Tetramorium

Tetramorium
Tetramorium caespitum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Crematogastrini
Genus:	Tetramorium Mayr, 1855
Type species
Formica caespitum, now Tetramorium caespitum
Diversity
595 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) Tetramorium caespitum Specimen Label
Synonyms
Acidomyrmex Emery, 1915 Apomyrmex Calilung, 2000 Anergates Forel, 1874 Atopula Emery, 1912 Decamorium Forel, 1913 Hagioxenus Forel, 1910 Ireneella Donisthorpe, 1941 Lobomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941 Macromischoides Wheeler, W.M., 1920 Rhoptromyrmex Mayr, 1901 Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950 Tetrogmus Roger, 1857 Triglyphothrix Forel, 1890 Xiphomyrmex Forel, 1887

Evolutionary Relationships

Rostromyrmex Cardiocondyla Ocymyrmex Nesomyrmex Xenomyrmex Terataner Atopomyrmex Cataulacus Carebara Diplomorium Melissotarsus Rhopalomastix Calyptomyrmex Tetramorium Cyphoidris Dicroaspis Aretidris Vollenhovia Dacetinops Indomyrma Crematogaster Meranoplus Lophomyrmex Adlerzia Recurvidris Stereomyrmex Trichomyrmex Eutetramorium Royidris Malagidris Vitsika Huberia Podomyrma Liomyrmex Metapone Kartidris Mayriella Tetheamyrma Dacatria Proatta Dilobocondyla Secostruma Acanthomyrmex Myrmecina Perissomyrmex Pristomyrmex some Lordomyrma Propodilobus Lasiomyrma [some Lordomyrma Ancyridris some Lordomyrma Paratopula Poecilomyrma Romblonella Rotastruma Gauromyrmex Vombisidris Temnothorax Harpagoxenus Formicoxenus Leptothorax

Based on Ward et al. (2014) and Blaimer et al. (2018).

Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - Distributed worldwide with its diversity approaching 600 species. The Afrotropical region holds the largest number of forms with more than 220 described species (Bolton, 1976; Bolton, 1980; Hita Garcia et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). Members of this genus can be found in many habitats from humid rainforests to arid savannahs and deserts and in different strata from the ground and leaf litter layer to the high forest canopy (Bolton, 1980). Most species seem to be predaceous although some, such as the Kenyan savannah species Tetramorium rothschildi, are known to be granivorous.

Photo Gallery

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Identification

Antennal count for most species is 12 segments. There are a fair number of species with 11 segments and even a few with 10.

Tetramorium is a diverse genus that has had many species organized into species groups.

• Tetramorium species groups
• Afrotropical Tetramorium species groups

Keys including this Genus

• Key to Australian Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to Vietnamese Myrmicinae Genera
• Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico

Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus

• Key to Malagasy Tetramorium species groups
• Afrotropical Tetramorium weitzeckeri species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium species groups

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to Australian Tetramorium Species
• Key to Tetramorium bessonii-group species
• Key to Tetramorium bonibony-group species
• Key to Tetramorium dysalum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium marginatum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium tortuosum-group species
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium capillosum species complex
• Key to US Tetramorium species
• Key to Tetramorium naganum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium plesiarum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium cognatum species complex
• Key to Tetramorium schaufussii species complex
• Key to Tetramorium weitzeckeri species complex
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium decem species group
• Key to Arabian Tetramorium
• Key to Tetramorium of India
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium weitzeckeri-group species
• Key to Tetramorium ferox species complex workers
• Key to Tetramorium ferox species complex queens
• Key to Tetramorium tortuosum-group species of the New World
• Key to Tetramorium species groups of Kakamega, Kenya
• Key to Tetramorium chefketi species-complex workers
• Key to Tetramorium chefketi species-complex queens
• Key to Tetramorium striativentre species-group
• Key to Tetramorium striativentre species-group males
• Key to Tetramorium of the southwestern Australian Botanical Province
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium aculeatum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium shiloense species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium globulinode species
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium ericae osiris inezulae gabonensis species groups
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium angulinode species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium convexum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium simillimum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium bicarinatum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium flabellum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium camerunense species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium dumezi species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium capense species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium grassii species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium quadridentatum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium sericeiventre species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium setigerum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium solidum species group (Outdated)
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium squaminode species group
• Key to Tetramorium of Hispaniola
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium solidum species group
• Key to Tetramorium inglebyi-group species
• Key to Indian Tetramorium tonganum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium species groups of India
• Key to parasitic Tetramorium species
• Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex workers
• Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex queens
• Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex males

Distribution

One of the most species-rich ant genera (> 400 species), Tetramorium are found in the Afrotropical, Malagasy, Palaearctic, Oriental, and Indo-Australian regions. A few species, mostly non-native, are also found in the New World. Their largest center of diversity is in the Afrotropical region where there are more than 220 described species (Hita Garcia et al. 2010).

Biology

Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - In Vietnam Tetramorium species inhabit various habitats such as open lands, grasslands, forest edges and well-developed forests. Their nests are usually found in rotting logs, twigs, wood fragments, under stones and in soil. Workers forage mainly on the ground.

Association with Other Organisms

Species Uncertain

An unknown species of Tetramorium is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" (Heraty 1990; Baker et al., 2019).

Unknown species are hosts for the ectoparasitic mites Caesarodispus khaustovi, Formicomotes octipes and Petalomium crinitus in Iran (Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015; Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020).

An unknown species is host for nymphs of the cricket Myrmecophilus ochraceus (Stalling & Cassar, 2020).

All Associate Records for Genus

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Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Tetramorium	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus ochraceus	myrmecophile	Mediterranean region	Stalling & Cassar, 2020	nymphs
Tetramorium	host	eucharitid wasp	Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri"	parasite		Heraty 1990; Baker et al., 2019	primary host
Tetramorium	host	mite	Caesarodispus khaustovi	parasite	Iran	Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015	ectoparasite
Tetramorium	host	mite	Formicomotes octipes	parasite	Iran	Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020	ectoparasite
Tetramorium	host	mite	Petalomium crinitus	parasite	Iran	Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020	ectoparasite
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium caespitum	host
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium chefketi	host		Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium impurum	host
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium moravicum	host		Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Wilson 1971; Martin et al. 2007
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	slave maker
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline
Tetramorium caespitum	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Tetramorium caespitum	host	mite	Petalomium nataliae	parasite	Iran	Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020	ectoparasite
Tetramorium caespitum	host	nematode	Oscheius dolichurus	parasite		Wahab, 1962
Tetramorium chefketi	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline		Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	butterfly	Lampides boeticus			Obregon et al. 2015
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	butterfly	Leptotes pirithous			Obregon et al. 2015
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	butterfly	Tomares ballus			Obregon et al. 2015
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus alpinus	slave maker		Wagner et al. 2017
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	slave maker		Wagner et al., 2017
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline
Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium caespitum	host
Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium impurum	host
Tetramorium kutteri	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium sp.	host
Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium sepositum	host
Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium sericeiventre	host
Tetramorium moravicum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline		Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012
Tetramorium pacificum	prey	tiger beetle	Cicindela duponti	predator	Western Ghats, India	Sinu et al., 2006
Tetramorium semilaeve	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Tetramorium sepositum	host	ant	Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline
Tetramorium sericeiventre	host	ant	Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline
Tetramorium tsushimae	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus tetramorii	myrmecophile	Japan

Life History Traits

• Worker-produced males: absent (Goetsch (1953) cited in Fletcher and Ross (1985); Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (worker ovaries reported to be vestigial or absent)

Castes

Many members of this speciose genera are either known from workers only or from a few queens but mainly workers have been collected. Males are unknown and uncollected for a majority of species.

Morphology

Worker Morphology

• Antennal segment count: 10; 11; 12
• Antennal club: 3
• Palp formula: 4,3; 4,2; 4-3,2; 3,3; 3,2; 2,2
• Total dental count: 6-11
• Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple; 0, 0
• Eyes: present
• Scrobes: present, absent
• Caste: monomorphic, polymorphic in some species
• Sting: present

Male Morphology

 • Antennal segment count 10; 11 • Antennal club absent • Palp formula 4,3; 4,2; 3,3; 3,2 • Total dental count 4-7 • Spur formula 1 simple, 1 simple; 0,0

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

• Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-2): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp2.(ANIC)).
• Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-3): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp3.(ANIC)).
• Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-4): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp4.(ANIC)).
• Tetramorium sp.1: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Triglyphothrix sp. 1).
• Tetramorium sp.1: 2n = 22 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
• Tetramorium sp.2: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Triglyphothrix sp. 2).
• Tetramorium sp.2: 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 35 (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 36 (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 26 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 24 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
• Tetramorium sp.4: 2n = 14 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
• Tetramorium: 2n = 20 (Taiwan) (Hung et al., 1972) (as Xiphomyrmex sp.).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

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Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Tetramorium		14		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Tetramorium		18		Australia	Imai et al., 1977	as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp2.(ANIC)
Tetramorium		18		Australia	Imai et al., 1977	as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp4.(ANIC)
Tetramorium		18		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982	as ''Triglyphothrix'' sp. 2
Tetramorium		20		Australia	Imai et al., 1977	as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp3.(ANIC)
Tetramorium		20		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982	as ''Triglyphothrix'' sp. 1
Tetramorium		20		Sarawak	Tjan et al., 1986
Tetramorium		20		Taiwan	Hung et al., 1972	as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp.
Tetramorium		22		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Tetramorium		24		Sarawak	Tjan et al., 1986
Tetramorium		26		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982
Tetramorium		35		India	Imai et al., 1984
Tetramorium		36		India	Imai et al., 1984
Tetramorium adelphon		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium brevidentatum	10	20		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium caespitum	14		5SM+2ST+7A	Spain	Palomeque et al., 1987; Palomeque et al., 1990b; Lorite et al., 2000
Tetramorium caespitum	14	28		Japan	Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Yosida, 1964
Tetramorium caespitum	14	28		Switzerland	Hauschteck, 1961
Tetramorium eleates		28		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Tetramorium forte	14		4SM+3ST+7A	Spain	Palomeque et al., 1987; Lorite et al., 2000	as ''T. hispanicum''
Tetramorium guineense		22		Japan	Imai, 1969
Tetramorium insolens		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium kheperra		14		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium lanuginosum		14	12M+2A	India	Imai et al., 1984	as ''Triglyphothrix lanuginosa''
Tetramorium pacificum		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium pnyxis		20		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Tetramorium semilaeve	14		4SM+3ST+7A	Spain	Palomeque et al., 1987; Palomeque et al., 1990b; Lorite et al., 2000
Tetramorium seneb		20		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Tetramorium simillimum		14		India	Imai et al., 1984
Tetramorium smithi		26		India	Imai et al., 1984
Tetramorium smithi		26		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium smithi		26		Sarawak	Tjan et al., 1986
Tetramorium spinosum	13	26	26M	USA	Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988
Tetramorium walshi		14	14M	India	Imai et al., 1984	as ''Triglyphothrix walshi''

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• TETRAMORIUM [Myrmicinae: Tetramoriini]
  • Tetramorium Mayr, 1855: 423. Type-species: Formica caespitum, by subsequent designation of Girard, 1879: 1016.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Tetrogmus: Roger, 1862c: 297.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, Xiphomyrmex: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Triglyphothrix: Bolton, 1985: 247.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Apomyrmex: Bolton, 2003: 227, 269.
• ACIDOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
  • Acidomyrmex Emery, 1915i: 191 [as subgenus of Rhoptromyrmex]. Type-species: Rhoptromyrmex wroughtonii, by original designation.
  • Acidomyrmex raised to genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 664, 672.
  • Acidomyrmex junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Brown, 1964c: 11; Bolton, 1986a: 2.
• ANERGATES [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Anergates Forel, 1874: 67 (see also p. 93). Type-species: Myrmica atratula, by monotypy.
  • Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
• APOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Apomyrmex Calilung, 2000: 66. Type-species: Apomyrmex manobo, by original designation.
  • Apomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 2003: 227, 269.
• ATOPULA [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Atopula Emery, 1912b: 104. Type-species: Atopomyrmex nodifer, by original designation.
  • Atopula subgenus of Vollenhovia: Emery, 1912d: 273.
  • Atopula revived status as as genus: Emery, 1914a: 41.
  • Atopula subgenus of Terataner: Arnold, 1952b: 129.
  • Atopula revived status as as genus: Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1985: 257 (anachronism).
  • Atopula junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195 Bolton, 1994: 106.
• DECAMORIUM [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Decamorium Forel, 1913a: 121 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Decamorium) decem, by monotypy.
  • Decamorium raised to genus: Emery, 1914a: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 664, 906.
  • Decamorium junior synonym of Tetramorium: Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2014: 71.
• HAGIOXENUS [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
  • Hagioxenus Forel, 1910a: 8. Type-species: Hagioxenus schmitzi, by monotypy.
  • Hagioxenus junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Bolton, 1986a: 2.
• IRENEELLA [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
  • Ireneella Donisthorpe, 1941i: 175. Type-species: Ireneella papuensis (junior synonym of Tetramorium melleum), by original designation.
  • Ireneella junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Bolton, 1976: 298; Bolton, 1986a: 2.
• LOBOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Lobomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941: 84 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Lobomyrmex) ferox silhavyi (junior synonym of Tetramorium ferox), by monotypy.
  • Lobomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 196.
• MACROMISCHOIDES [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Macromischoides Wheeler, W.M. 1920: 53. Type-species: Macromischa aculeata, by original designation.
• [Macromichoides Santschi, 1924b: 206, incorrect subsequent spelling.]
  • Macromischoides junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 196.
• SULCOMYRMEX [unavailable name]
  • Sulcomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941: 84 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Unavailable name. Proposed without designation of type-species and therefore unavailable. Species included by Kratochvíl (1941) are all referable to Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359.
• RHOPTROMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Rhoptromyrmex Mayr, 1901b: 18. Type-species: Rhoptromyrmex globinodis, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 172.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Acidomyrmex: Brown, 1964c: 11.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Ireneella: Bolton, 1976: 298.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Hagioxenus: Bolton, 1986a: 2.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
• TELEUTOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950: 82. Type-species: Teleutomyrmex schneideri, by original designation.
  • Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
• TETROGMUS [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Tetrogmus Roger, 1857: 10. Type-species: Tetrogmus caldarius, by monotypy.
  • Tetrogmus subgenus of Tetramorium: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 141.
  • Tetrogmus junior synonym of Tetramorium: Roger, 1862c: 297; Bolton, 1976: 359.
• TRIGLYPHOTHRIX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Triglyphothrix Forel, 1890b: cvi. Type-species: Triglyphothrix walshi, by monotypy.
  • Triglyphothrix subgenus of Tetramorium: Arnold, 1917: 274; Arnold, 1926: 272.
  • Triglyphothrix revived status as genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 196; Emery, 1924d: 272; Creighton, 1950a: 285.
  • Triglyphothrix junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1985: 247.
• XIPHOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Xiphomyrmex Forel, 1887: 385 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) kelleri, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 175.
  • Xiphomyrmex subgenus of Tetramorium: Forel, 1899c: 53; Arnold, 1917: 274; Arnold, 1926: 277.
  • Xiphomyrmex raised to genus: Emery, 1895j: 770; Emery, 1914a: 42; Forel, 1917: 245; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 193; Emery, 1924d: 286.
  • Xiphomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bingham, 1903: 175; Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195; Bolton, 1994: 106.

References

• Arnold, G. 1917. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part III. Myrmicinae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 271-402 (page 271, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
• Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
• Baker, A.J., Heraty, J.M., Mottern, J., Hang, J.Z., Hines, H.M., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M. 2019. Inverse dispersal patterns in a group of ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae: Oraseminae) and their ant hosts. Systematic Entomology 45: 1–19 (doi:10.1111/syen.12371).
• Bolton, B. 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 34: 281-379 (page 359, Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, and Xiphomyrmex, page 314,341, Keys to species (former Triglypothrix species))
• Bolton, B. 1977. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Oriental and Indo-Australian regions, and in Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology. 36:67-151. (page 67, Key to species (Oriental, Indo-Australian and Australian))
• Bolton, B. 1979. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and in the New World. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 38: 129-181 (page 129, Key to species (Malagasy and New World))
• Bolton, B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 40: 193-384 (page 195, Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, and Xiphomyrmex, page 193, Key to species (Afrotropical).
• Bolton, B. 1985. The ant genus Triglyphothrix Forel a synonym of Tetramorium Mayr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 19: 243-248 (page 247, Species included in Sulcomyrmex (unavailable) referable to Tetramorium. Tetramorium senior synonym of Triglyphothrix.)
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