Pheidole bicarinata

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Pheidole bicarinata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Attini
Genus: Pheidole
Species: P. bicarinata
Binomial name
Pheidole bicarinata
Mayr, 1870

Pheidole-bicarinata-MCZ001L.jpg

Pheidole-bicarinata-MCZ001D.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms

From Wilson (2003): P. bicarinata is highly adaptable across its range in both habitat and nest site. In Colorado, Gregg (1963) recorded bicarinata between 1000 and 2100 m, nesting in rotten logs as well as various types of soil beneath stones. The habitats occupied were very diverse, comprising pinyon-cedar and mixed deciduous woodland, canyon-bottom meadows, shortgrass prairie, and sagebrush desert. In Utah and Nevada, bicarinata occurs from sagebrush desert to montane woodland, nesting under stones and pieces of wood, as well as crater nests in open soil (Ingham 1959, 1963; Cole 1966b; Allred and Cole 1979). In western Texas, it has been found in xeric habitats in open soil and under stones, cow dung, a bale of hay, and in cracks in asphalt. Beck et al., studying scavenging ants of Utah, observed workers feeding on dead rodents. Males were found in one Colorado nest in early July. In the eastern United States the species favors sandy soils with some clay content. It is often abundant in open, disturbed grassy areas, such as lawns, golf courses, and abandoned fields (Stefan Cover, personal communication). It is omnivorous in diet, and regularly harvests seeds. Diana E. Wheeler and Frederik Nijhout used bicarinata in their pioneering studies to demonstrate the role of juvenile hormone in the determination of the major and minor subcastes; they traced development through four larval instars (see Wheeler 1991).

Identification

Mackay and Mackay (2002) - For co-occuring Pheidole species in New Mexico, Pheidole bicarinata is difficult to separate from Pheidole cerebrosior. It differs in that the vertex of the head of the minor worker is smooth and polished, or finely, transversely striolate, whereas the vertex of P. cerebrosior is densely punctate. There is a considerable amount of variation in the sculpturing of the vertex of the minor worker, and it is often difficult to identify a series, as different workers may have characteristics of both species. Pheidole bicarinata could be confused with Pheidole marcidula, but can be separated as the minor lacks the clavate hairs on the dorsum of the mesosoma.

See the description in the nomenclature section.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

New Jersey to northern Florida and west through Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas to Utah and Nevada. (Wilson 2003)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 45.885° to 19.942°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States (type locality).

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Habitat

This species has a preference for open sites with sandy soils and habitats that are at the moister end of dry (e.g., grasslands and valley bottoms in arid areas), at least in the west. It also inhabitats sites that have some but not all of these characteristics. Gregg (1963) stated Pheidole bicarinata in Colorado was a Sonoran Zone species. In the eastern US (Carter, 1962; Wilson 2003) this ant is common in fields and open grassy locations, including in ruderal sites (sidewalks, lawns, and along the shoulder of roads).

Biology

Nesting Habits

Nests are found underneath ground-covering objects, within rotten downed wood, or in open ground with a small crater mound. Mounds are typically incomplete, resembling a wedge or crescent.

Colony Attributes

Colonies are small, often just a few hundred workers.

Foraging/Diet

Seeds are collected and may be stored in underground granaries that are part of the nest. Workers also visit extraflora nectories.

Regional Notes

New Mexico

Mackay and Mackay (2002) - Occurs in grasslands (including arid sites with yuccas), scrub oak, pine and cedar, pinyon-juniper forests, oak forests, ponderosa pine forests. Pheidole bicarinata nests in rotten logs, as well as in the soil and under objects (especially stones) in grassy areas with fine sand. Brood was found in nests in March and August. They are attracted to baits on the soil surface (Vienna sausage). This species is the host of Solenopsis molesta.

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Aphis asclepiadis (a trophobiont) (Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Thecabius populimonilis (a trophobiont) (Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema coloradensis (a parasite) (Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This species is a host for the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the cestode Raillietina georgiensis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the cestode Raillietina loeweni (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the cestode Raillietina tetragona (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).

The general biology of Eucharitid wasps are summarized nicely here (Lachaud, J., Cerdan, P. and Pérez-Lachaud, G. 2012 - see the original paper for the citations indicated by the numerals doi:10.1155/2012/393486):

"Within Hymenoptera, the family Eucharitidae (subdivided in three subfamilies: Oraseminae, Eucharitinae, and the Indo-Pacific Gollumiellinae) is the most numerous and diverse group of ant parasitoids [1, 2]. All of the members of this family have a highly modified life cycle [3–6]. Unlike most parasitic wasp species, eucharitid females deposit their eggs away from hosts, in or on plant tissue [2, 7]. The active first instar larva, termed planidium, is responsible for gaining access to the host ant larvae by using various phoretic behaviors including either attachment to an intermediate host (most often a potential ant prey) or to foraging ant workers, with on occasion the presence of attractive substances in or on the eggs [2, 8]. Within the nest, planidia attach themselves to ant larvae, but development is only completed when the host pupates [6, 7, 9, 10]. In almost all of the cases, adults emerge among ant brood (but see [11]) and have to leave the host nest to reproduce. Ants show only moderate aggression to newly emerged eucharitids [7, 12–17] and transport them outside as if they were refuse [11, 15, 17], ultimately enhancing wasp dispersal. Parasitism is very variable and localized in time and space [13, 18, 19]. A very high local prevalence may lead to only a very low impact at the regional scale, suggesting that these parasitoids do not have a major influence on the dynamics of their host population [19]. However, they constitute a remarkable example of both host-parasitoid coevolution and host behavior manipulation."

Other Insects

The two Oresema sp. wasps shown below were found by Stefan Cover with a colony of P. bicarinata in Arizona (Specimen Labels).

Cestoda

  • This species is a host for the cestode Raillietina georgiensis (a parasite) in Georgia, United States (Muir, 1954; Laciny, 2021) (as Pheidole vinelandica).

Fungi

  • This species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a pathogen) in United States (Pereira, 2004; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: monogynous (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)

Castes

Minor Worker

Mcz-ent00668739 Pheidole bicarinata minor hef.jpgMcz-ent00668739 Pheidole bicarinata minor hal.jpgMcz-ent00668739 Pheidole bicarinata minor had.jpgMcz-ent00668739 Pheidole bicarinata minor lbs.JPG
Worker (minor). . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Pheidole bicarinata MCZ001 minor H.jpgPheidole bicarinata MCZ001 minor L.jpgPheidole bicarinata MCZ001 minor D.jpg
Worker (minor). . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Pheidole bicarinata casent0102869 head 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0102869 profile 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0102869 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0102869 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0102869. Photographer Jen Fogarty, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Pheidole bicarinata casent0104283 head 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0104283 profile 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0104283 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0104283 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0104283. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Pheidole bicarinata casent0005750 head 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0005750 profile 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0005750 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0005750 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0005750. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.

Major Worker

Mcz-ent00668763 Pheidole bicarinata major hef.jpgMcz-ent00668763 Pheidole bicarinata major hal.jpgMcz-ent00668763 Pheidole bicarinata major had.jpgMcz-ent00668763 Pheidole bicarinata major lbs.JPG
Worker (major). . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Pheidole-bicarinata-MCZ001H.jpgPheidole-bicarinata-MCZ001L.jpgPheidole-bicarinata-MCZ001D.jpgPheidole-bicarinata-MCZ001Label.jpg
Worker (major). . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Pheidole bicarinata casent0102868 head 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0102868 profile 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0102868 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0102868 label 1.jpg
Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0102868. Photographer Jen Fogarty, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Pheidole bicarinata casent0005749 head 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0005749 profile 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0005749 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0005749 label 1.jpg
Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0005749. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.
Pheidole bicarinata casent0104282 head 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0104282 profile 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0104282 dorsal 1.jpgPheidole bicarinata casent0104282 label 1.jpg
Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0104282. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Queen

Mcz-ent00668769 Pheidole bicarinata queen hef.jpgMcz-ent00668769 Pheidole bicarinata queen hal.jpgMcz-ent00668769 Pheidole bicarinata queen had.jpgMcz-ent00668769 Pheidole bicarinata queen lbs.JPG
Queen. . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Pheidole bicarinata queen H MCZ001.jpgPheidole bicarinata queen L MCZ001.jpgPheidole bicarinata queen D MCZ001.jpg
Queen. . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Male

Mcz-ent00668767 Pheidole bicarinata male hef.jpgMcz-ent00668767 Pheidole bicarinata male hal.jpgMcz-ent00668767 Pheidole bicarinata male had.jpgMcz-ent00668767 Pheidole bicarinata male lbs.JPG
Male. . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Pheidole bicarinata male Ha MCZ001.jpgPheidole bicarinata male L MCZ001.jpgPheidole bicarinata male D MCZ001.jpg
Male. . Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • bicarinata. Pheidole bicarinata Mayr, 1870b: 989 (s.) U.S.A. Senior synonym of hayesi: Creighton, 1950a: 171; of longula, vinelandica (and its junior synonyms buccalis, laeviuscula, nebrascensis): Wilson, 2003: 561.
  • vinelandica. Pheidole bicarinata r. vinelandica Forel, 1886b: xlv (s.w.q.m.) U.S.A. Combination in P. (Allopheidole): Forel, 1912f: 237. Raised to species: Mayr, 1886d: 458; Dalla Torre, 1893: 97; Naves, 1985: 66. Subspecies of bicarinata: Creighton, 1950a: 172; Gregg, 1959: 18. Senior synonym of laeviuscula: Creighton, 1950a: 172; of buccalis, nebrascensis: Gregg, 1959: 18. Junior synonym of bicarinata: Wilson, 2003: 561.
  • laeviuscula. Pheidole vinelandica subsp. laeviuscula Emery, 1895c: 292 (s.w.) U.S.A. Junior synonym of vinelandica: Creighton, 1950a: 172.
  • longula. Pheidole vinelandica var. longula Emery, 1895c: 292 (s.w.) U.S.A. Subspecies of bicarinata: Creighton, 1950a: 171; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1367. Raised to species: Cole, 1956c: 114. Junior synonym of bicarinata: Wilson, 2003: 561.
  • buccalis. Pheidole vinelandica subsp. buccalis Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 454 (s.w.q.) U.S.A. Subspecies of bicarinata: Creighton, 1950a: 171. Material of the unavailable name castanea referred here by Creighton, 1950a: 171; of the unavailable name huachucana referred here by Smith, M.R. 1958c: 120. Junior synonym of vinelandica: Gregg, 1959: 18; of bicarinata: Cole, 1956c: 114; Wilson, 2003: 561.
  • hayesi. Pheidole hayesi Smith, M.R. 1924: 251 (s.w.) U.S.A. Junior synonym of bicarinata: Creighton, 1950a: 171.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

From Wilson (2003): DIAGNOSIS A member of the “bicarinata complex” belonging to the larger pilifera group and comprising Pheidole agricola, Pheidole aurea, Pheidole bajaensis, Pheidole barbata, Pheidole bicarinata, Pheidole centeotl, Pheidole cerebrosior, Pheidole ceres, Pheidole defecta, Pheidole macclendoni, Pheidole marcidula, Pheidole paiute, Pheidole pinealis, Pheidole psammophila, Pheidole xerophila, Pheidole yaqui and Pheidole yucatana, which complex is characterized by large to very large, forward-set eyes, especially in the minor; and in the major, the occipital lobes lacking any sculpturing (exception: aurea), the posterior half of the head capsule smooth and shiny, and the postpetiole from above oval, elliptical, or laterally angulate (conulate in cerebrosior). P. bicarinata is distinguished within the subgroup by the following combination of traits.

Major: humerus in dorsal-oblique view dentate to subangulate; propodeal spine moderately long and stout; petiolar node in side view tapered; lateral margins of postpetiolar node seen from about acute-angular; anterior fringe of pronotal dorsum transversely carinulate, remainder mostly smooth and shiny; lateral margins of pronotal dorsum carinulate or not; mesonotal dorsum foveolate and opaque to mostly smooth and shiny; dorsum of propodeum foveolate and opaque and carinulate or not.

Minor: humerus in dorsal-oblique view obtusely subangulate; petiole variable in size and shape, from small and equilaterally triangular to moderately elongate. P. bicarinata is a taxonomically difficult species (or, possibly, complex of closely similar species). It is highly variable, especially geographically, in propodeal and pronotal sculpturing, and as suggested above, in development of the propodeal spine, and in color. The variation among different characters is discordant to some degree, and intermediates within the respective characters occur. I believe it prudent for the present to leave the described infraspecific forms as a single species (I am indebted to Philip S. Ward for valuable information and advice on the variation and status of bicarinata).

MEASUREMENTS (mm) Major (Brown Co. State Park, Indiana): HW 1.04, HL 1.14, SL 0.54, EL 0.14, PW 0.52. Minor (Brown Co. State Park): HW 0.54, HL 0.58, SL 0.50, EL 0.12, PW 0.34.

COLOR Major: body varying geographically, from clear yellow in the western parts of the range to brownish yellow to dark brown in the east.

Minor: clear yellow to medium brown.


Pheidole bicarinata Wilson 2003.jpg

Figure. Upper: “typical” bicarinata major. Lower: “typical” bicarinata minor. INDIANA: Brown County State Park, col. E. O. Wilson. (Lower propodeum is of “vinelandica” variant major from Calvert Cliffs State Park, Calvert Co., Maryland; see description of other variation in Diagnosis and Color.) Scale bars = 1 mm.

Type Material

USA. Illinois, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna - as reported in Wilson (2003)

Etymology

L bicarinata, double-ridged, two-carinal, possibly referring to the carinae of the clypeus. (Wilson 2003)

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Albrecht M. 1995. New Species Distributions of Ants in Oklahoma, including a South American Invader. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 75: 21-24.
  • Allred D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. The Great Basin Naturalist 42: 415-511.
  • Allred, D.M. 1982. The ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511.
  • Beck D. E., D. M. Allred, W. J. Despain. 1967. Predaceous-scavenger ants in Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 27: 67-78
  • Beckmann R. L., and J. M. Stucky. 1981. Extrafloral Nectaries and Plant Guarding in Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany 68(1): 72-79.
  • Bestelmeyer B. T., and J. A. Wiens. 2001. Local and regional-scale responses of ant diversity to a semiarid biome transition. Ecography 24: 381-392.
  • Buczkowski G., and D. S. Richmond. 2012. The Effect of Urbanization on Ant Abundance and Diversity: A Temporal Examination of Factors Affecting Biodiversity. PLoS ONE 7(8): e41729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041729
  • Buren W. F. 1944. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College Journal of Science 18:277-312
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  • Carroll T. M. 2011. The ants of Indiana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Master's Thesis Purdue university, 385 pages.
  • Cole A. C. 1940. A Guide to the Ants of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. American Midland Naturalist 24(1): 1-88.
  • Cole A. C., Jr. 1956. Observations of some members of the genus Pheidole in the southwestern United States with synonymy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 31: 112-118.
  • Coovert G. A. 2005. The Ants of Ohio (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ohio Biological Survey, Inc. 15(2): 1-207.
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  • Cover S. P., and R. A. Johnson. 20011. Checklist of Arizona Ants. Downloaded on January 7th at http://www.asu.edu/clas/sirgtools/AZants-2011%20updatev2.pdf
  • Davis W. T., and J. Bequaert. 1922. An annoted list of the ants of Staten Island and Long Island, N. Y. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 17(1): 1-25.
  • Del Toro, I. 2010. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION. MUSEUM RECORDS COLLATED BY ISRAEL DEL TORO
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  • Deyrup M. 2016. Ants of Florida: identification and natural history. CRC Press, 423 pages.
  • Deyrup, M. 2003. An updated list of Florida ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist 86(1):43-48.
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1000
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1001
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1002
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1003
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1004
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1005
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1006
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1007
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1008
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1009
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1010
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1011
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1012
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1013
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1014
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1015
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1016
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-1017
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-959
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-960
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-961
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-962
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-963
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-964
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-965
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-966
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-967
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-968
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-969
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-970
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-971
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-972
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-973
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-974
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-975
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-976
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-977
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-978
  • DuBois M. B. 1985. Distribution of ants in Kansas: subfamilies Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 11: 153-979
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