Tetramorium

Tetramorium
Tetramorium caespitum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Crematogastrini
Alliance:	Carebara genus group
Genus:	Tetramorium Mayr, 1855
Type species
Formica caespitum, now Tetramorium caespitum
Diversity
602 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) Tetramorium caespitum Specimen Label
Synonyms
Acidomyrmex Emery, 1915 Apomyrmex Calilung, 2000 Anergates Forel, 1874 Atopula Emery, 1912 Decamorium Forel, 1913 Hagioxenus Forel, 1910 Ireneella Donisthorpe, 1941 Lobomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941 Macromischoides Wheeler, W.M., 1920 Rhoptromyrmex Mayr, 1901 Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950 Tetrogmus Roger, 1857 Triglyphothrix Forel, 1890 Xiphomyrmex Forel, 1887

Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - Distributed worldwide with its diversity approaching 600 species. The Afrotropical region holds the largest number of forms with more than 220 described species (Bolton, 1976; Bolton, 1980; Hita Garcia et al., 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). Members of this genus can be found in many habitats from humid rainforests to arid savannahs and deserts and in different strata from the ground and leaf litter layer to the high forest canopy (Bolton, 1980). Most species seem to be predaceous although some, such as the Kenyan savannah species Tetramorium rothschildi, are known to be granivorous.

Ward et al. (2014) found that Strongylognathus is a synonym of Tetramorium, and note that it has nomenclatural priority over Tetramorium (meaning that all species of Tetramorium should be transferred to Strongylognathus). Transfer of the hundreds of valid Tetramorium species names to Strongylognathus, with consequent changes in spelling to many of them (because the gender of Tetramorium is neuter while Strongylognathus is masculine), would create considerable confusion. In this instance a ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature would be required to validate a reversal of precedence (ICZN Article 23.9.3). In the interim they maintained current usage as two separate genera and refrained from synonymizing them.

Photo Gallery

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  Tetramorium sp. alate queen. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by yathumon M A.
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  Tetramorium sp. alate queen. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Photo by yathumon M A.

Identification

Antennal count for most species is 12 segments. There are a fair number of species with 11 segments and even a few with 10.

Tetramorium is a diverse genus that has had many species organized into species groups.

• Tetramorium species groups
• Afrotropical Tetramorium species groups

Keys including this Genus

• Key to Australian Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to Vietnamese Myrmicinae Genera
• Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico

Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus

• Key to Malagasy Tetramorium species groups
• Afrotropical Tetramorium weitzeckeri species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium species groups

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to Australian Tetramorium Species
• Key to Tetramorium bessonii-group species
• Key to Tetramorium bonibony-group species
• Key to Tetramorium dysalum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium marginatum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium tortuosum-group species
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium capillosum species complex
• Key to US Tetramorium species
• Key to Tetramorium naganum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium plesiarum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium cognatum species complex
• Key to Tetramorium schaufussii species complex
• Key to Tetramorium weitzeckeri species complex
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium decem species group
• Key to Arabian Tetramorium
• Key to Tetramorium of India
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium weitzeckeri-group species
• Key to Tetramorium ferox species complex workers
• Key to Tetramorium ferox species complex queens
• Key to Tetramorium tortuosum-group species of the New World
• Key to Tetramorium species groups of Kakamega, Kenya
• Key to Tetramorium chefketi species-complex workers
• Key to Tetramorium chefketi species-complex queens
• Key to Tetramorium striativentre species-group
• Key to Tetramorium striativentre species-group males
• Key to Tetramorium of the southwestern Australian Botanical Province
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium aculeatum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium shiloense species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium globulinode species
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium ericae osiris inezulae gabonensis species groups
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium angulinode species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium convexum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium simillimum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium bicarinatum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium flabellum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium camerunense species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium dumezi species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium capense species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium grassii species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium quadridentatum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium sericeiventre species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium setigerum species group
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium solidum species group (Outdated)
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium squaminode species group
• Key to Tetramorium of Hispaniola
• Key to Afrotropical Tetramorium solidum species group
• Key to Tetramorium inglebyi-group species
• Key to Indian Tetramorium tonganum-group species
• Key to Tetramorium species groups of India
• Key to parasitic Tetramorium species
• Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex workers
• Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex queens
• Key to Tetramorium semilaeve complex males
• Key to Tetramorium inquilinum species-group
• Key to the Indian and Sri Lankan Tetramorium tortuosum group species
• Key to Tetramorium meridionale species-group

Distribution

One of the most species-rich ant genera (> 400 species), Tetramorium are found in the Afrotropical, Malagasy, Palaearctic, Oriental, and Indo-Australian regions. A few species, mostly non-native, are also found in the New World. Their largest center of diversity is in the Afrotropical region where there are more than 220 described species (Hita Garcia et al. 2010).

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indo-Australian Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oriental Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	262	31	78	107	12	15	66	142
Total Species	2841	1736	3045	932	835	4379	1741	2862

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Zhangpu amber, Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, China (Miocene) (an unidentified species, Wang et al., 2021).

Biology

Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - In Vietnam Tetramorium species inhabit various habitats such as open lands, grasslands, forest edges and well-developed forests. Their nests are usually found in rotting logs, twigs, wood fragments, under stones and in soil. Workers forage mainly on the ground.

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Species Uncertain

• An unknown species of Tetramorium is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema "sp. 2 nr. bakeri" (Heraty 1990; Baker et al., 2019).
• Unknown species are hosts for the ectoparasitic mites Caesarodispus khaustovi, Formicomotes octipes and Petalomium crinitus in Iran (Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2015; Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020).
• An unknown species is host for nymphs of the cricket Myrmecophilus ochraceus (Stalling & Cassar, 2020).
• An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the cestode Raillietina tetragona (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).

All Associate Records for Genus

Click here to show/hide associate data.

Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Tetramorium aculeatum	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Pseudogibellula formicarum	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Tetramorium aculeatum	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Sporothrix insectorum	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Tetramorium aculeatum	associate (details unknown)	fungus	Verticillium nodulosum	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Tetramorium aculeatum	host	fungus	Akanthomyces gracilis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium aculeatum	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps myrmicarum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium aculeatum	host	fungus	Stilbella buquetti var. formicarum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium albenae	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium kephalosi	host	Greece	Salata et al., 2023
Tetramorium alpestre	host	ant	Strongylognathus alpinus	slave maker		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium alpestre	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium alpestre	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	slave maker		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium aspina	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium immigrans	host	Turkey	de la Mora et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2018
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium caespitum	host		Buschinger, 1995; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al., 2017
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium chefketi	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium diomedeum	host		Buschinger, 1995; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al., 2017
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium immigrans	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al., 2017	rare host
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium impurum	host		Buschinger, 1995; de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al., 2017
Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium moravicum	host		Buschinger, 1995; de la Mora et al., 2021; Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al., 2017
Tetramorium bicarinatum	mutualist	aphid	Aphis gossypii	trophobiont		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium bicarinatum	mutualist	aphid	Pentalonia nigronervosa	trophobiont		Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium brevicorne	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium buschingeri	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium chefketi		Bulgaria	de la Mora et al., 2021; Kiran et al., 2017
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus christophi	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus huberi	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus italicus	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus karawajewi	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000	as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''caespitum''
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus kratochvili	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline		Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al., 2017
Tetramorium caespitum	host	ant	Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline
Tetramorium caespitum	host	cestode	Raillietina caucasica	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	cestode	Raillietina circumvalata	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	cestode	Raillietina echinobothrida	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	cestode	Raillietina fedjuschini	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	cestode	Raillietina tetragona	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	pathogen		Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Tetramorium caespitum	host	fungus	Tarichium sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	host	mite	Petalomium nataliae	parasite	Iran	Rahiminejad & Hajiqanbar, 2020	ectoparasite
Tetramorium caespitum	host	mite	Scutacarus longisetus	parasite		Khaustov, 2015	ectoparasite
Tetramorium caespitum	host	nematode	Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix")	parasite	Germany (Wuerzburg)	Gösswald, 1938; Laciny, 2021
Tetramorium caespitum	host	nematode	Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix")	parasite	Switzerland (Wallis)	Kutter, 1958; Laciny, 2021
Tetramorium caespitum	host	nematode	Oscheius dolichura	parasite		Wahab, 1962
Tetramorium caespitum	host	nematode	Oscheius dolichura	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Shiran et al., 2013; Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Aphis farinosa	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Aphis gossypii	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Aphis salviae	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Aphis spiraecola	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus cardui	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Macrosiphoniella sanborni	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	mutualist	aphid	Myzus lythri	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium caespitum	xenobiont	ant	Formica fusca	xenobiont	Poland	Kanizsai et al., 2013; Włodarczyk et al., 2009	Clearcut of managed forest, in tree stumps
Tetramorium caespitum	xenobiont	ant	Formicoxenus nitidulus	xenobiont		Martin et al. 2007; Wilson 1971
Tetramorium caespitum	xenobiont	ant	Lasius flavus	xenobiont	Finland	Czechowski, 2004; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Different successional series of rocky habitats. Under stone
Tetramorium chefketi	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	Bulgaria, Turkey	Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012
Tetramorium chefketi	host	ant	Tetramorium buschingeri	inquiline	Bulgaria	Kiran et al., 2017
Tetramorium chefketi	host	ant	Tetramorium seiferti	inquiline	Turkey	Kiran et al., 2017
Tetramorium chefketi	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium chefketi	mutualist	aphid	Aphis rumicis	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium diomedeum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline		Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium ferox	host	ant	Strongylognathus karawajewi	inquiline		Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium ferox	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	aphid	Aphis rumicis	trophobiont		Özdemir et al., 2008; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	aphid	Brachycaudus cardui	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	aphid	Cinara pilicornis	trophobiont		Akyildirim et al., 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	aphid	Uroleucon sonchi	trophobiont		Akyürek et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	butterfly	Lampides boeticus			Obregon et al. 2015
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	butterfly	Leptotes pirithous			Obregon et al. 2015
Tetramorium forte	mutualist	butterfly	Tomares ballus			Obregon et al. 2015
Tetramorium immigrans	host	ant	Tetramorium aspina		Turkey	Wagner et al., 2018
Tetramorium immigrans	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline		Wagner et al. 2017
Tetramorium immigrans	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	pathogen	Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia	Csősz et al., 2012
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus alpinus	slave maker		Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Wagner et al. 2017; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus christophi	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus destefanii	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Menozzi, 1921; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus huberi	slave maker		Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus italicus	slave maker		Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus karawajewi	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000	as ''Tetramorium'' cf. ''impurum''
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al. 2017
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline		Wagner et al., 2017; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium impurum	host	ant	Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline		Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium inerme	host	ant	Strongylognathus karawajewi	inquiline		Radchenko, 1991; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium alpestre	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium inquilinum	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium impurum	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018	Seifert (2018) suggests probable host
Tetramorium kephalosi	host	ant	Tetramorium albenae	workerless inquiline	Greece	Salata et al., 2023
Tetramorium kutteri	workerless inquiline	ant	Tetramorium sp.	host
Tetramorium lucidulum	host	ant	Strongylognathus silvestrii	slave maker		Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium sepositum	host
Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium sericeiventre	host
Tetramorium moravicum	host	ant	Strongylognathus karawajewi	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium moravicum	host	ant	Strongylognathus kratochvili	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium moravicum	host	ant	Strongylognathus testaceus	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Novák & Sadil, 1941; Sanetra et al., 1994; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 1996; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; Seifert, 2018; Wagner et al. 2017
Tetramorium moravicum	host	ant	Tetramorium atratulum	workerless inquiline	Bulgaria	(Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2012; Sanetra et al., 1999; Seifert, 2018
Tetramorium pacificum	prey	tiger beetle	Cicindela duponti	predator	Western Ghats, India	Sinu et al., 2006
Tetramorium seiferti	inquiline	ant	Tetramorium chefketi		Turkey	de la Mora et al., 2021; Kiran et al., 2017
Tetramorium semilaeve	host	ant	Strongylognathus destefanii	slave maker		de la Mora et al., 2021; Menozzi, 1921; Sanetra et al., 1999; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium semilaeve	host	ant	Strongylognathus huberi	slave maker		Seifert, 2018; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium semilaeve	host	ant	Strongylognathus silvestrii	slave maker		Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000; de la Mora et al., 2021
Tetramorium sepositum	host	ant	Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline
Tetramorium sericeiventre	host	ant	Tetramorium microgyna	inquiline
Tetramorium simillimum	host	cestode	Raillietina echinobothrida	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium simillimum	host	cestode	Raillietina tetragona	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium staerckei	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	pathogen	Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia	Csősz et al., 2012
Tetramorium sulcinode	host	ant	Strongylognathus karawajewi	inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000
Tetramorium tortuosum	host	cestode	Raillietina echinobothrida	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium tortuosum	host	cestode	Raillietina tetragona	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium tsushimae	host	ant	Strongylognathus dao	slave maker	China	Radchenko et al., 2017
Tetramorium tsushimae	host	ant	Strongylognathus koreanus	slave maker	Japan	Collingwood, 1976
Tetramorium tsushimae	host	cestode	Raillietina echinobothrida	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest; as Tetramorium caespitum jacoti
Tetramorium tsushimae	host	cestode	Raillietina tetragona	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest; as Tetramorium caespitum jacoti
Tetramorium tsushimae	host	cricket	Myrmecophilus tetramorii	myrmecophile	Japan
Tetramorium tsushimae	mutualist	aphid	Aphis craccivora	trophobiont		Suzuki et al., 2004; Katayama et al., 2013; Hayashi et al., 2015; Hayashi et al., 2016; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium tsushimae	mutualist	aphid	Aphis fabae	trophobiont		Hayashi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019
Tetramorium tsushimae	xenobiont	ant	Formica japonica	xenobiont	Japan	Czechowski & Yamauchi, 1998; Kanizsai et al., 2013	Urban area. In the soil.
Tetramorium wroughtonii	host	cestode	Raillietina echinobothrida	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Tetramorium wroughtonii	host	cestode	Raillietina tetragona	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest

Flight Period

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Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Tetramorium atratulum	May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	antkeeping.info
Tetramorium bicarinatum	May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Tetramorium caespitum	Jun • Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info
Tetramorium hungaricum	Jun
Tetramorium immigrans	Jul
Tetramorium impurum	Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct	antkeeping.info
Tetramorium moravicum	May • Jun	antkeeping.info
Tetramorium tsushimae	May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info

Life History Traits

• Worker-produced males: absent (Goetsch (1953) cited in Fletcher and Ross (1985); Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (worker ovaries reported to be vestigial or absent)
• Mean colony size: 10975 (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: inquilinism (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: predator (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)

Castes

Many members of this speciose genera are either known from workers only or from a few queens but mainly workers have been collected. Males are unknown and uncollected for a majority of species.

Morphology

Worker Morphology

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• Antennal segment count: 10; 11; 12 • Antennal club: 3 • Palp formula: 4,3; 4,2; 4-3,2; 3,3; 3,2; 2,2 • Total dental count: 6-11 • Spur formula: 1 simple, 1 simple; 0, 0 • Eyes: 11-100 ommatidia • Scrobes: absent; present • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: dentiform; present • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: monomorphic, polymorphic in some species • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: absent; present • Cocoon: absent

Male Morphology

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 • Antennal segment count 10; 11 • Antennal club absent • Palp formula 4,3; 4,2; 3,3; 3,2 • Total dental count 4-7 • Spur formula 1 simple, 1 simple; 0,0

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

• Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-2): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp2.(ANIC)).
• Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-3): 2n = 20 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp3.(ANIC)).
• Tetramorium sp.(ANIC-4): 2n = 18 (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977) (as Xiphomyrmex sp4.(ANIC)).
• Tetramorium sp.1: 2n = 20 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Triglyphothrix sp. 1).
• Tetramorium sp.1: 2n = 22 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
• Tetramorium sp.2: 2n = 18 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Triglyphothrix sp. 2).
• Tetramorium sp.2: 2n = 20 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 35 (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 36 (India) (Imai et al., 1984).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 26 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
• Tetramorium sp.3: 2n = 24 (Sarawak) (Tjan et al., 1986).
• Tetramorium sp.4: 2n = 14 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982).
• Tetramorium: 2n = 20 (Taiwan) (Hung et al., 1972) (as Xiphomyrmex sp.).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

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Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Tetramorium adelphon		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium brevidentatum	10	20		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium caespitum	14		5SM+2ST+7A	Spain	Palomeque et al., 1987; Palomeque et al., 1990b; Lorite et al., 2000
Tetramorium caespitum	14	28		Japan	Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai & Yosida, 1964
Tetramorium caespitum	14	28		Switzerland	Hauschteck, 1961
Tetramorium eleates		28		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Tetramorium forte	14		4SM+3ST+7A	Spain	Palomeque et al., 1987; Lorite et al., 2000	as ''T. hispanicum''
Tetramorium guineense		22		Japan	Imai, 1969
Tetramorium insolens		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium kheperra		14		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium lanuginosum		14	12M+2A	India	Imai et al., 1984	as ''Triglyphothrix lanuginosa''
Tetramorium pacificum		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium pnyxis		20		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Tetramorium seneb		20		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Tetramorium simillimum		14		India	Imai et al., 1984
Tetramorium smithi		26		India	Imai et al., 1984
Tetramorium smithi		26		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Tetramorium smithi		26		Sarawak	Tjan et al., 1986
Tetramorium spinosum	13	26	26M	USA	Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988
Tetramorium walshi		14	14M	India	Imai et al., 1984	as ''Triglyphothrix walshi''

Phylogeny

Myrmicinae

Myrmicini ⊞(2 genera) ⊟ Manica  (6 species, 2 fossil species) Myrmica  (214 species, 18 fossil species) Pogonomyrmecini ⊞(3 genera) ⊟ Patagonomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Hylomyrma  (30 species, 0 fossil species) Pogonomyrmex  (95 species, 1 fossil species) Stenammini ⊞(7 genera) ⊟ Stenamma  (85 species, 1 fossil species) Novomessor  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Veromessor  (10 species, 0 fossil species) some Aphaenogaster  (218 species, 14 fossil species) some Aphaenogaster Messor  (169 species, 1 fossil species) Goniomma  (10 species, 1 fossil species) Oxyopomyrmex  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Solenopsidini ⊞(22 genera) ⊟ Stegomyrmex  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Dolopomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) some Rogeria  (40 species, 0 fossil species) Bariamyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) some Rogeria Solenopsis  (215 species, 9 fossil species) Kempfidris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Tropidomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Austromorium  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium  (320 species, 3 fossil species) some Monomorium Oxyepoecus  (21 species, 0 fossil species) Megalomyrmex  (45 species, 0 fossil species) Tyrannomyrmex  (4 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium Epelysidris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Anillomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmicaria  (71 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium Syllophopsis  (23 species, 0 fossil species) some Adelomyrmex  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Cryptomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Adelomyrmex Baracidris  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Attini ⊞(49 genera) ⊟ Ochetomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Tranopelta  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Diaphoromyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lachnomyrmex  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Blepharidatta  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Allomerus  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Wasmannia  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Pheidole  (1,294 species, 7 fossil species) Cephalotes  (123 species, 16 fossil species) Procryptocerus  (44 species, 0 fossil species) Strumigenys  (880 species, 4 fossil species) Phalacromyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Pilotrochus  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Protalaridris  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Rhopalothrix  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Basiceros  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Octostruma  (35 species, 0 fossil species) Eurhopalothrix  (55 species, 0 fossil species) Talaridris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthognathus  (7 species, 1 fossil species) Daceton  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Lenomyrmex  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Microdaceton  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Orectognathus  (29 species, 0 fossil species) Colobostruma  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Epopostruma  (20 species, 0 fossil species) Mesostruma  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Paleoattina Apterostigma  (44 species, 2 fossil species) Mycocepurus  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmicocrypta  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Neoattina Cyatta  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Kalathomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetarotes  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetosoritis  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Cyphomyrmex  (23 species, 2 fossil species) some Cyphomyrmex Paramycetophylax  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetophylax  (21 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetagroicus  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetomoellerius  (31 species, 1 fossil species) Sericomyrmex  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Xerolitor  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Paratrachymyrmex  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Trachymyrmex  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Amoimyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Atta  (20 species, 1 fossil species) some Acromyrmex  (56 species, 0 fossil species) some Acromyrmex Pseudoatta  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Crematogastrini ⊞(65 genera) ⊟ Rostromyrmex  (1 species, 6 fossil species) Cardiocondyla  (90 species, 0 fossil species) Ocymyrmex  (34 species, 0 fossil species) Nesomyrmex  (84 species, 2 fossil species) Xenomyrmex  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Terataner  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Atopomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Cataulacus  (65 species, 3 fossil species) Carebara  (251 species, 9 fossil species) Diplomorium  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Melissotarsus  (4 species, 1 fossil species) Rhopalomastix  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Calyptomyrmex  (38 species, 0 fossil species) Strongylognathus  (27 species, 0 fossil species), Tetramorium  (602 species, 2 fossil species) Cyphoidris  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Dicroaspis  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Aretidris  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Vollenhovia  (83 species, 3 fossil species) Dacetinops  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Indomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Crematogaster  (784 species, 0 fossil species) Meranoplus  (93 species, 0 fossil species) Lophomyrmex  (13 species, 0 fossil species) Adlerzia  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Recurvidris  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Stereomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Trichomyrmex  (29 species, 0 fossil species) Eutetramorium  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Royidris  (15 species, 0 fossil species) Malagidris  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Vitsika  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Huberia  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Podomyrma  (62 species, 1 fossil species) Liomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Metapone  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Kartidris  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Mayriella  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Tetheamyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Dacatria  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Proatta  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Dilobocondyla  (22 species, 0 fossil species) Secostruma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthomyrmex  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmecina  (106 species, 0 fossil species) Perissomyrmex  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Pristomyrmex  (61 species, 3 fossil species) some Lordomyrma  (36 species, 0 fossil species) Propodilobus  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lasiomyrma  (4 species, 0 fossil species) some Lordomyrma Ancyridris  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Lordomyrma Paratopula  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Poecilomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Romblonella  (10 species, 0 fossil species) Rotastruma  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Gauromyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Vombisidris  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Temnothorax  (509 species, 7 fossil species) Harpagoxenus  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Formicoxenus  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Leptothorax  (20 species, 0 fossil species)

See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• TETRAMORIUM [Myrmicinae: Tetramoriini]
  • Tetramorium Mayr, 1855: 423. Type-species: Formica caespitum, by subsequent designation of Girard, 1879: 1016.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Tetrogmus: Roger, 1862c: 297.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, Xiphomyrmex: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Triglyphothrix: Bolton, 1985: 247.
  • Tetramorium senior synonym of Apomyrmex: Bolton, 2003: 227, 269.
• ACIDOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
  • Acidomyrmex Emery, 1915i: 191 [as subgenus of Rhoptromyrmex]. Type-species: Rhoptromyrmex wroughtonii, by original designation.
  • Acidomyrmex raised to genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 664, 672.
  • Acidomyrmex junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Brown, 1964c: 11; Bolton, 1986a: 2.
• ANERGATES [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Anergates Forel, 1874: 67 (see also p. 93). Type-species: Myrmica atratula, by monotypy.
  • Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
• APOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Apomyrmex Calilung, 2000: 66. Type-species: Apomyrmex manobo, by original designation.
  • Apomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 2003: 227, 269.
• ATOPULA [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Atopula Emery, 1912b: 104. Type-species: Atopomyrmex nodifer, by original designation.
  • Atopula subgenus of Vollenhovia: Emery, 1912d: 273.
  • Atopula revived status as as genus: Emery, 1914a: 41.
  • Atopula subgenus of Terataner: Arnold, 1952b: 129.
  • Atopula revived status as as genus: Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1985: 257 (anachronism).
  • Atopula junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195 Bolton, 1994: 106.
• DECAMORIUM [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Decamorium Forel, 1913a: 121 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Decamorium) decem, by monotypy.
  • Decamorium raised to genus: Emery, 1914a: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 664, 906.
  • Decamorium junior synonym of Tetramorium: Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2014: 71.
• HAGIOXENUS [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
  • Hagioxenus Forel, 1910a: 8. Type-species: Hagioxenus schmitzi, by monotypy.
  • Hagioxenus junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Bolton, 1986a: 2.
• IRENEELLA [junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex]
  • Ireneella Donisthorpe, 1941i: 175. Type-species: Ireneella papuensis (junior synonym of Tetramorium melleum), by original designation.
  • Ireneella junior synonym of Rhoptromyrmex: Bolton, 1976: 298; Bolton, 1986a: 2.
• LOBOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Lobomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941: 84 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Lobomyrmex) ferox silhavyi (junior synonym of Tetramorium ferox), by monotypy.
  • Lobomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 196.
• MACROMISCHOIDES [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Macromischoides Wheeler, W.M. 1920: 53. Type-species: Macromischa aculeata, by original designation.
• [Macromichoides Santschi, 1924b: 206, incorrect subsequent spelling.]
  • Macromischoides junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 196.
• SULCOMYRMEX [unavailable name]
  • Sulcomyrmex Kratochvíl, 1941: 84 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Unavailable name. Proposed without designation of type-species and therefore unavailable. Species included by Kratochvíl (1941) are all referable to Tetramorium: Bolton, 1976: 359.
• RHOPTROMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Rhoptromyrmex Mayr, 1901b: 18. Type-species: Rhoptromyrmex globinodis, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 172.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Acidomyrmex: Brown, 1964c: 11.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Ireneella: Bolton, 1976: 298.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Hagioxenus: Bolton, 1986a: 2.
  • Rhoptromyrmex senior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
• TELEUTOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950: 82. Type-species: Teleutomyrmex schneideri, by original designation.
  • Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
• TETROGMUS [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Tetrogmus Roger, 1857: 10. Type-species: Tetrogmus caldarius, by monotypy.
  • Tetrogmus subgenus of Tetramorium: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 141.
  • Tetrogmus junior synonym of Tetramorium: Roger, 1862c: 297; Bolton, 1976: 359.
• TRIGLYPHOTHRIX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Triglyphothrix Forel, 1890b: cvi. Type-species: Triglyphothrix walshi, by monotypy.
  • Triglyphothrix subgenus of Tetramorium: Arnold, 1917: 274; Arnold, 1926: 272.
  • Triglyphothrix revived status as genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 196; Emery, 1924d: 272; Creighton, 1950a: 285.
  • Triglyphothrix junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bolton, 1985: 247.
• XIPHOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium]
  • Xiphomyrmex Forel, 1887: 385 [as subgenus of Tetramorium]. Type-species: Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) kelleri, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 175.
  • Xiphomyrmex subgenus of Tetramorium: Forel, 1899c: 53; Arnold, 1917: 274; Arnold, 1926: 277.
  • Xiphomyrmex raised to genus: Emery, 1895j: 770; Emery, 1914a: 42; Forel, 1917: 245; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 193; Emery, 1924d: 286.
  • Xiphomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Bingham, 1903: 175; Bolton, 1976: 359; Bolton, 1980: 195; Bolton, 1994: 106.

References

• Arnold, G. 1917. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part III. Myrmicinae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 271-402 (page 271, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
• Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini)
• Baker, A.J., Heraty, J.M., Mottern, J., Hang, J.Z., Hines, H.M., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M. 2019. Inverse dispersal patterns in a group of ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae: Oraseminae) and their ant hosts. Systematic Entomology 45: 1–19 (doi:10.1111/syen.12371).
• Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
• Blaimer, B.B., Ward, P.S., Schultz, T.R., Fisher, B.L., Brady, S.G. 2018. Paleotropical diversification dominates the evolution of the hyperdiverse ant tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 2(5): 3; 1-14 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixy013).
• Bolton, B. 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 34: 281-379 (page 359, Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, and Xiphomyrmex, page 314,341, Keys to species (former Triglypothrix species))
• Bolton, B. 1977. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Oriental and Indo-Australian regions, and in Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology. 36:67-151. (page 67, Key to species (Oriental, Indo-Australian and Australian))
• Bolton, B. 1979. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and in the New World. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 38: 129-181 (page 129, Key to species (Malagasy and New World))
• Bolton, B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 40: 193-384 (page 195, Tetramorium senior synonym of Atopula, Lobomyrmex, Macromischoides, Tetrogmus, and Xiphomyrmex, page 193, Key to species (Afrotropical).
• Bolton, B. 1985. The ant genus Triglyphothrix Forel a synonym of Tetramorium Mayr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 19: 243-248 (page 247, Species included in Sulcomyrmex (unavailable) referable to Tetramorium. Tetramorium senior synonym of Triglyphothrix.)
• Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 227, 269, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini; Tetramorium senior synonym of Apomyrmex)
• Boudinot, B.E. 2019. Hormigas de Colombia. Cap. 15. Clave para las subfamilias y generos basada en machos. Pp. 487-499 in: Fernández, F., Guerrero, R.J., Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp.
• Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
• Burger, H.F., Vondráčková, K., Skłodowski, M., Qian-Qun Koid, Dent, D.H., Wallace, K., Fayle, T.M. 2021. Protection from herbivores varies among ant genera for the myrmecophilic plant Leea aculeata in Malaysian Borneo. Asian Myrmecology 14, e014002 (doi:10.20362/am.014002).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• da Silva, C.H.F., Arnan, X., Andersen, A.N., Leal, I.R. 2019. Extrafloral nectar as a driver of ant community spatial structure along disturbance and rainfall gradients in Brazilian dry forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, 280–287 (doi:10.1017/s0266467419000245).
• Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 130, Tetramorium in Myrmicinae)
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