anterior slope of first tergite at base often with yellowish red spot, antennal scapi usually with dark brown to black anterior surface and yellowish brown to red brown posterior surface, funicle from brown to black, coxa and trochanters usually partly yellowish to reddish partly brown, femora and tibiae usually completely brown to almost black, tarsi yellowish brown, occasionally legs yellowish brown or almost completely black. Head. Broad, 1.1-1.3 times longer than wide, in front of eyes softly converging anterad, behind eyes softly rounded, occipital margin straight to slightly convex. Clypeus without or with obtuse median keel, on the whole surface distinctly microsculptured, slightly trapezoidal, its anterior margin convex, sides convergent posterad, posterior margin truncate, whole clypeal surface with very short and sparse appressed pubescence, a row of 12-16 long and long setae, the longest in the middle and in lateral corners with length up to 0.254; Clypeus usually with two pairs of long erected setae and few sort erected setae. Head distinctly microreticulate, appears mostly dull and opaque, frons appears perfectly matt, whole interantennal, interocular and ocellar areas with moderately long to long erected setae usually with few moderately long, erected yellow setae, occasionally frons without also whole occipital area with long erected setae, ventral side of head with numerous long, erected setae). Scape short, 0.9-1.1 times as long as width of head, thin, distinctly reaching beyond the occipital margin, distinctly, regularly widened from base to apex, its surface microreticulate, with short and dense appressed pubescence, erected setae absent. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 1.5 times as long as second segment, the second segment 1.9-2.0 times as long as wide, not or only slightly shorter than third segment, the rest of funicular segments clearly longer than broad. Eyes big, elongate oval, approximately 0.26 length of head. Mesosoma. Elongate in dorsal view distinctly constricted in the middle, 2.1-2.4 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally distinctly microreticulated, surface indistinctly dull and opaque. In lateral view promesonotum convex, mesonotal groove deep, propodeum strongly, obtusely convex. Whole mesosomal surface covered with moderately long and moderately dense appressed pubescence not covering the mesosomal surface, whole dorsal and lateral parts of mesosoma with numerous moderately long, erected setae, the longest with length 0.151. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale broad, moderately thick in lateral view, apex rounded or truncate, usually without or with very shallow median emargination, whole margin with several short, erected setae on top of petiolar scale directed both forward and backward. All tergites close to posterior margin with row of short setae, sometimes margin of first segment with only 2-3 setae laterally, whole surface of all tergites with long and dense erected setae. Legs. Ventral surface of both fore and mid femora with row of at least 10, often above 15 short to moderately long erected setae.

Karyotype

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  • n = 26, 2n = 52 (Finland; Switzerland) (Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1976; Rosengren et al., 1980).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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