Pheidole flavens

Pheidole flavens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Pheidole
Species:	P. flavens
Binomial name
	Pheidole flavens; Roger, 1863 Specimen Label
Subspecies
	Pheidole flavens farquharensis Forel, 1907; Pheidole flavens thomensis Emery, 1894;
Synonyms
	Pheidole exigua tuberculata Mayr, 1887; Pheidole flavens gracilior Forel, 1901; Pheidole flavens haytiana Forel, 1907; Pheidole flavens spei Santschi, 1930; Pheidole flavens vincentensis Forel, 1893; Pheidole floridana aechmeae Wheeler, W.M., 1934; Pheidole greggi Naves, 1985;

The wide range and abundance of Pheidole flavens is due at least in part to its ability to use different microhabitats as nesting sites. Judging from the extensive data of H. H. Smith (in Forel 1893j) on St. Vincent and J. T. Longino (1997) in Costa Rica, as well as my own collecting records, flavens prefers rotting pieces of wood, but also utilizes spaces beneath the bark of trees, dead knots on tree trunks, sod on rocks, the soil beneath stones, and epiphyte masses. On St. Vincent it occurred (in the early 1890s at least) in forests and thickets from sea level to 900 m, and in Costa Rica it is found today in both wet and dry forests. The nest galleries are diffuse and irregular, the queens hard to find, and mature colonies large, containing up to thousands of workers. Workers collect small arthropods: a captive colony from Trinidad I maintained for over a year eagerly harvested live oribatid mites, and the workers had no difficulty abrading through their hard, smooth exoskeletons. Workers also recruit to sugar baits. (Wilson 2003)

At a Glance

• Limited invasive

Identification

See the description in the nomenclature section.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Pheidole flavens rivals Pheidole jelskii as the most widespread and abundant species of the genus in the New World. Or, put more cautiously, this species or (possibly) this tightly knit group of sibling species I have considered to be the single species flavens has this distinction. It ranges from Florida, where it likely was introduced accidentally by commerce and is relatively uncommon in Dade, Monroe, Collier, and Palm Beach counties (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.), thence throughout the West Indies, Central America, and most of tropical and subtropical South America as far south as Santa Catarina in Brazil. P. flavens colonies are easily transported by human agency, especially as hitchhikers in nursery stock, as witness the synonymous “var. gracilior” and “var. navigans,” described by Auguste Forel from intercepted live ants in the German quarantine. I collected specimens from a thriving colony in a potted plant from Florida that had been transported to the office of the president of the World Wildlife Fund-U.S. in Washington, D.C. (at first I considered it a new sibling species but have since decided to place it within the broad variation of flavens). Even Forel’s “variety farquharensis” from Madagascar, whose types I have not been able to locate, is almost certainly, if it is truly flavens, to have the same provenance. (Wilson 2003)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 23.133° to -64.36°.


North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Malagasy Region: Madagascar.
Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (type locality), Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Greater Antilles, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Biology

Wheeler (1905), Bahamas - My specimens were taken from several colonies found under stones and in and under old palmetto logs on Andros (Nicholl's Town and Crawl Creek) and on New Providence (Nassau, Fort Charlotte, West Bay) Islands.

Deyrup, Davis & Cover (2000) found this species usually occurred in dry or mesic woods, but can be in a variety of disturbed habitats. Often nests in dry rotten wood. Probably a predator of small arthropods and a scavenger.

Flight Period

				X
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.
Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema costaricensis (a parasite) (Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Kempf, 1972; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).

Castes

Images provided by the Museum of Comparative Zoology and California Academy of Sciences

Worker

Minor


.

Major

Images from AntWeb


Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0104398. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.


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Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0173263. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.


Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0178020. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.

Queen

Images from AntWeb


Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0104399. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.


Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173262. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.


Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0178021. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

flavens. Pheidole flavens Roger, 1863a: 198 (s.w.q.) CUBA. Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 92 (m.). Senior synonym of aechmeae, gracilior, greggi, haytiana, navigans, spei, tuberculata, vincentensis: Wilson, 2003: 419.
tuberculata. Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata Mayr, 1887: 585 (s.) BRAZIL. Subspecies of flavens: Emery, 1894c: 157. Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.
vincentensis. Pheidole flavens var. vincentensis Forel, 1893g: 411 (s.w.q.m.) ANTILLES. Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.
gracilior. Pheidole flavens r. gracilior Forel, 1901h: 78 (s.w.q.) GERMANY (intercepted in quarantine, from West Indies). Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.
haytiana. Pheidole flavens var. haytiana Forel, 1907e: 6 (w.) HAITI. Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 24 (s.q.m.). Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.
spei. Pheidole flavens st. spei Santschi, 1930e: 77 (s.w.) CUBA. Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.
aechmeae. Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae Wheeler, W.M. 1934g: 166 (s.w.) MEXICO. Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.
greggi. Pheidole greggi Naves, 1985: 62, figs. 21, 45, 57 (s.w.) U.S.A. Junior synonym of flavens: Wilson, 2003: 419.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

From Wilson (2003): An extremely abundant, widespread species belonging to a complex of small, yellow, closely similar species that also includes Pheidole asperithorax, Pheidole breviscapa (=Pheidole perpusilla), Pheidole cardiella, Pheidole exigua, Pheidole goeldii, Pheidole kuna, Pheidole mittermeieri, Pheidole moerens, Pheidole nitidicollis, Pheidole nuculiceps, Pheidole pholeops, Pheidole striaticeps and Pheidole trinitatis. P. flavens differs from them in the following combination of traits.

Major: a shallow, relatively indistinct antennal scrobe present, its surface foveolate and opaque; weak rugoreticula often present mesad to the eyes and at the posterior end of the carinulae on the lateral dorsal surface of the head, which are variable in extent and sometimes absent; carinulae along the midline of the dorsum of the head reaching the occipital border but occipital lobes seen in full face view smooth and shiny; humeri usually with a small patch of rugoreticulum; lateral margins of pronotal dorsum also lined with short transverse carinulae; propodeal spine well-developed; postpetiolar node from above roughly trapezoidal; most of dorsal surface of head, all of mesosoma, and sides of waist foveolate and opaque.

Minor: carinulae limited to space mesad to antennal fossa and occasionally also to the frontal lobes and frontal triangle; all of head and mesosoma and sides of waist foveolate and opaque; dorsum of waist and all of gaster smooth and shiny; occiput broad and shallowly concave.

P. flavens is easily confused with P. exiqua and P. moerens, also widespread and abundant species; see the differences under Diagnosis of those species in particular.

MEASUREMENTS (mm) Neotype major: HW 0.72, HL 0.74, SL 0.42, EL 0.08, PW 0.32. Paraneotype minor: HW 0.34, HL 0.42, SL 0.34, EL 0.06, PW 0.24.

COLOR Major and minor: medium to dark yellow.

Figure. Upper: neotype, major. Lower: paraneotype, minor . Scale bars = 1 mm.

Type Material

CUBA: Barrajagua, Las Villas, col. E. O. Wilson. Museum of Comparative Zoology; The neotype was selected after searches in collections containing Roger material failed to turn up the original types. The neotype, from the same country as the Roger type, fits the general concept of flavens held by systematists. (Wilson 2003)

Etymology

L flavens = yellow.

References

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