Tetramorium
Tetramorium | |
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Tetramorium caespitum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
Genus: | Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 |
Type species | |
Formica caespitum, now Tetramorium caespitum | |
Diversity | |
595 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) | |
Synonyms | |
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Evolutionary Relationships | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Based on Ward et al. (2014) and Blaimer et al. (2018). |
Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - Distributed worldwide with its diversity approaching 600 species. The Afrotropical region holds the largest number of forms with more than 220 described species (Bolton, 1976; Bolton, 1980; Hita Garcia et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). Members of this genus can be found in many habitats from humid rainforests to arid savannahs and deserts and in different strata from the ground and leaf litter layer to the high forest canopy (Bolton, 1980). Most species seem to be predaceous although some, such as the Kenyan savannah species Tetramorium rothschildi, are known to be granivorous.
Contents
Photo Gallery
Identification
Antennal count for most species is 12 segments. There are a fair number of species with 11 segments and even a few with 10.
Tetramorium is a diverse genus that has had many species organized into species groups.
Keys including this Genus
- Key to Australian Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to Vietnamese Myrmicinae Genera
- Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico
Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus
- Key to Malagasy Tetramorium species groups
- Afrotropical Tetramorium weitzeckeri species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium species groups
Keys to Species in this Genus
- Key to Australian Tetramorium Species
- Key to Tetramorium bessonii-group species
- Key to Tetramorium bonibony-group species
- Key to Tetramorium dysalum-group species
- Key to Tetramorium marginatum-group species
- Key to Tetramorium tortuosum-group species
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium capillosum species complex
- Key to US Tetramorium species
- Key to Tetramorium naganum-group species
- Key to Tetramorium plesiarum-group species
- Key to Tetramorium cognatum species complex
- Key to Tetramorium schaufussii species complex
- Key to Tetramorium weitzeckeri species complex
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium decem species group
- Key to Arabian Tetramorium
- Key to Tetramorium of India
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium weitzeckeri-group species
- Key to Tetramorium ferox species complex workers
- Key to Tetramorium ferox species complex queens
- Key to Tetramorium tortuosum-group species of the New World
- Key to Tetramorium species groups of Kakamega, Kenya
- Key to Tetramorium chefketi species-complex workers
- Key to Tetramorium chefketi species-complex queens
- Key to Tetramorium striativentre species-group
- Key to Tetramorium striativentre species-group males
- Key to Tetramorium of the southwestern Australian Botanical Province
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium aculeatum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium shiloense species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium globulinode species
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium ericae osiris inezulae gabonensis species groups
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium angulinode species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium convexum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium simillimum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium bicarinatum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium flabellum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium camerunense species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium dumezi species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium capense species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium grassii species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium quadridentatum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium sericeiventre species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium setigerum species group
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium solidum species group (Outdated)
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium squaminode species group
- Key to Tetramorium of Hispaniola
- Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium solidum species group
- Key to Tetramorium inglebyi-group species
- Key to Indian Tetramorium tonganum-group species
- Key to Tetramorium species groups of India
- Key to parasitic Tetramorium species
- Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex workers
- Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex queens
- Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex males
Distribution
One of the most species-rich ant genera (> 400 species), Tetramorium are found in the Afrotropical, Malagasy, Palaearctic, Oriental, and Indo-Australian regions. A few species, mostly non-native, are also found in the New World. Their largest center of diversity is in the Afrotropical region where there are more than 220 described species (Hita Garcia et al. 2010).
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Biology
Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - In Vietnam Tetramorium species inhabit various habitats such as open lands, grasslands, forest edges and well-developed forests. Their nests are usually found in rotting logs, twigs, wood fragments, under stones and in soil. Workers forage mainly on the ground.
Association with Other Organisms
Species Uncertain
An unknown species of Tetramorium is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" (Heraty 1990; Baker et al., 2019).
Unknown species are hosts for the ectoparasitic mites Caesarodispus khaustovi, Formicomotes octipes and Petalomium crinitus in Iran (Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015; Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020).
All Associate Records for Genus
Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tetramorium | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" | parasite | Heraty 1990; Baker et al., 2019 | primary host | |
Tetramorium | host | mite | Caesarodispus khaustovi | parasite | Iran | Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015 | ectoparasite |
Tetramorium | host | mite | Formicomotes octipes | parasite | Iran | Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020 | ectoparasite |
Tetramorium | host | mite | Petalomium crinitus | parasite | Iran | Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020 | ectoparasite |
Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | |||
Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium chefketi | host | Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012 | ||
Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | |||
Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium moravicum | host | Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012 | ||
Tetramorium caespitum | host | ant | Formicoxenus nitidulus | xenobiont | Wilson 1971; Martin et al. 2007 | ||
Tetramorium caespitum | host | ant | Strongylognathus testaceus | slave maker | |||
Tetramorium caespitum | host | ant | Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | |||
Tetramorium caespitum | host | ant | Tetramorium inquilinum | workerless inquiline | |||
Tetramorium caespitum | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Tetramorium caespitum | host | mite | Petalomium nataliae | parasite | Iran | Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020 | ectoparasite |
Tetramorium caespitum | host | nematode | Oscheius dolichurus | parasite | Wahab, 1962 | ||
Tetramorium chefketi | host | ant | Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012 | ||
Tetramorium forte | mutualist | butterfly | Lampides boeticus | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Tetramorium forte | mutualist | butterfly | Leptotes pirithous | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Tetramorium forte | mutualist | butterfly | Tomares ballus | Obregon et al. 2015 | |||
Tetramorium impurum | host | ant | Strongylognathus alpinus | slave maker | Wagner et al. 2017 | ||
Tetramorium impurum | host | ant | Strongylognathus testaceus | slave maker | Wagner et al., 2017 | ||
Tetramorium impurum | host | ant | Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | |||
Tetramorium impurum | host | ant | Tetramorium inquilinum | workerless inquiline | |||
Tetramorium inquilinum | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium caespitum | host | |||
Tetramorium inquilinum | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium impurum | host | |||
Tetramorium kutteri | workerless inquiline | ant | Tetramorium sp. | host | |||
Tetramorium microgyna | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium sepositum | host | |||
Tetramorium microgyna | inquiline | ant | Tetramorium sericeiventre | host | |||
Tetramorium moravicum | host | ant | Tetramorium atratulum | workerless inquiline | Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012 | ||
Tetramorium pacificum | prey | tiger beetle | Cicindela duponti | predator | Western Ghats, India | Sinu et al., 2006 | |
Tetramorium semilaeve | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Tetramorium sepositum | host | ant | Tetramorium microgyna | inquiline | |||
Tetramorium sericeiventre | host | ant | Tetramorium microgyna | inquiline | |||
Tetramorium tsushimae | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus tetramorii | myrmecophile | Japan |
Life History Traits
- Worker-produced males: absent (Goetsch (1953) cited in Fletcher and Ross (1985); Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (worker ovaries reported to be vestigial or absent)
Castes
Many members of this speciose genera are either known from workers only or from a few queens but mainly workers have been collected. Males are unknown and uncollected for a majority of species.
Morphology
Worker Morphology
- Antennal segment count: 10; 11; 12
- Antennal club: 3
- Palp formula: 4,3; 4,2; 4-3,2; 3,3; 3,2; 2,2
- Total dental count: 6-11
- Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple; 0, 0
- Eyes: present
- Scrobes: present, absent
- Caste: monomorphic, polymorphic in some species
- Sting: present
Male Morphology
• Antennal segment count 10; 11 • Antennal club absent • Palp formula 4,3; 4,2; 3,3; 3,2 • Total dental count 4-7 • Spur formula 1 simple, 1 simple; 0,0
Karyotype
Species Uncertain
- Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-2): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp2.(ANIC)).
- Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-3): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp3.(ANIC)).
- Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-4): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp4.(ANIC)).
- Tetramorium sp.1: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Triglyphothrix sp. 1).
- Tetramorium sp.1: 2n = 22 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Tetramorium sp.2: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Triglyphothrix sp. 2).
- Tetramorium sp.2: 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
- Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 35 (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 36 (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
- Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 26 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 24 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
- Tetramorium sp.4: 2n = 14 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
- Tetramorium: 2n = 20 (Taiwan) (Hung et al., 1972) (as Xiphomyrmex sp.).
All Karyotype Records for Genus
Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tetramorium | 14 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Tetramorium | 18 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp2.(ANIC) | ||
Tetramorium | 18 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp4.(ANIC) | ||
Tetramorium | 18 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | as ''Triglyphothrix'' sp. 2 | ||
Tetramorium | 20 | Australia | Imai et al., 1977 | as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp3.(ANIC) | ||
Tetramorium | 20 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | as ''Triglyphothrix'' sp. 1 | ||
Tetramorium | 20 | Sarawak | Tjan et al., 1986 | |||
Tetramorium | 20 | Taiwan | Hung et al., 1972 | as ''Xiphomyrmex'' sp. | ||
Tetramorium | 22 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Tetramorium | 24 | Sarawak | Tjan et al., 1986 | |||
Tetramorium | 26 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | |||
Tetramorium | 35 | India | Imai et al., 1984 | |||
Tetramorium | 36 | India | Imai et al., 1984 | |||
Tetramorium adelphon | 22 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Tetramorium brevidentatum | 10 | 20 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | ||
Tetramorium caespitum | 14 | 5SM+2ST+7A | Spain | Palomeque et al., 1987; Palomeque et al., 1990b; Lorite et al., 2000 | ||
Tetramorium caespitum | 14 | 28 | Japan | Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Yosida, 1964 | ||
Tetramorium caespitum | 14 | 28 | Switzerland | Hauschteck, 1961 | ||
Tetramorium eleates | 28 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Tetramorium forte | 14 | 4SM+3ST+7A | Spain | Palomeque et al., 1987; Lorite et al., 2000 | as ''T. hispanicum'' | |
Tetramorium guineense | 22 | Japan | Imai, 1969 | |||
Tetramorium insolens | 22 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Tetramorium kheperra | 14 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Tetramorium lanuginosum | 14 | 12M+2A | India | Imai et al., 1984 | as ''Triglyphothrix lanuginosa'' | |
Tetramorium pacificum | 22 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Tetramorium pnyxis | 20 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Tetramorium semilaeve | 14 | 4SM+3ST+7A | Spain | Palomeque et al., 1987; Palomeque et al., 1990b; Lorite et al., 2000 | ||
Tetramorium seneb | 20 | Malaysia | Imai et al., 1983 | |||
Tetramorium simillimum | 14 | India | Imai et al., 1984 | |||
Tetramorium smithi | 26 | India | Imai et al., 1984 | |||
Tetramorium smithi | 26 | Indonesia | Imai et al., 1985 | |||
Tetramorium smithi | 26 | Sarawak | Tjan et al., 1986 | |||
Tetramorium spinosum | 13 | 26 | 26M | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | |
Tetramorium walshi | 14 | 14M | India | Imai et al., 1984 | as ''Triglyphothrix walshi'' |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- TETRAMORIUM [Myrmicinae: Tetramoriini]
- Tetramorium Mayr, 1855: 423. Type-species: Formica caespitum, by subsequent designation of Girard, 1879: 1016.
- Tetramorium senior synonym of Tetrogmus: Roger, 1862c: 297.
- Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, Xiphomyrmex: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195.
- Tetramorium senior synonym of Triglyphothrix: Bolton, 1985: 247.
- Tetramorium senior synonym of Apomyrmex: Bolton, 2003: 227, 269.
- ACIDOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
- Acidomyrmex Emery, 1915i: 191 [as subgenus of Rhoptromyrmex]. Type-species: Rhoptromyrmex wroughtonii, by original designation.
- Acidomyrmex raised to genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 664, 672.
- Acidomyrmex junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Brown, 1964c: 11; Bolton, 1986a: 2.
- ANERGATES [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Anergates Forel, 1874: 67 (see also p. 93). Type-species: Myrmica atratula, by monotypy.
- Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- APOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Apomyrmex Calilung, 2000: 66. Type-species: Apomyrmex manobo, by original designation.
- Apomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 2003: 227, 269.
- ATOPULA [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Atopula Emery, 1912b: 104. Type-species: Atopomyrmex nodifer, by original designation.
- Atopula subgenus of Vollenhovia: Emery, 1912d: 273.
- Atopula revived status as as genus: Emery, 1914a: 41.
- Atopula subgenus of Terataner: Arnold, 1952b: 129.
- Atopula revived status as as genus: Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1985: 257 (anachronism).
- Atopula junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195 Bolton, 1994: 106.
- DECAMORIUM [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Decamorium Forel, 1913a: 121 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Decamorium) decem, by monotypy.
- Decamorium raised to genus: Emery, 1914a: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 664, 906.
- Decamorium junior synonym of Tetramorium: Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2014: 71.
- HAGIOXENUS [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
- Hagioxenus Forel, 1910a: 8. Type-species: Hagioxenus schmitzi, by monotypy.
- Hagioxenus junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Bolton, 1986a: 2.
- IRENEELLA [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
- Ireneella Donisthorpe, 1941i: 175. Type-species: Ireneella papuensis (junior synonym of Tetramorium melleum), by original designation.
- Ireneella junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Bolton, 1976: 298; Bolton, 1986a: 2.
- LOBOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Lobomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941: 84 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Lobomyrmex) ferox silhavyi (junior synonym of Tetramorium ferox), by monotypy.
- Lobomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 196.
- MACROMISCHOIDES [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Macromischoides Wheeler, W.M. 1920: 53. Type-species: Macromischa aculeata, by original designation.
- [Macromichoides Santschi, 1924b: 206, incorrect subsequent spelling.]
- Macromischoides junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 196.
- SULCOMYRMEX [unavailable name]
- Sulcomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941: 84 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Unavailable name. Proposed without designation of type-species and therefore unavailable. Species included by Kratochvíl (1941) are all referable to Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359.
- RHOPTROMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Rhoptromyrmex Mayr, 1901b: 18. Type-species: Rhoptromyrmex globinodis, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 172.
- Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Acidomyrmex: Brown, 1964c: 11.
- Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Ireneella: Bolton, 1976: 298.
- Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Hagioxenus: Bolton, 1986a: 2.
- Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- TELEUTOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950: 82. Type-species: Teleutomyrmex schneideri, by original designation.
- Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- TETROGMUS [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Tetrogmus Roger, 1857: 10. Type-species: Tetrogmus caldarius, by monotypy.
- Tetrogmus subgenus of Tetramorium: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 141.
- Tetrogmus junior synonym of Tetramorium: Roger, 1862c: 297; Bolton, 1976: 359.
- TRIGLYPHOTHRIX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Triglyphothrix Forel, 1890b: cvi. Type-species: Triglyphothrix walshi, by monotypy.
- Triglyphothrix subgenus of Tetramorium: Arnold, 1917: 274; Arnold, 1926: 272.
- Triglyphothrix revived status as genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 196; Emery, 1924d: 272; Creighton, 1950a: 285.
- Triglyphothrix junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1985: 247.
- XIPHOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
- Xiphomyrmex Forel, 1887: 385 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) kelleri, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 175.
- Xiphomyrmex subgenus of Tetramorium: Forel, 1899c: 53; Arnold, 1917: 274; Arnold, 1926: 277.
- Xiphomyrmex raised to genus: Emery, 1895j: 770; Emery, 1914a: 42; Forel, 1917: 245; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 193; Emery, 1924d: 286.
- Xiphomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bingham, 1903: 175; Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195; Bolton, 1994: 106.
References
- Arnold, G. 1917. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part III. Myrmicinae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 271-402 (page 271, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Baker, A.J., Heraty, J.M., Mottern, J., Hang, J.Z., Hines, H.M., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M. 2019. Inverse dispersal patterns in a group of ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae: Oraseminae) and their ant hosts. Systematic Entomology 45: 1–19 (doi:10.1111/syen.12371).
- Bolton, B. 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 34: 281-379 (page 359, Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, and Xiphomyrmex, page 314,341, Keys to species (former Triglypothrix species))
- Bolton, B. 1977. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Oriental and Indo-Australian regions, and in Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology. 36:67-151. (page 67, Key to species (Oriental, Indo-Australian and Australian))
- Bolton, B. 1979. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and in the New World. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 38: 129-181 (page 129, Key to species (Malagasy and New World))
- Bolton, B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 40: 193-384 (page 195, Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, and Xiphomyrmex, page 193, Key to species (Afrotropical).
- Bolton, B. 1985. The ant genus Triglyphothrix Forel a synonym of Tetramorium Mayr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 19: 243-248 (page 247, Species included in Sulcomyrmex (unavailable) referable to Tetramorium. Tetramorium senior synonym of Triglyphothrix.)
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 227, 269, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini; Tetramorium senior synonym of Apomyrmex)
- Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 130, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae)
- Emery, C. 1877b. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mirmicidei, e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 9: 67-83 (page 81, Tetramorium in Myrmicidae, Myrmicidae)
- Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 770, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 42, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 275, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 5: 441-481 (page 457, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Forel, A. 1895b. A fauna das formigas do Brazil. Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 1: 89-139 (page 125, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Myrmicinae)
- Forel, A. 1899d. Formicidae. [part]. Biol. Cent.-Am. Hym. 3: 25-56 (page 52, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Myrmicinae)
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 245, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Girard, M. 1879. Traité élémentaire d'entomologie. Volume 2. Paris: Librairie J.-B. Baillière et Fils, 1028 pp. (page 1016, Type-species: Formica caespitum, by subsequent designation)
- Hita Garcia, F. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae): synonymisation of Decamorium Forel under Tetramorium, and taxonomic revision of the T. decem species group. ZooKeys 411:67-103.
- Hita Garcia, F.; Fischer, G.; Peters, M. K. 2010. Taxonomy of the Tetramorium weitzeckeri species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographical region. Zootaxa 2704:1-90.
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- Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ver. Wien 5: 273-478 (page 423, Tetramorium as genus ; Tetramorium in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. (page 61, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
- Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 20, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
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- Rahiminejad, V., Hajiqanbar, H. 2020. New records of mites of the Heterostigmata (Acari: Prostigmata) associated with insects from Golestan Province, northern Iran. Persian Journal of Acarology 9(3): 233–242 (doi:10.22073/pja.v9i3.61223).
- Rahiminejad, V., Hajiqanbar, H., Talebi, A.A. 2015. Three new species of the genus Caesarodispus (Acari: Microdispidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a key to species. Entomological Science 18, 461–469 (doi:10.1111/ens.12149).
- Roger, J. 1862c. Synonymische Bemerkungen. 1. Ueber Formiciden. Berl. Entomol. Z. 6: 283-297 (page 297, Tetramorium senior synonym of Tetrogmus)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 141, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 664, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
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