Pseudoponera stigma

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Pseudoponera stigma
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Ponerinae
Tribe: Ponerini
Genus: Pseudoponera
Species: P. stigma
Binomial name
Pseudoponera stigma
(Fabricius, 1804)

Pachycondyla stigma casent0178180 profile 1.jpg

Pachycondyla stigma casent0178180 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms


Common Name
Pan-tropical panther ant
Language: English

A predaceous ant that is commonly found in sifted leaf litter and rotten wood (Maes 1989, Mackay and Mackay 2010).

At a Glance • Secretly invasive  

Identification

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The worker and female of P. stigma are difficult to confuse with any of the other species ponerines, based on the small number of mandibular teeth and broadly rounded subpetiolar process and the poorly developed horizontal carina on the clypeus.

Pseudoponera stigma is similar to Pseudoponera succedanea. Workers of P. stigma can be separated as they are slightly larger (total length > 4 mm, 4 mm or less in P. succedanea), the horizontal carina on the clypeus is poorly developed (well-developed and formed into a sharp carina in P. succedanea) and the subpetiolar process is broadly rounded posteriorly (angulate in P. succedanea). The females and males of P. stigma can also be distinguished from those of P. succedanea by the lack of an angle on the posterior edge of the subpetiolar process. Pseudoponera succedanea has the subpetiolar process angulate posteriorly, it is mostly restricted to Costa Rica, and the female has seven mandibular teeth.

Pseudoponera stigma can be distinguished from another closely related species, Pseudoponera cognata, as the latter species has seven mandibular teeth, the subpetiolar process is angulate posteriorly and P. cognata is mostly restricted to Costa Rica.

Pseudoponera stigma is very similar to Pseudoponera gilberti. The workers and females of both species have 6 mandibular teeth and the subpetiolar process is rounded posteriorly. They can be easily separated as the horizontal carina is well developed on the clypeus of workers and females of P. gilberti; it is nearly absent in workers and females of P. stigma. The males are difficult to separate. Those of P. gilberti tend to be smaller (total length 3.5 - 5 mm) and medium brown, those of P. stigma larger (TL 5 - 6 mm) and dark brown. Kempf (1960a) separated P. gilberti from P. stigma using a number of characteristics, especially the form of the mandibles of the female, which are not elongated as in P. stigma and are more worker-like.

The male of P. stigma is nearly identical to that of Mayaponera arhuaca. It differs is in being slightly more hairy, specifically with erect or suberect hairs between the eye and the clypeus and on the scutum. The apex of the petiole is more angulate in M. arhuaca than it is in P. stigma.

All of the above mentioned species are very similar to members of the genus Hypoponera. They can all be separated by the presence of a pair of tibial spurs on the posterior tibia; only one spur is present in members of Hypoponera. The mandibular teeth of the worker and female of these species are well developed, not consisting of only small denticles as in workers and females of Hypoponera.

There is considerable variability in P. stigma. Wheeler and Mann (1914) referred to smaller (total length 3.5 - 4.5), red specimens from Haiti as Euponera (Trachymesopus) stigma var. rufescens. Wheeler and Mann (1914) state that the workers could not be callows, as the callows of P. stigma have a drab color. Examination of the type material (MCZC) suggests it does not differ from P. stigma significantly and it is considered a synonym. Forel (1893) recognized P. stigma var. attrita from St. Vincent Island as a separate taxon. It differs primarily in its larger size (6 - 6.2 mm). Forel lists additional characters, including the denser sculpture and duller integument, longer, narrower mandibles, with the concave external border. He states that these characters are not consistent and that intermediates were found. It is thus also considered to be a synonym of P. stigma.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Southern United States through South America, Caribbean. (Mackay and Mackay 2010). It is fairly common in south Florida (where it is thought to be introduced), north to Volusia County. Pest status: none. First published Florida record: Wheeler and Gaige 1920; earlier specimens: 1887. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 25.422774° to -64.36°.

       
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Australasian Region: Australia.
Indo-Australian Region: Fiji, Indonesia, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Guinea, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands.
Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Greater Antilles, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Habitat

From (Mackay and Mackay 2010: This common species is found in a variety of habitats, ranging from grasslands (Quiroz-Robledo and Valenzuela-González,1995), disturbed rain forest in a park, wet lowland forest, at the edge of a lake, forest patch, grass with weeds and scattered trees, dry evergreen forest, primary and secondary growth rain forest, transition between tierra firme and seasonal flooded forest, in a clearing in secondary forest, a steep forest ravine slope, a wet quebrada, evergreen tropical forest, moist live oak/pine forest 10 - 15 m tall, at elevations ranging from 0 – 2300 m. One collection from México was found at 3400 m (MCZC). It is often found nesting in the shade. This species was found apparently accidentally in a cave (Reddell and Cokendolpher, 2001).

Longino (1997) states that it is common in wet lowland habitats in Costa Rica, including mangroves and is usually found in open or disturbed sites, as well as banana plantations and mature rain forest.

Biology

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): Nests are found in the soil, often under litter, or rotten logs, in rotten wood, under bark, in a well rotted Nasutitermes termite nest on the forest floor and occasionally in twigs. They nest in moist sand. They are also collected under flower litter, in forest litter, in dead stems and in rotten pine branches on forest floor. Brood was present in nests in July (Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Ecuador) and August (Costa Rica). Winged females and males were collected in nests in January (Ecuador), February (Costa Rica, Venezuela, Brasil), March (Colombia, Perú, Jamaica), April, August (México), May (Panamá, Martinique), July (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panamá, Perú), August (Panamá, Jamaica), September (Honduras), October (Perú, Venezuela, Paraguay, Guana Island) and December (México, Honduras). The sexuals are attracted to blacklights and mercury vapor lamps. Alate females were collected March (Costa Rica, Colombia), June and July (Perú), July (Costa Rica, Ecuador), July and August (México, Brasil) and October (Guano Island). Dealate females have been collected in May (Ecuador), June (México), July (Guatemala, Nicaragua), August (Costa Rica) and September (Guatemala). A colony-founding queen was found in a large rotten log in January (Costa Rica) and a female was collected under bark in June. Mating flights occur between 07:30 and 11:30.

The specimens from French Guiana were nesting in the plant Phyllodendron linnei. Specimens were collected on flowers of Eupatorium sp. [Asteraceae].

The frog Dendrobates bistrionicus eats workers of this species.

Regional Notes

Bahamas

Wheeler (1905): Several colonies of this species were found on the keys along the course of the Southern Bight, Andros Island, and near the Blue Hills, N. P. The males and winged females were taken in the former locality during the latter part of May. The species, which seems to prefer the 'pine yards,' nests under stones or the bark of old pine stumps and logs in colonies numbering from a dozen to 75 or 100 individuals. The larvae, which are tuberculate like those of P. harpax, and lack the glutinous dorsal tubercles of the species of Ponera, have been described and figured by Emery (1899).

Puerto Rico

Wheeler (1908): Numerous workers from small colonies nesting under stones or logs. One colony in Culebra was found nesting in a rotten Cactus stump.

Smith (1937) reports that in P. stigma occurs in colonies of a few hundred individuals in rotten logs and under stones.

Florida

In Florida this species usually occurs in open pine stands, including wet or seasonally flooded pine flatwoods. It is usually found in habitats that are relatively undisturbed, except by natural disturbances such as fires and floods. It sometimes lives in or around dead conifers whose bark is intact. We have found little piles of dead or paralyzed termites in chambers of the nest.

Behavior

In a study of the behavior within a laboratory colony, Oliveira et al. (1998) found that the single inseminated queen in the colony produced almost all the successfully developing eggs in the colony. She removed eggs of workers and unfertilized queens from the pile of eggs in the colony, and workers also removed and destroyed eggs of individuals other than the queen. Oliveira et al. suggest that the queen's control over workers is mediated through chemicals produced by tibial glands in the front legs, which other ants rub with their antennae when they encounter the queen.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Kapala iridicolor (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Kapala sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Castes

Worker

Pseudoponera-stigma hef3 2.jpgPseudoponera-stigma hal2.jpgPseudoponera-stigma had2.jpgPseudoponera-stigma lbs.jpg
. Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Pachycondyla stigma castype06938 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06938 profile 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06938 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06938 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Euponera brunneus. Worker. Specimen code castype06938. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Pachycondyla stigma casent0104187 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104187 profile 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104187 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104187 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0104187. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Pachycondyla stigma castype06976 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06976 profile 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06976 profile 2.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06976 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06976 dorsal 2.jpgPachycondyla stigma castype06976 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Euponera sexdentatus. Worker. Specimen code castype06976. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Pachycondyla stigma casent0178181 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178181 profile 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178181 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178181 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0178181. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Pachycondyla stigma casent0104297 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104297 profile 2.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104297 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104297 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0104297. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Images from AntWeb

Pachycondyla stigma casent0178182 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178182 profile 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178182 profile 2.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178182 profile 3.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178182 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0178182 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0178182. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.

Images from AntWeb

Pachycondyla stigma casent0104186 head 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104186 profile 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104186 profile 2.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104186 dorsal 1.jpgPachycondyla stigma casent0104186 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0104186. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • stigma. Formica stigma Fabricius, 1804: 400 (q.) (no state data).
    • Type-material: holotype(?) queen.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: none given, “Habitat in America meridionali Dom. Smidt. Mus. Dom. Lund”.
    • Type-depository: ZMUC.
    • Emery, 1899c: 4 (l.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952c: 627 (l.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1976a: 55 (l.); Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 520 (m.).
    • Combination in Ponera: Roger, 1862c: 288; Mayr, 1863: 450;
    • combination in Pachycondyla (Pseudoponera): Emery, 1900c: 314; Emery, 1901a: 46;
    • combination in Euponera (Pseudoponera): Forel, 1901g: 398; Santschi, 1913h: 35;
    • combination in Euponera (Trachymesopus): Emery, 1911d: 85;
    • combination in Trachymesopus: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Kempf, 1960f: 424;
    • combination in Mesoponera: Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1976a: 55;
    • combination in Pachycondyla: Brown, in Bolton, 1995b: 310;
    • combination in Pseudoponera: Schmidt, C.A. & Shattuck, 2014: 208.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 48; Roger, 1862c: 288; Roger, 1863b: 16; Mayr, 1863: 450; Emery, 1887b: 434; Emery, 1890b: 43; Dalla Torre, 1893: 42; Emery, 1894k: 49; Forel, 1895b: 116; Emery, 1896g: 53 (in key); Emery, 1897d: 552; Forel, 1899c: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 81; Emery, 1906c: 114; Wheeler, W.M. 1907a: 271; Forel, 1907a: 5; Forel, 1908b: 37; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 124; Forel, 1909a: 246; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 561; Wheeler, W.M. 1911b: 168; Emery, 1911d: 85; Forel, 1912c: 39; Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 481; Wheeler, W.M. 1913d: 239; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 13; Mann, 1916: 415; Wheeler, W.M. 1916c: 3; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 323; Wheeler, W.M. 1917g: 457; Luederwaldt, 1918: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1919d: 302; Mann, 1920: 404; Mann, 1922: 8; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 3; Borgmeier, 1923: 72; Wheeler, W.M. 1923a: 2; Karavaiev, 1925b: 127; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 6; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 150; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 2; Santschi, 1931c: 267; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 3; Menozzi, 1935b: 191; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 12; Wheeler, W.M. 1936b: 195; Smith, M.R. 1937: 824; Creighton, 1950a: 46; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 786; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 66; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 111; Wilson, 1958d: 355; Kempf, 1960f: 428; Kempf, 1961b: 496; Wilson, 1962c: 14; Smith, M.R. 1967: 347; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 22; Kempf, 1972a: 251; Alayo, 1974: 7 (in key); Taylor, 1976a: 78; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Taylor, 1987a: 80; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 93; Dlussky, 1994: 53; Bolton, 1995b: 310; Xu, 1995b: 104 (in key); Deyrup, et al. 2000: 295; Wild, 2002: 15; Deyrup, 2003: 45; Lin & Wu, 2003: 68; Wetterer & Vargo, 2003: 417; Wild, 2007b: 40; Clouse, 2007b: 269; Mackay, Mackay, et al. 2008: 197; Terayama, 2009: 104; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 518 (redescription); Zhou & Ran, 2010: 109; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 263; Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 160; Wetterer, 2012b: 39; Sarnat, et al. 2013: 73; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 125; Feitosa, 2015c: 99; Wetterer, et al. 2016: 16; Deyrup, 2017: 32; Fernández & Guerrero, 2019: 542; Lubertazzi, 2019: 167.
    • Senior synonym of americana: Emery, 1887b: 434; Dalla Torre, 1893: 42; Forel, 1895b: 116; Forel, 1899c: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 124; Emery, 1911d: 85; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1919d: 303; Borgmeier, 1923: 72; Creighton, 1950a: 46; Kempf, 1972a: 251; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 310; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Senior synonym of attrita: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Senior synonym of brunneus: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 310; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Senior synonym of nixoni: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 310; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Senior synonym of quadridentata: Roger, 1862c: 288; Roger, 1863b: 16; Emery, 1887b: 434; Dalla Torre, 1893: 42; Forel, 1895b: 116; Forel, 1899c: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 124; Emery, 1911d: 85; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1919d: 302; Borgmeier, 1923: 72; Creighton, 1950a: 46; Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, M.R. 1967: 347; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 22; Kempf, 1972a: 251; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 310; Terayama, 2009: 104; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Senior synonym of rufescens: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Senior synonym of sexdentatus: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 310; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
    • Distribution:
    • Austral: Australia.
    • Malesian: Fiji Is, Indonesia (Aru Is, Irian Jaya, Sula, Sulawesi), Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea (+ Bismarck Archipelago), Philippines (Basilan, Luzon), Samoa, Solomon Is, Tonga, Vanuatu.
    • Nearctic: U.S.A.
    • Neotropical: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica (+ Cocos I.), Cuba, Culebra, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nevis, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela, Virgin Is.
    • Oriental: China, Taiwan.
  • americana. Ponera americana Mayr, 1862: 722 (w.) COLOMBIA.
    • Type-material: holotype worker.
    • Type-locality: Colombia (no further data).
    • Type-depository: NHMW.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 16; Mayr, 1863: 447; Mayr, 1879: 663 (in key).
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Emery, 1887b: 434; Dalla Torre, 1893: 42; Forel, 1895b: 116; Forel, 1899c: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 124; Emery, 1911d: 85; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1919d: 303; Borgmeier, 1923: 72; Creighton, 1950a: 46; Kempf, 1972a: 251; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 302; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
  • attrita. Ponera stigma var. attrita Forel, 1893g: 362 (w.q.m.) ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES (St Vincent I.).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: St Vincent & the Grenadines: St Vincent I., 46a-46g (H.H. Smith).
    • [Note: 46a = nr Palmyra Estate, 1000 ft, 3.xi., 46b = Bowwood Valley, nr Kingstown, 800 ft, 15.x., 46c = Richmond Estate, nr sea level, 31.x., 46d = Old Botanical Garden, Kingstown, 500 ft, 22.x., 46e = Fitz-Hugh Valley, 500 ft, 4.xi., 46f = “various situations in rotten wood”, 46g = above Châteaubelais, 250 ft, 26.i.]
    • Type-depositories: MHNG, NHMB.
    • Combination in Pachycondyla (Pseudoponera): Emery, 1901a: 46;
    • combination in Euponera (Trachymesopus): Emery, 1911d: 85;
    • combination in Trachymesopus: Kempf, 1972a: 251;
    • combination in Pachycondyla: Brown, in Bolton, 1995b: 303.
    • Subspecies of stigma: Emery, 1896g: 53 (in key); Forel, 1899c: 16; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 120; Forel, 1907a: 5; Forel, 1908b: 37; Emery, 1911d: 85; Wheeler, W.M. 1913d: 239; Kempf, 1972a: 251; Bolton, 1995b: 303.
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
  • brunneus. Euponera (Trachymesopus) brunneus Donisthorpe, 1948b: 300 (w.q.) NEW GUINEA (Indonesia).
    • Type-material: 4 syntype workers, 1 syntype queen.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Irian Jaya (“Dutch New Guinea”), Maffin Bay, 1.viii.1944 (E.S. Ross).
    • Type-depository: CASC.
    • Status as species: Donisthorpe, 1950a: 338; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 65.
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 303; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
  • nixoni. Euponera (Trachymesopus) nixoni Donisthorpe, 1943d: 441 (q.) NEW GUINEA (Indonesia: Waigeu I.).
    • Type-material: holotype queen.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Irian Jaya (“Dutch New Guinea”), Waigeu I., Camp Nok, 2500 ft, v.1938 (L.E. Cheesman).
    • Type-depository: BMNH.
    • Donisthorpe, 1948b: 299 (w.).
    • Status as species: Donisthorpe, 1948b: 299; Donisthorpe, 1948g: 133; Donisthorpe, 1949b: 491; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 65.
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 307; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 518.
  • quadridentata. Ponera quadridentata Smith, F. 1859a: 143 (q.) INDONESIA (Aru Is).
    • Type-material: holotype queen.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Aru Is, “Aru” (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Roger, 1860: 285 (w.); Emery, 1900c: 315 (m.).
    • Combination in Pachycondyla (Pseudoponera): Emery, 1900c: 314;
    • combination in Euponera (Trachymesopus): Emery, 1911d: 85.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1860: 285 (redescription); Roger, 1863b: 16; Mayr, 1863: 450; Smith, F. 1865: 70; Smith, F. 1871a: 322.
    • Subspecies of stigma: Emery, 1897d: 552; Emery, 1900c: 314; Forel, 1901b: 8; Dahl, 1901: 19; Emery, 1901g: 566; Emery, 1911b: 531; Emery, 1911d: 85; Santschi, 1919a: 326; Mann, 1919: 291; Mann, 1921: 414; Wheeler, W.M. & Chapman, 1925: 68; Karavaiev, 1926d: 419; Santschi, 1928a: 43; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 454; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 12; Santschi, 1937h: 363; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 66; Baltazar, 1966: 245.
    • Material of the unavailable name myopa referred here by Roger, 1860: 285.
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Roger, 1862c: 288; Roger, 1863b: 16; Emery, 1887b: 434; Dalla Torre, 1893: 42; Forel, 1895b: 116; Forel, 1899c: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 124; Emery, 1911d: 85; Santschi, 1913h: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1919d: 302; Borgmeier, 1923: 72; Creighton, 1950a: 46; Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, M.R. 1967: 347; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 22; Kempf, 1972a: 251; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 308; Terayama, 2009: 104; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
  • rufescens. Euponera (Trachymesopus) stigma var. rufescens Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 13 (w.q.) HAITI.
    • Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 518), 2 paralectotype workers, 1 paralectotype queen.
    • [Note: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 518, also mention 3 syntype workers in AMNH. Original syntype series contained 9 workers, 1 queen.]
    • Type-locality: lectotype Haiti: Lake Assuei, Manneville, 1912-13 (W.M. Mann); paralectotypes with same data.
    • Type-depository: MCZC.
    • Combination in Trachymesopus: Kempf, 1972a: 251;
    • combination in Pachycondyla: Brown, in Bolton, 1995b: 309.
    • Subspecies of stigma: Kempf, 1972a: 251; Bolton, 1995b: 309.
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 519.
  • sexdentatus. Euponera (Trachymesopus) sexdentatus Donisthorpe, 1949c: 746 (w.) NEW GUINEA (Indonesia).
    • Type-material: 3 syntype workers.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Irian Jaya (“Dutch New Guinea”), Maffin Bay, 20.vi.1944 (E.S. Ross).
    • Type-depository: CASC.
    • Junior synonym of stigma: Wilson, 1958d: 355; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1340; Bolton, 1995b: 309; Mackay & Mackay, 2010: 518.

Type Material

South America; Colombia; New Guinea; New Guinea, Donisthorpe; Antilles: Saint Vincent; Haiti, Lago Assuei near Manneville. lectotype worker, 2 paralectotype workers, 1 paralectotype female designated, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3 syntype workers seen, American Museum of Natural History (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Ponera quadridentata

Holotype alate queen in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Aru” (= Aru I., New Guinea) and with a Donisthorpe type-label.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The worker of this species is easily recognized as the mandible has only 6 teeth. Workers are small (total length 5 mm) dark reddish brown with paler brown appendages. The eyes are tiny (maximum diameter 0.07 mm) and located approximately two diameters from the anterior margin of the head (side view). The scapes extend to the posterior lateral corners of the head. The dorsum of the mesosoma is nearly flat (in profile) with the promesonotal suture weakly depressed and the metanotal suture more strongly depressed below the level of the mesosoma. The side of the propodeum is depressed near the posterior edge of the mesopleuron with the side forming a sharp edge with the posterior face of the propodeum. The petiole is narrow when viewed in profile with the anterior and posterior faces meeting at the apex in a blunt angle. The subpetiolar process is blunt and rounded both anteriorly and posteriorly. The anterior border of the postpetiole is slightly concave and is abruptly rounded into the dorsal face. Erect hairs are abundant on most surfaces, including the mandibles, the dorsal surface of the head, the scapes, the dorsum of the mesosoma, the legs, the petiole and all surfaces of the gaster. Golden appressed pubescence is found on most surfaces.

The head, mesosoma and gaster are mostly dull and covered with fine punctures, the mandibles are striate and moderately shining.

Queen

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The female is similar to the worker, except slightly larger (about 7 mm total length) with well-developed ocelli and the mesosoma adapted for flight. The mandible has 6 well-developed teeth and the clypeus is separated into two sections horizontally by a horizontal fold. The eyes are relatively large (maximum diameter 0.36 mm) located about one third of the maximum diameter from the anterior border of the head (side view). The scapes extend slightly past the posterior lateral corner. The petiole is similar in shape to that of the worker and the subpetiolar process is rounded both anteriorly and posteriorly.

Erect hairs are present on the mandibles, clypeus, shaft of the scape, posterior margin of the head, dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head, mesosoma, petiole and gaster. The legs have few erect and suberect hairs. Most surfaces are covered with a fine dense golden pubescence, which is slightly raised from the surface.

The mandibles are smooth and glossy with fine striae and scattered punctures, the remainder of the surfaces are dull and finely punctate, the gaster is weakly shining.

Male

From Mackay and Mackay (2010): The male (undescribed) is small (total length about 5 - 6 millimeters). The mandibles are very tiny and mostly hidden when closed. The horizontal carina on the clypeus is barely developed. The eyes are intermediate in size (maximum length 0.45 mm) located about 1/5 of the maximum diameter from the anterior border of the head (side view). The scape is short (0.15 mm) and the pedicel is even shorter (0.05 mm). The ocelli are well developed. The petiole and the subpetiolar process are similar to those of the worker.

Erect and suberect hairs are present on the clypeus, sides of the heads, posterior margin, dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head, mesosoma, petiole and all surfaces of the gaster; there are few erect or suberect hairs on the legs. Fine golden appressed pubescence is presence on most surfaces, but is very sparse as compared to the female.

Most surfaces are covered with coriaceous sculpture, but many regions are at least moderately shining, especially the side of the mesosoma, petiole and gaster.

Karyotype

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • 2n = 12, karyotype = 12M (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2012) (as Pachycondyla stigma).
  • n = 7, 2n = 14, karyotype = 10M+4SM (Brazil) (Correia et al., 2016).
  • 2n = 12, karyotype = 12M (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2007) (as Pachycondyla stigma).
  • 2n = 14, karyotype = 14M (Brazil) (Aguiar et al., 2020).
  • n = 7, 2n = 14, karyotype = 12M + 2A (Brazil) (Mariano et al., 2011; Mariano et al., 2015).

Etymology

The name of this species is based on the Greek word stigma, meaning mark or spot, possibly referring to the stigma on the wing of the female. (Mackay and Mackay 2010)

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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