Gnamptogenys

Gnamptogenys Temporal range: 37.2–0 Ma K Pa Eo Ol Mi Pl Eocene – Recent
Gnamptogenys sulcata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Ectatomminae
Tribe:	Ectatommini
Genus:	Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863
Type species
Ponera tornata, now Gnamptogenys sulcata
Diversity
32 species 5 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country)
Synonyms
Commateta Santschi, 1929 Emeryella Forel, 1901 Tammoteca Santschi, 1929

Gnamptogenys is a group of predatory ectatommine ants found in tropical and subtropical, mesic forested areas in Southeast Asia and Australasia and from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Most species nest at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter, but some are arboreal. Their colonies are relatively small, with at most a few hundred workers. Reproduction is generally through flying queens. While many species are generalist predators, specialized diets such as millipede predation have arisen in several New World lineages. The New World species of Gnamptogenys were revised by Lattke in 1995 while the Asian and Australian species were revised by Lattke in 2004.

At a Glance

• Larval Hemolymph Feeding

Photo Gallery

• 

  A Gnamptogenys species from Sabah, Malaysia. Photo by Steve Shattuck.
• 

  Gnamptogenys worker.
• 

  A specialist millipede predator (note the shape of the mandibles).
• 

  This Gnamptogenys sp. from the minuta group has a strongly vaulted gaster. On first sight, this is reminiscent of the ant subfamily Procetariinae, but it actually belongs to the Ectatomminae. Photo by Phil Hoenle.

Identification

The forward sections of the frontal lobes and the antennal sockets are separated by the broadly rounded or triangular rearward extension of the clypeus. When viewed from above, the pronotum and mesonotum form a single, uninterrupted plate. The first segment (coxa) of the hind leg has a tooth or spine on its upper surface near the body in the vast majority of species. The node of the petiole has distinct front, top and rear faces.

While the majority of Gnamptogenys species can be diagnosed by the presence of the denticle on the metacoxal dorsum, this structure is absent in a number of species (currently 5 cases are known). An invariable autapomorphy for Gnamptogenys is the loss of the apical seta on the fore tibia. The absence of this seta will allow identification of the few species which lack the distinctive spine on the dorsum of the hind coxa.

These ants share many features with Ectatomma, Heteroponera and Rhytidoponera, but the fused pronotum and mesonotum and the spine on the coxa of the hind leg (near the body) are unique and will separate these ants from all others.

The new world species have been arranged into species groups.

See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

• Key to Ectatomminae Genera
• Key to Neotropical Ectatomminae genera

 

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to US Gnamptogenys species
• Key to Gnamptogenys of Hispaniola
• Key to Stictoponera of China
• Key to New World Gnamptogenys workers

Distribution

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indo-Australian Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oriental Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	0	0	0	0	1	33	0	0
Total Species	2841	1736	3045	932	835	4379	1741	2862

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Baltic amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Danish-Scandinavian amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Dominican amber, Dominican Republic (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Rovno amber, Baltic Sea region, Europe (Priabonian, Late Eocene), Zhangpu amber, Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, China (Miocene) (an unidentified species, Wang et al., 2021).

Biology

Gnamptogenys are predatory ants that inhabit tropical and subtropical mesic forests. Nesting is typically at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter. Some exceptions include species that are arboreal, a dry forest species and species that nests in sandy savannahs. Colony size tends to be, at most, in the hundreds. Queens are the reproductives in most species. Worker reproduction (gamergates) is known from a few species in Southeastern Asia. Generalist predation is the primary foraging/dietary strategy. Specialization on specific groups (millipedes, beetles, other ants) has developed in a few species.

Megalomyrmex symmetochus guest ants protecting their Sericomyrmex amabilis fungus-farming host from Gnamptogenys raiders by recruiting nestmates from their cavity (cavity shown is open because it was built against the roof of the nest box). The guest ants fight the raiders with alkaloid poison that causes the invaders to attack one another.

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus brevifrons (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus brevifrons (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

All Associate Records for Genus

Click here to show/hide associate data.

Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Gnamptogenys	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus brevifrons	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Gnamptogenys	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus brevifrons	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys regularis	host	eucharitid wasp	Kapala iridicolor	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys sulcata	host	eucharitid wasp	Kapala iridicolor	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys sulcata	host	eucharitid wasp	Kapala sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Gnamptogenys tortuolosa	host	eucharitid wasp	Kapala sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest

Flight Period

All Flight Records for Genus

 Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Click here to show/hide associate data.

Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Gnamptogenys continua	Jan • Feb • Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct • Nov • Dec	Kaspari et al., 2001
Gnamptogenys hartmani	Jan • Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct	Kaspari et al., 2001

Life History Traits

• Queen type: winged or dealate; ergatoid (Peeters, 1997)
• Mean colony size: "At most a few hundred workers" (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: predator (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)

Morphology

Worker Morphology

 Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• Antennal segment count: 12 • Antennal club: gradual, 3, 4 • Palp formula: 3,2; 2,2 • Total dental count: 1-25 • Spur formula: 1 simple-pectinate, 1 simple-pectinate • Eyes: >100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent; dentiform • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: present

Male Morphology

 Explore: Show all Male Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

 • Antennal segment count 13 • Antennal club 0 • Palp formula 5,3; 4,3 • Total dental count 5-12 • Spur formula 1 simple- pectinate, 1 barbulate-pectinate

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

• Gnamptogenys sp.1: n = 21, 2n = 42 (Malaysia, Singapore) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al. 1983; Mariano et al., 2015).
• Gnamptogenys sp.2: n = 18, 2n = 36 (Malaysia, Singapore) (Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al. 1983; Mariano et al., 2015).
• Gnamptogenys: n = 23, 2n = 46, karyotype = 16M+30A (Brazil) (Borges et al., 2004b; Mariano et al., 2015).
• n = 18, 2n = 36 (Brazil) (Mariano et al. 2015).
• n = 8, 2n = 16 (Brazil) (Mariano et al. 2015).
• n = 13, 2n = 26, karyotype = 14M + 12A (Costa Rica) (Mariano et al. 2015).
• n = 16, 2n = 32, karyotype = 16M + 16A (Costa Rica) (Mariano et al. 2015).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

 Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Click here to show/hide karyotype data.

Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Gnamptogenys	13	26	14M + 12A	Costa Rica	Mariano et al. 2015
Gnamptogenys	16	32	16M + 16A	Costa Rica	Mariano et al. 2015
Gnamptogenys	18	36		Brazil	Mariano et al. 2015
Gnamptogenys	18	36		Malaysia, Singapore	Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al. 1983; Mariano et al., 2015
Gnamptogenys	21	42		Malaysia, Singapore	Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al. 1983; Mariano et al., 2015
Gnamptogenys	23	46	16M+30A	Brazil	Borges et al., 2004b; Mariano et al., 2015
Gnamptogenys	8	16		Brazil	Mariano et al. 2015
Gnamptogenys annulata	34	68	6M+62A	Brazil	Borges et al., 2004b; Mariano et al., 2015
Gnamptogenys regularis		26	24m + 2sm	Brazil	Teixeira et al., 2019
Gnamptogenys regularis		26	25m + 1sma	Brazil	Teixeira et al., 2019

Phylogeny

Ectatomminae

Heteroponerini Bazboltonia  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthoponera  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Heteroponera  (27 species, 0 fossil species) Ectatommini Ectatomma  (15 species, 1 fossil species) Rhytidoponera  (104 species, 3 fossil species) Stictoponera  (43 species, 0 fossil species) Gnamptogenys  (32 species, 5 fossil species) Typhlomyrmex  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Poneracantha  (18 species, 1 fossil species) Alfaria  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Holcoponera  (40 species, 0 fossil species)

See Phylogeny of Ectatomminae for details.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• GNAMPTOGENYS [Ectatomminae: Ectatommini]
  • Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863a: 174. Type-species: Ponera tornata, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1911d: 44.
  • [Type-species not Ectatomma concinna, unjustified subsequent designation by Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164; see Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 79.]
  • Gnamptogenys subgenus of Ectatomma: Mayr, 1887: 540; Dalla Torre, 1893: 23; Emery, 1911d: 44; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 644; Kusnezov, 1956: 14.
  • Gnamptogenys revived status as genus and senior synonym of Alfaria (and its junior synonym Opisthoscyphus), Barbourella, Commateta, Emeryella, Holcoponera, Parectatomma, Poneracantha, Rhopalopone (and its junior synonym Mictoponera), Spaniopone, Stictoponera, Tammoteca, Wheeleripone: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• ALFARIA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Alfaria Emery, 1896e: 177 (diagnosis in key). Type-species: Alfaria simulans, by original designation.
  • [Alfaria also described as new by Emery, 1896g: 41.]
  • Alfaria senior synonym of Opisthoscyphus: Brown, in Borgmeier, 1957: 115.
  • Alfaria junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• BARBOURELLA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Barbourella Wheeler, W.M. 1930f: 10 [as subgenus of Emeryella]. Type-species: Emeryella (Barbourella) banksi, by original designation.
  • Barbourella junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
• COMMATETA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Commateta Santschi, 1929h: 476 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma (Parectatomma) bruchi, by original designation.
  • Commateta junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
• EMERYELLA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Emeryella Forel, 1901e: 334. Type-species: Emeryella schmitti, by monotypy.
  • Emeryella junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• HOLCOPONERA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Holcoponera Mayr, 1887: 540 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Gnamptogenys striatula, by subsequent designation of Emery, 1911d: 40.
  • Holcoponera raised to genus: Emery, 1902b: 181.
  • Holcoponera junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• MICTOPONERA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Mictoponera Forel, 1901e: 372 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma (Mictoponera) diehlii, by monotypy.
  • Mictoponera junior synonym of Rhopalopone: Emery, 1911d: 34.
  • Mictoponera junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• OPISTHOSCYPHUS [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Opisthoscyphus Mann, 1922: 4. Type-species: Opisthoscyphus scabrosus (junior synonym of Alfaria minuta), by original designation.
  • Opisthoscyphus junior synonym of Alfaria: Brown, in Borgmeier, 1957: 115.
  • Opisthoscyphus junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
• PARECTATOMMA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Parectatomma Emery, 1911d: 44 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma triangulare, by original designation.
  • Parectatomma subgenus of Gnamptogenys: Forel, 1917: 236; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 643.
  • Parectatomma subgenus of Ectatomma: Kusnezov, 1956: 14.
  • Parectatomma junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
• PONERACANTHA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Poneracantha Emery, 1897d: 547 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma (Holcoponera) bispinosum, by original designation.
  • Poneracantha junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• RHOPALOPONE [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Rhopalopone Emery, 1897d: 549. Type-species: Rhopalopone epinotalis, by monotypy.
  • Rhopalopone senior synonym of Mictoponera: Emery, 1911d: 34.
  • Rhopalopone junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• SPANIOPONE [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Spaniopone Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 11. Type-species: Spaniopone haytiana, by monotypy.
  • Spaniopone junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
• STICTOPONERA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Stictoponera Mayr, 1887: 539 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ponera coxalis, by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1903: 82.
  • Stictoponera raised to genus: Emery, 1911d: 47.
  • Stictoponera junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 211.
• TAMMOTECA [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Tammoteca Santschi, 1929h: 476 [as subgenus of Ectatomma]. Type-species: Ectatomma concinnum, by original designation.
  • Tammoteca junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.
• WHEELERIPONE [junior synonym of Gnamptogenys]
  • Wheeleripone Mann, 1919: 282. Type-species: Wheeleripone albiclava, by original designation.
  • Wheeleripone junior synonym of Gnamptogenys: Brown, 1958g: 212.

Lattke (1995):

Generic Synopsis Worker

Sculpture consisting mostly of even parallel costae, costulae or strigae, occasionally rugose; distinct dorsomedian cephalic carinae usually absent, at most never extending more than half-way between clypeus and vertex; eyes at midlength of head or posterad, surrounded by a fine groove; lobes of frontal carinae broadly convex and partially raised, incompletely covering antennal condyles (except minuta group); funniculus filiform or incrassate, never with a distinct club; anterior clypeal border with narrow lamella of variable length; mesepisternum anteroventrally bordered by narrow lamella; pronotum unarmed, without protuberances; propodeal spiracles round or slightly ovoid, never slit-like; transverse sutures and grooves on mesosomal dorsum present or absent; mesonotum never prominently convex and bulging; anterior prosternal process bidentate; anterior mesepisternal process produced as thin triangular lobe with pointed or bluntly pointed apex; metepisternum with deep posterior cleft for petiolar insertion and continuous with open metacoxal fossae; metepisternal process located anterad of cleft and of variable development; metacoxal dorsum usually with denticle, lobe or tubercle, absent in some species; helcium protruding medianly on anterior postpetiolar face; tergite of helcium much larger than sternite; fortibial apex lacking stout moveable setae; outer border of fore tarsal comb (opposite calcar) usually with single prominent seta; meso- and metatibial spurs one or two (weakly developed), barbulate or simple; empoida lacking. In most species the pretarsal claws are bidentate on all legs, and the median tooth may vary in its position among species, and the claws may not necessarily be alike on all legs. In small species the claws may be hard to observe.

Malpighian tubule number six (Brown 1988). The genus is so diverse that characterizing it can be difficult. The following characters can be considered synapomorphies of the genus which distinguish it from its closest relatives: Ectatomma and Rhytidoponera: the single stout moveable seta on the foretibial apex and a spine or tubercle on the metacoxal dorsal surface. This former trait is lacking in some species. The following combination of characters are synapomorhic for the genus if one excludes the problem species discussed further on in the text: inconspicuous metanotum, disappearance of the median cephalic carina, lack of row of stout setae on foretarsal base opposite the strigii, leaving only one seta.

References

• Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
• Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 173, Gnamptogenys in Ectatomminae, Ectatommini [Type-species not Ectatomma concinna as designated by Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164; see Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 79.] )
• Borges, D. S.; Mariano, C. S. F.; Delabie, J. H. C.; Pompolo, S. G. 2004b. Estudos citogenéticos em formigas neotropicais do gênero Gnamptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ectatomminae). Rev. Brasil. Entomol. 48: 481-484 (page 481-484, karyotypes described )
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958g. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. II. Tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 118: 173-362 (page 230, Key to New World species)
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958g. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. II. Tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 118: 173-362 (page 237, Key to Old World species)
• Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
• Camacho, G.P., Franco, W., Branstetter, M.G., Pie, M.R., Longino, J.T., Schultz, T.R., Feitosa, R.M. 2022. UCE phylogenomics resolves major relationships among Ectaheteromorph ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae): A new classification for the subfamilies and the description of a new genus. Insect Systematics and Diversity 6(1): 5; 1–20 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixab026).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Cantone, S., Von Zuben, C.J. 2019. The hindwings of ants: A phylogenetic analysis. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2019, 1–11 (doi:10.1155/2019/7929717).
• Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 23, Gnamptogenys maintained as subgenus)
• Emery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125 (page 44, Gnamptogenys maintained as subgenus; Type-species; Ponera tornata, by subsequent designation)
• Fernandez, F., Guerrero, R.J., Sánchez-Restrepo, A.F. 2021. Sistemática y diversidad de las hormigas neotropicales. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 47, 1–20 (doi:10.25100/socolen.v47i1.11082).
• Imai, H.T., Brown, W.L., Kubota, M., Yong, H.S., Tho, Y.P. 1983. Chromosome observations on Tropical ants from Western Malaysia. II Annu Rep Natl Inst Genet (Japan) 34:66–69.
• Kusnezov, N. 1956a. Claves para la identificación de las hormigas de la fauna argentina. Idia 104- 105: 1-56 (page 14, Gnamptogenys subgenus of Ectatomma)
• Lattke, J. E. 1995. Revision of the ant genus Gnamptogenys in the New World (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Hym. Res. 4: 137-193.
• Lattke, J. E. 2002. Nuevas especies de Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863 de América (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Entomotropica 17: 135-144.
• Lattke, J. E. 2004. A Taxonomic Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Ant Genus Gnamptogenys Roger in Southeast Asia and Australasia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). University of California Publications in Entomology 122: 1-266.
• Lattke, J.E., Fernández, F. & Palacio, E.E. 2007. Identification of the species of Gnamptogenys Roger in the Americas (pp. 254-270). In Snelling, R.R., Fisher, B.L. & Ward, P.S. (eds). Advances in ant systematics: homage to E.O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 690 pp.
• Mariano, C.S.F., Santos, I.S., Silva, J.G., Costa, M.A., Pompolo, S.G. 2015. Citogenética e evolução do cariótipo em formigas poneromorfas. In: Delabie, J.H.C., Feitosa, R.M., Serrao, J.E., Mariano, C.S.F., Majer, J.D. (eds) As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil, 1st edn. Ilhéus, Brasil, pp 102–125 (doi:10.7476/9788574554419.0010).
• Mayr, G. 1887. Südamerikanische Formiciden. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 511-632 (page 540, Gnamptogenys subgenus of Ectatomma)
• Paul, J. (2001). Mandible movements in ants . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 131 (A): 7–20.
• Paul, J. Gronenberg, W. 1999. Optimizing force and velocity: mandible muscle fibre attachments in ants. Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 797-808.
• Peeters, C. 1997. Morphologically “primitive” ants: comparative review of social characters, and the importance of queen-worker dimorphism. Pages 372-391 In: Choe, J. & B. Crespi (eds) The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge University Press. (doi:10.1017/CBO9780511721953.019).
• Roger, J. 1863a. Die neu aufgeführten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Ergänzung einiger früher gegebenen Beschreibungen. Berl. Entomol. Z. 7: 131-214 (page 174, Gnamptogenys as genus)
• Wang, B., Shi, G., Xu, C., Spicer, R. A., Perrichot, V., Schmidt, A. R., Feldberg, K., Heinrichs, J., Chény, C., Pang, H., Liu, X., Gao, T., Wang, Z., Ślipiński, A., Solórzano-Kraemer, M. M., Heads, S. W., Thomas, M. J., Sadowski, E. M., Szwedo, J., Azar, D., Nel, A., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Luo, C., Yu, T., Zheng, D., Zhang, H., Engel, M. S. 2021. The mid-Miocene Zhangpu biota reveals an outstandingly rich rainforest biome in East Asia. Science advances, 7(18), eabg0625 (doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg0625).
• Wheeler, W. M. 1913a. Corrections and additions to "List of type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 23: 77-83 (page 79, Type-species not Ectatomma concinna as designated by Wheeler, 1911:164)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 644, Gnamptogenys maintained as subgenus)
• Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958b. Recent changes in the introduced population of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith). Evolution 12: 211-218 (page 211, Gnamptogenys revived status as genus, senior synonym of Alfaria (and its junior synonym Opisthoscyphus), Barbourella, Commatea, Emeryella, Holcoponnera, Parectatomma, Poneracantha, Rhopalopone (and its junior synonym Mictoponera), Spaniopone, Stictoponera)