Rhytidoponera
Rhytidoponera Temporal range: 23.03–0 Ma Early Miocene – Recent | |
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Rhytidoponera metallica | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Ectatomminae |
Tribe: | Ectatommini |
Genus: | Rhytidoponera Mayr, 1862 |
Type species | |
Ponera araneoides, now Rhytidoponera araneoides | |
Diversity | |
104 species 3 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) | |
Synonyms | |
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Most species lack winged queens and instead have mated workers that produce female brood (i.e. gamergates). In Rhytidoponera confusa, dealate queens found new colonies and are replaced by gamergates when they die. Only in Rhytidoponera purpurea are gamergates unknown.
At a Glance | • Gamergate |
These are some of the most common ants in Australia. They are found across the continent and can be very abundant, especially in urban areas such as yards, gardens and parks. Some species, especially those found in forested areas, generally forage during the day while many of the arid zone species forage primarily in the evening and at night. In forested areas they will forage on low vegetation and trees as well as on the ground. They are general predators or scavengers, with some also taking honeydew and others showing a strong preference for seeds. Workers generally forage singly or less often in small groups. Some of the smaller species have a potent sting while others, including the larger species, have a weak sting or are unable to sting.
Nests are generally in soil either in the open or under rocks or other objects on the ground. When in the open, nests range from low and messy mounds to large mounds decorated with stones and small twigs or leaves. Species found in wet sclerophyll and rainforest often nest in rotten wood. Some rainforest species will occasionally nest arboreally (although they nest on the ground as well).
Identification
The forward sections of the frontal lobes and the antennal sockets are separated by the broadly rounded or triangular rearward extension of the clypeus. The leading edge of the pronotum on each side just above the front legs with a small angular tooth or spine. The node of the petiole has distinct front, top and rear faces. The tips of the tibiae of the hind legs each have either a single small, simple or comb-like (pectinate) spur, or two spurs, one large and comb-like (pectinate) and one small and simple (best viewed from the front). The claws on the hind legs have a tooth at about the middle of their inner surface.
Rhytidoponera is most similar to Heteroponera in overall body shape and size. However, the claws in Rhytidoponera have a small tooth along their inner margins while in Heteroponera the claws are simple.
Keys including this Genus
Keys to Species in this Genus
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
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Species | 0 | 96 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total Species | 2841 | 1736 | 3045 | 932 | 835 | 4379 | 1741 | 2862 |
Fossils
Fossils are known from: Chon-Tyz mine, Naryn Province, Kyrgyzstan (Middle Miocene), Foulden Maar diatomite, New Zealand (Aquitanian, Early Miocene).
Biology
In Rhytidoponera sp. 12, twenty-one mated workers were found in a large colony (at least 600 workers). There were few large yolky oocytes, and the dense accumulations of yellow bodies indicated that eggs were laid regularly by these gamergates. In contrast, a substantial proportion of workers confined underground had many large yolky oocytes in their ovaries. Examination of various details of oogenesis (size and appearance of basal oocytes,...) revealed that oocytes do not mature in unmated workers (Peeters 1987). Thus virgin workers store food by accumulating non-viable large oocytes in their ovaries.
Association with Other Organisms
- Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Species Uncertain
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Tricoryna ectatommae (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Tricoryna ectatommae (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Tricoryna iello (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Tricoryna iello (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
All Associate Records for Genus
Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
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Rhytidoponera chalybaea | host | eucharitid wasp | Chalcura sp. nr. polita | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Rhytidoponera metallica | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus keyi | myrmecophile | Australia | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | host | eucharitid wasp | Chalcura nigricyanea | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Rhytidoponera metallica | host | eucharitid wasp | Chalcura polita | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Rhytidoponera metallica | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna chalcoponerae | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Rhytidoponera metallica | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna minor | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Rhytidoponera victoriae | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna chalcoponerae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Rhytidoponera victoriae | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna minor | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Rhytidoponera violacea | host | eucharitid wasp | Stilbula cyniformis | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Rhytidoponera violacea | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna alcicornis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
Rhytidoponera violacea | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna sp. | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Rhytidoponera violacea | host | eucharitid wasp | Tricoryna sp. nr. alcicornis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest |
Life History Traits
- Queen type: winged or dealate; gamergate (Peeters, 1997) (dealate queens and gamergates can occur within a single species)
- Mean colony size: 50-271 (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: omnivore (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging behaviour: solitary (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Most species lack winged queens but have mated egg-laying workers called gamergates, and colonies reproduce exclusively by fission (Haskins and Whelden 1965). Yet winged queens still occur in the basal R. impressa group (unpublished phylogeny by H. Reichel), thus allowing the option of independent colony foundation (ICF). In R. impressa group, both modeling and empirical approaches showed that the proportion of queenright colonies in the coastal populations in the East decreases from north (tropical) to south (temperate), indicating that environmental changes make colony fission more successful than nonclaustral ICF by winged queens (Molet et al. 2008). This is confirmed empirically by the decrease in size of queenright colonies but not gamergate colonies. Empirical data also showed that gynes are produced in smaller quantity, but they are heavier relative to workers in both lean weight and fat weight.
Worker of R. metallica from Queensland.
Worker of R. nodifera from Queensland.
Worker of R. punctigera from Western Australia.
Diploid males are known to occur in Rhytidoponera chalybaea or Rhytidoponera confusa (Cournault & Aron, 2009).
Morphology
Worker Morphology
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• Antennal segment count: 12 • Antennal club: absent, gradual • Palp formula: 3,2; 2,2 • Total dental count: 12-30 • Spur formula: 1 simple-pectinate, 1 simple-pectinate; 0, 1 barbulate-pectinate;0, 0 • Eyes: >100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: present
Male Morphology
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• Antennal segment count 13 • Antennal club 0 • Palp formula 6,4;5,3; 4,3 • Total dental count 9-18 • Spur formula 2 (1 simple, 1 simple-pectinate);2 (1 simple, 1 pectinate);2 simple, 2 (1 simple, 1 pectinate); 1 barbulate-pectinate • Caste • Body size • Notes:
Karyotype
Species Uncertain
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-9): 2n = 48 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-10): 2n = 46 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-10): 2n = 49 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-11): 2n = 50 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-12): 2n = 50 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-13): 2n = 52 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-14): 2n = 23 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-15): 2n = 50 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
- Rhytidoponera sp.(ANIC-16): 2n = 52 (Australia) (Crozier et al., 1986).
All Karyotype Records for Genus
- See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.
- Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
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Rhytidoponera aciculata | 26 | 52 | 18M + 34A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | |
Rhytidoponera chalybaea | 21 | 42 | 6M + 36A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | |
Rhytidoponera impressa | 21 | 42 | 6M + 36A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | |
Rhytidoponera lamellinodis | 52 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | |||
Rhytidoponera maniae | 39 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera maniae | 44 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera maniae | 45 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera maniae | 46 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera maniae | 47 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera maniae | 48 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera mayri | 25 | 50 | 20M + 30A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | |
Rhytidoponera metallica | 23 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 24 | Australia | Crozier, 1969; Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 34 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 35 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 36 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 37 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 37 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 38 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 41 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 41 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 42 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 43 | Australia | Crozier, 1969; Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 43 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 44 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 46 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 11 | 22 | 12M + 10A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | Robertsonian polymorphism |
Rhytidoponera metallica | 12 | 24 | 16M + 8A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | Robertsonian polymorphism |
Rhytidoponera metallica | 17 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 18 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 18 | 36 | 6M + 30A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | Robertsonian polymorphism |
Rhytidoponera metallica | 19 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 20 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 21 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 21 | 42 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | Robertsonian polymorphism | |
Rhytidoponera metallica | 22 | Australia | Crozier, 1969 | Robertsonian polymorphism | ||
Rhytidoponera metallica | 23 | 46 | 4M + 42A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | Robertsonian polymorphism |
Rhytidoponera punctata | 50 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | |||
Rhytidoponera purpurea | 19 | 38 | 14M+ 24A | Australia | Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 | |
Rhytidoponera tasmaniensis | 30 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | |||
Rhytidoponera tasmaniensis | 46 | Australia | Crozier et al., 1986 | |||
Rhytidoponera victoriae | 21 | 42 | Australia | Crozier, 1969; Crozier, 1970b; Crozier et al., 1986; Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015 |
Phylogeny
Ectatomminae |
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See Phylogeny of Ectatomminae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- RHYTIDOPONERA [Ectatomminae: Ectatommini]
- Rhytidoponera Mayr, 1862: 731 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ponera araneoides, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1911d: 37.
- [Type-species not Ponera metallica, incorrect subsequent designation by Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 172; see Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 79.]
- Rhytidoponera junior synonym of Ectatomma: Roger, 1863b: 17.
- Rhytidoponera revived from synonymy as subgenus of Ectatomma: Mayr, 1863: 453; Dalla Torre, 1893: 23.
- Rhytidoponera raised to genus: Emery, 1897d: 547; Emery, 1911d: 36.
- Rhytidoponera senior synonym of Chalcoponera: Brown, 1953c: 2; Brown, 1958g: 198.
- CHALCOPONERA [junior synonym of Rhytidoponera]
- Chalcoponera Emery, 1897d: 548. Type-species: Ponera metallica, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1911d: 39.
- Chalcoponera junior synonym of Rhytidoponera: Brown, 1953c: 2.
References
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- Crozier, R. H., Pamilo, P. (1986). Relatedness within and between colonies of a queenless ant species of the genus Rhytidoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis 11:113–117.
- Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 23, Rhytidoponera as subgenus of Ectatomma)
- Davidson, D. W., Morton, S. R. (1981). Myrmecochory in some plants (F. chenopodiaceae) of the Australian arid zone. Oecologia (Berlin) 50:357–366.
- Eastwood, R. (2004). Successive replacement of tending ant species at aggregations of scale insects (Hemiptera: Margarodidae and Eriococcidae) on Eucalyptus in south-east Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 43:1–4.
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- Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 767, Rhytidoponera in Ponerinae, Ectatommini)
- Emery, C. 1897d. Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia orientale. XVIII. Formiche raccolte nella Nuova Guinea dal Dott. Lamberto Loria. [part]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 38[=(2(18): 546-576 (page 547, Rhytidoponera as genus)
- Emery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125 (page 26, Rhytidoponera in Pachycondylinae, Ectatommini)
- Emery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125 (page 36, Rhytidoponera as genus)
- Emery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125 (page 37, Type-species: Ponera araneoides, by subsequent designation)
- Fiedler, K. (2001). Ants that associate with Lycaeninae butterfly larvae: diversity, ecology and biogeography. Diversity and Distributions 7:45–60.
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 236, Rhytidoponera in Pachycondylinae, Ectatommini; Rhytidoponera as genus)
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- Maschwitz, U., Go, C., Dorow, W. H. O., Buschinger, A. and Kohout, R. J. (2003). Polyrhachis loweryi (Formicinae): A guest ant parasitizing Rhytidoponera sp. (Ponerinae) in Queensland, Australia. Insectes Sociaux 50:69–76.
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- Mayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 13: 385-460 (page 453, Rhytidoponera as subgenus of Ectatomma)
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- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 135, Rhytidoponera as subgenus of Ectatomma)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1911g. A list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 21: 157-175 (page 172, Type-species not Ponera metallica as designated by Wheeler.)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1913a. Corrections and additions to "List of type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 23: 77-83 (page 79, Rhytidoponera as genus)
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- Ectatommini
- Rhytidoponera
- Ectatomminae genera
- Ectatommini genera