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Cladomyrma
| Cladomyrma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cladomyrma hewitti | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Formicinae |
| Tribe: | Lasiini |
| Genus: | Cladomyrma Wheeler, W.M., 1920 |
| Type species | |
| Aphomomyrmex hewitti, now Cladomyrma hewitti | |
| Diversity | |
| 13 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country)
| |
In southeast Asia, Cladomyrma live together with mealybugs (scale insects in family Pseudococcidae) in hollowed twigs of a wide range of ant-plants (myrmecophytes) (Moog et al. 2005). These ants protect their host plants against herbivores and prune (at least in part) encroaching vegetation. The ants gnaw open the host plant internodes and hollow them out by removing the pith (Moog et al. 2007). This association is described for at least 9 genera of vascular plants (Eguchi 2007, Maschwitz et al. 1991; Moog et al. 1998, 2005; Agosti et al. 1999).
Identification
Agosti et al. (1999) - Cladomyrma is easily recognized among formicine ants by (1) the presence of a minor worker and soldier caste (including some intermediates), (2) an angulate outer margin of the mandible in the soldier caste and the queen, (3) eight antennal segments in queens and workers, and (4) a well-developed acidopore. A full diagnosis and discussion of the genus is provided in Agosti (1991). The antennae of the males is 13-segmented, not 9-jointed as erroneously mentioned by Agosti (1991). A structural analysis of the proventriculus (gizzard) of Cladomyrma is given in Eisner (1957). The lack of discrete characters makes it difficult to assess phylogenetic relationships within Cladomyrma. Two groups might be recognized by the shape of the queen petiole, which in one case is dorsally truncate and low, and in the other an erect node or scale. Whereas some species, such as crypteroniae and maschwitzi are very distinct, most other species require some expertise or reference collections for identification. Size of minor workers is rather variable during a colony cycle, with the first workers (= nanitics) being much smaller than those after the presence of some thirty workers or more. Size is therefore a very ambiguous character for the identification of species.
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Keys to Species in this Genus
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
| Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Total Species | 2840 | 1735 | 3042 | 932 | 835 | 4378 | 1740 | 2862 |
Biology
Agosti et al (1999) - Cladomyrma is a formicine genus whose species live exclusively in a variety of trees and vines from Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. To our present knowledge Cladomyrma inhabits 18 host plant species from 9 genera and 8 families ([1–4], unpublished results). These ants protect their host plants against herbivores ([4, 5], unpublished results) and prune (at least in part) encroaching vegetation. Cladomyrma utilize live pithy stems as nest sites. Colony-founding queens gnaw entrance holes in suitable soft young internodes and excavate a chamber in which they rear their first brood in isolation. The initial founding chamber is later expanded by the emerging workers (Maschwitz et al., 1991; Moog et al., 1998). An individual plant sapling can host multiple incipient colonies in different internodes, but eventually a single monogynous colony monopolizes the entire host plant. New internodes will be colonized successively. Eventually the nest chambers run through stem, branches, and every twig. Mature colony size is variable but is typically several thousand workers. In large nests, worker numbers may reach 10,000 in Saraca trees (8 m in height) and about 30,000 in Neonauclea gigantea (ca. 15 m) (Agosti et al. 1999). In mature colonies, the often physogastric queen is usually found in the lower part of the host plant, and the brood is dispersed throughout the colony space.
Established colonies never lack sap-sucking scale insects inside the nest hollows, and the ants appear to be dependent on their honeydew excretions (Moog et al. 2005). Dissection of 338 founding chambers of eight Cladomyrma species showed that coccoid abundance strongly increases with founding age. The scale insects belong to a wide range of taxa, mainly Pseudococcidae. Coccidae are rare except in Cladomyrma maschwitzi.
Mature colonies of Cladomyrma display aggressive behavior if their host plant is disturbed. The workers protect young foliage against herbivores and prune young plant tips of encroaching vegetation (Moog et al., 1994; Moog et al., 1998). In addition, workers exhibit a conspicuous behavior on the plant surface, in which they regularly clean minute particles from young leaves — probably epiphylls or fungus spores.
Moog et al. (1997) - Founding queens, using their mandibles to create nest chambers in host plant stems for colony foundation, frequently disappear during heavy rain. These queens sometimes drown when seeking refuge in their unfinished, still unclosed chambers due to runoff water which collects in the hollow internodes via the entrance holes. In all host plants the entrances are situated more or less at the lateral sides of the internodes. Thus the risk of getting runoff-water into the nest chambers is reduced (except for the vertical stem). However, rainwater may still be able to collect in the nest. Mature colonies of these ant species face the same problem of intruding rainwater endangering ant brood and trophobiotic mealybugs, but they respond with an unusual behaviour. Workers of Cladomyrma petalae and Cladomyrma maschwitzi ingest the liquid and regurgitate it to the outside until no standing water remains. This water bailing behaviour can be readily provoked by injecting small amounts of liquid into inhabited internodes. The ability of Cladomyrma to remove water from its nest site appears to be an adaptation to their obligate colonization of myrmecophytes.
Association with Other Organisms
Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Species Uncertain
- An unknown species is a host for the nematode Diploscapter sp. (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the nematode Sclerorhabditis sp. (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
All Associate Records for Genus
| Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cladomyrma | host | nematode | Diploscapter sp. | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Cladomyrma | host | nematode | Sclerorhabditis sp. | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest |
Life History Traits
- Mean colony size: "usually several thousand" but as high as in the 10,000's (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: herbivore (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Both workers and soldiers are described from various species (Agosti et al. 1999). Jaitrong et al. (2013) has illustrated the morphology of queens, soldiers and workers in Cladomyrma sirindhornae.
Morphology
Worker Morphology
- Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
• Antennal segment count: 8 • Antennal club: gradual • Palp formula: 6,4; 5,3 • Total dental count: 4-9 • Spur formula: 0,0 • Eyes: 11-100 ommatidia • Scrobes: absent • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: dimorphic • Sting: absent • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: present
Phylogeny
| Formicinae |
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See Phylogeny of Formicinae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- CLADOMYRMA [Formicinae: Lasiini]
- Cladomyrma Wheeler, W.M. 1920: 53. Type-species: Aphomomyrmex hewitti, by original designation.
References
- Agosti, D. 1991. Revision of the oriental ant genus Cladomyrma, with an outline of the higher classification of the Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 16: 293-310. (page 293, 296, Revision of genus; Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Lasius genus group)
- Agosti, D.; Moog, J.; Maschwitz, U. 1999. Revision of the Oriental plant-ant genus Cladomyrma. American Museum Novitates 3283: 1-24.
- Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. (page 50, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Brachymyrmecini)
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 4, 96, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Lasiini)
- Boudinot, B.E., Borowiec, M.L., Prebus, M.M. 2022. Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 47, 113-151 (doi:10.1111/syen.12522).
- Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
- Chapman, J. W.; Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327 (page 208, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Myrmelachistini)
- Dlussky, G. M.; Fedoseeva, E. B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. Pp. 70-144 in: Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) Cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution. Moskva: Nauka, 232 pp. (page 77, Cladomyrma incertae sedis in Formicinae)
- Donisthorpe, H. 1937a. Some new forms of Formicidae and a correction. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10(19): 619-628 (page 620, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Dimorphomyrmecini)
- Donisthorpe, H. 1943g. A list of the type-species of the genera and subgenera of the Formicidae. [part]. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 11(10): 617-688 (page 633, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Dimorphomyrmecini)
- Eguchi, K. and Bui, T.V. 2007. Ecological notes on a plant ant, Cladomyrma scopulosa Eguchi & Bui (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae) associating with a tree species Saraca dives Pierre (Leguminosae). Asian Myrmecology. 1:51–58.
- Emery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183: 1-302 (page 45, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Dimorphomyrmecini [subtribe Brachymyrmecini])
- Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp. (page 18, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Myrmelachistini)
- Jaitrong, W., Laedprathom, K. & Yamane, S. 2013. A new species of the ant genus Cladomyrma Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from Thailand. Species Diversity 18, 15-22.
- Moog J, Drude T, Maschwitz U, Agosti D. 1997. Flood Control by Ants: Water-Bailing Behaviour in the Southeast Asian Plant-Ant Genus Cladomyrma Wheeler (Formicidae, Formicinae). Naturwissenschaften 84: 242-245.
- Moog J, Saw HG, Hashim R, Maschwitz U. 2005. The triple alliance: how a plant-ant, living in an ant-plant, acquires the third partner, a scale insect. Insectes Sociaux 52:169–176. DOI 10.1007/s00040-005-0791-3.
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1985b. A simplified conspectus of the Formicidae. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 111: 255-264 (page 258, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Brachymyrmecini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1920. The subfamilies of Formicidae, and other taxonomic notes. Psyche (Camb.) 27: 46-55 (page 53, Cladomyrma as genus)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 697, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Myrmelachistini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1929a. The identity of the ant genera Gesomyrmex Mayr and Dimorphomyrmex Ernest André. Psyche (Camb.) 36: 1-12 (page 12, Cladomyrma in Formicinae, Brachymyrmecini)