Temnothorax
Temnothorax Temporal range: 37.2–0 Ma Eocene – Recent | |
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Temnothorax adustus | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
Genus: | Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 |
Type species | |
Myrmica recedens, now Temnothorax recedens | |
Diversity | |
451 species 7 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) | |
Synonyms | |
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Evolutionary Relationships | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Based on Ward et al. (2014) and Blaimer et al. (2018). |
The workers of Temnothorax species are generally small. Colonies are typically monogynous, although facultative polygyny has been documented in several species (Alloway et al. 1983, Buschinger 1974, Buschinger and Linksvayer 2004, Rüppell et al. 1998). Colony populations are usually quite small, often with less than 100 workers (Beckers et al. 1989). However, several studies have found colonies of some species to be widely dispersed with several to many satellite nests (Alloway et al. 1983, Foitzik and Heinze 2001, Partridge et al. 1997). Many species are arboreal, living within hollow stems, old beetle or termite galleries, or in galls (Mackay 2000). Temnothorax species appear to be trophic generalists, feeding on a wide variety of scavenged items, including the elaiosomes of seeds (Espadaler 1997, Fokuhl et al. 2012). None have been documented to be active or aggressive predators. (Snelling et al. 2014)
The socially parasitic species formerly placed in the genus Myrmoxenus (synonymised with Temnothorax by Ward et al., 2014) vary strongly in fundamental life history traits, such as queen-worker ratio, the timing of sexual production, and mating behavior. Queens of these species generally take over nests of other Temnothorax species, kill the resident queen by throttling, and force the workers to take care of the social parasite’s brood. Young queens of Temnothorax ravouxi and other species produce large numbers of workers, which during “slaveraids” pillage host pupae from neighboring Temnothorax host colonies to increase the workforce in their own nests. Other species, such as Temnothorax corsicus, have lost caste polyphenism and rear only male and female sexual offspring. (Heinze et al., 2015.)
Contents
Photo Gallery
- Temnothorax minutissimus alate gynes in an artificial nest with the host species, Temnothorax curvispinosus, workers and a queen.
Identification
Antennal count is typically twelve segments but there are a small number of species with only eleven.
New World Temnothorax species groups
Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - The worker of Temnothorax is similar to that of Vombisidris and Cardiocondyla.
Keys including this Genus
- Key to Ant Genera of the Navajo Reservation
- Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to Vietnamese Myrmicinae Genera
Keys to Species in this Genus
- Key to Temnothorax of California
- Key to Afrotropical Temnothorax workers
- Key to Temnothorax of India
- Key to Temnothorax of mainland China
- Key to east Mediterranean Temnothorax muellerianus group
- Key to east Mediterranean Temnothorax recedens group
- Key to Temnothorax nylanderi species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax of Japan
- Key to Temnothorax andersoni species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax andrei species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax hispidus species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax longispinosus species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax nitens species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax schaumii species group workers
- Key to Temnothorax tricarinatus species group workers
- Key to New World Temnothorax species groups
- Key to the New World Temnothorax
- Key to Temnothorax of the Arabian Peninsula
- Key to Temnothorax interruptus group
- Key to the Temnothorax of Crete
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Fossils
Fossils are known from: Baltic amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Dominican amber, Dominican Republic (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Rovno amber (Priabonian, Late Eocene).
Biology
Matthew Prebus is actively investigating the systematics and biology of the genus. The following is from a recent study (Prebus 2017, see this publication for citations):
General Biology
While the biology of most species of Temnothorax is poorly known, several taxa are frequently used as model organisms for social insect behavior and ecology. Studies on this genus have led investigators to discover new forms of social learning and inspired hypotheses about speciation and the origins of parasitism.
Temnothorax has a primarily Holarctic distribution, but notable exceptions include several species in Sub-Saharan Africa and many species in Mesoamerica, including the islands of the Caribbean . Generally, Temnothorax ants are encountered in the mesic forests of the Northern hemisphere at mid-to-high elevations, where they are typically found under rocks, in leaf litter, or as arboreal foragers. However, these ants have adapted to a broad variety of habitats, from arid deserts to tropical rain forests, and are found at elevations from sea level up to 4000 m. The workers of most species in the Holarctic region are diminutive, timid, slow moving, and cryptically colored. Because of their inconspicuous nature, these ants are often overlooked despite their broad geographical distribution. The islands of the Greater Antilles harbor many Temnothorax endemics, however, that provide an exception to this habitus: the islands Cuba and Hispaniola, for example, have more than thirty described endemic species, which are large, brightly colored, and capable of delivering powerful stings.
Temnothorax ants are believed to be trophic generalists, and have been observed scavenging for a variety of food items, including dead insects, honeydew on leaves without tending aphids, honeydew from tended aphids and membracids, the axillary nectaries of bracken ferns and Baccharis (an Asteraceae genus), seeds, and elaiosomes. In competitions at baits, they appear to be opportunistic foragers, often absconding as more aggressive species arrive, and occasionally insinuating themselves into baits dominated by other species (Prebus, pers. obs.). Recruitment of workers to food and nest sites often appears to involve tandem running.
Nests of Temnothorax are generally small, often with fewer than 200 workers, which may be distributed among several satellite nests. With the worker caste of most species measuring less than four millimeters in length, these ants often take advantage of small cavities for their nesting sites, such as crevices in rocks, hollow nut shells, dead twigs, or directly in the soil. Temnothorax colonies tend to be monogynous, with only one queen per nest. This is hardly the rule, however: this genus displays a remarkable diversity of sociometry, with many species being either functionally monogynous (with several queens present, but only one actively producing eggs), or facultatively polygynous, both within and among species.
Many species appear to be arboreal specialists, nesting in dead hollow twigs on live trees, under bark, in galls, or under the roots of epiphytes.
Several taxa have intriguing life histories: it appears that Temnothorax and its sister group, the Leptothorax genus group (composed of Formicoxenus, Harpagoxenus, and Leptothorax) are unusually prone to developing a set of interrelated lifestyles collectively known as ‘social parasitism’.
Dulotic Temnothorax
Siefert et al. (2014) - Three slave-making species of the Temnothorax genus group (Bolton 2003) of the ant tribe Formicoxenini are known from North America. Each of the three represents an unmistakable combination of phenotypic characters. They all use species of the genus Temnothorax Forel, 1890 as hosts and cluster genetically with species of this genus (Beibl et al. 2005). The first species and outgroup to all the others (Beibl et al. 2005), Temnothorax americanus (Emery, 1895), is characterized by an elongated, semi-rectangular head capsule with extremely long antennal scobes that fully accommodate the short and flattened scape when it is folded back. These characters are a convergence to the Holarctic genus Harpagoxenus that belongs to the distantly related Leptothorax genus group. The second one, Temnothorax duloticus (Wesson, 1937), shows an acute, frontoventrally directed dent on the postpetiolar sternite, a high petiole with a bulky, truncate node that slopes down to the caudal cylinder with a distinct step. This particular petiolar shape and the reduction of antennal segments to 11 resemble the situation in the subgenus Mychothorax Ruzsky, 1904 of the genus Leptothorax Mayr, 1855. However, T. duloticus differs from the latter by the absence of a curved transverse carina on the stipes of the maxillae. On the third species….only little information exists to date (Herbers and Foitzik 2002, Beibl et al. 2005). Its phenotype is an unmistakable combination of an acute, frontoventrally directed dent on postpetiolar sternite, a stout, hump-backed mesosoma, small scape length, a high petiole that is in lateral aspect roughly triangular, a wide petiole and reduced mandibular dentition. Robin Stuart was the first who recognized the new species (Herbers and Foitzik 2002). We follow his proposal to name this slave-making species Temnothorax pilagens.
Phylogeny and Biogeography
Molecular analyses suggested the genus first arose 35Ma, with an initial succession of rapid diversification into distinctive clades. Early diversification occurred in the Neartic with large scale dispersal (Carribean, Neotropical mainland, Palearctic) following soon after the formation of the initial clades. The phylogeny clarifies and resolves numerous long standing problems with various past generic, subgeneric and species-group hypotheses. The data show support for Temnothorax originating as a terrestrial nesting species that later evolved arboreal species. Parasitism appears to have arisen numerous times, as it is not confined to a single node of the phylogeny.
Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - Temnothorax species are rare in Vietnam where they have been collected around or above 1000 m alt. in northern Vietnam.
Association with Other Organisms
All Associate Records for Genus
Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
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Temnothorax affinis | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax affinis | host | ant | Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | southern Europe | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax affinis | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax albipennis | host | ant | Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | ||
Temnothorax albipennis | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax curtulus | host | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax curtulus gentilis | host | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax monjauzei | host | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax spinosus | host | Algeria, Morocco | Buschinger et al., 1990 | the most common slave |
Temnothorax allardycei | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema minuta | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
Temnothorax ambiguus | host | ant | Temnothorax americanus | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax ambiguus | host | ant | Temnothorax duloticus | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax ambiguus | host | ant | Temnothorax pilagens | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax americanus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax ambiguus | host | |||
Temnothorax americanus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax curvispinosus | host | |||
Temnothorax americanus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax longispinosus | host | |||
Temnothorax andrei | xenobiont | ant | Colobopsis yogi | xenobiont | Creighton and Snelling, 1966 | nature of relationship unknown | |
Temnothorax andrei | xenobiont | ant | Formica moki | xenobiont | Mann, 1911 | nature of relationship unknown | |
Temnothorax andrei | xenobiont | ant | Formica ravida | xenobiont | Mackay & Mackay, 1984 | nature of relationship unknown | |
Temnothorax angustulus | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax aveli | host | ant | Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | Acosta Salmerón et al., 1983; Cagniant, 1973; Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax bernardi | host | ant | Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax bikara | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax makora | host | Japan | Japanese Ant Image Database | |
Temnothorax bikara | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax spinosior | host | Japan | Japanese Ant Image Database | |
Temnothorax corsicus | workerless inquiline | ant | Temnothorax exilis | host | |||
Temnothorax crasecundus | host | ant | Temnothorax tamarae | slave maker | Georgia | Csösz et al., 2015 | |
Temnothorax curtulus | host | ant | Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax curtulus gentilis | host | ant | Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax curvispinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax americanus | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax curvispinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax duloticus | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax curvispinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax minutissimus | workerless inquiline | |||
Temnothorax duloticus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax ambiguus | host | |||
Temnothorax duloticus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax curvispinosus | host | |||
Temnothorax duloticus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax longispinosus | host | |||
Temnothorax exilis | host | ant | Temnothorax corsicus | workerless inquiline | |||
Temnothorax exilis | host | ant | Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | Acosta Salmerón et al., 1983; Espadaler & Restrepo, 1983; Buschinger et al., 1988 | fairly common host | |
Temnothorax exilis | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Crete | Salata, Borowiec & Trichas, 2018 | |
Temnothorax exilis | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax flavicornis | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax lichtensteini | host | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax nylanderi | host | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax serviculus | host | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax kinomurai | workerless inquiline | ant | Temnothorax makora | host | |||
Temnothorax kraussei | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax recedens | host | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax aveli | host | Acosta Salmerón et al., 1983 | as rabaudi, rare host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax aveli | host | Cagniant, 1973 | as berlandi, rare host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax exilis | host | Espadaler and Restrepo, 1983 | as specularis, fairly common host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax exilis | host | Acosta Salmerón et al., 1983 | rare host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax niger | host | Cagniant, 1973 | rare host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax racovitzai | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | as massiliensis, most common host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax racovitzai | host | Cagniant, 1973 | rare host | |
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax recedens | host | Espadaler & Restrepo, 1983 | ||
Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | Espadaler & Restrepo, 1983 | rare host | |
Temnothorax lichtensteini | host | ant | Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax lichtensteini | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax longispinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax americanus | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax longispinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax duloticus | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax longispinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax pilagens | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax luteus | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | as Leptothorax tristis | |
Temnothorax minutissimus | workerless inquiline | ant | Temnothorax curvispinosus | host | |||
Temnothorax monjauzei | host | ant | Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1990 | ||
Temnothorax muellerianus | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax affinis | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax exilis | host | Crete | Salata, Borowiec & Trichas, 2018 | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax flavicornis | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax luteus | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | as Leptothorax tristis | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax nigriceps | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | common host | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax recedens | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | common host | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax semiruber | host | Crete | Salata, Borowiec & Trichas, 2018 | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax tuberum | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | Buschinger et al., 1988 | most common host | |
Temnothorax nadigi | host | ant | Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | Poland | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax niger | host | ant | Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | Cagniant, 1973; Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax nigriceps | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | common host | |
Temnothorax nigriceps | host | ant | Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | ||
Temnothorax nylanderi | host | ant | Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1983 | ''T. nylanderi'' as the host of ''Temnothorax gordiagini'' had been suggested by Soudek, 1925, (cited in Buschinger et al., 1983) though this has never been confirmed and was probably a misidentification | |
Temnothorax nylanderi | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax pilagens | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax ambiguus | host | |||
Temnothorax pilagens | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax longispinosus | host | |||
Temnothorax purpuratus | host | eupelmid wasp | Anastatus myrmecobius | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate | |
Temnothorax racovitzai | host | ant | Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988; Cagniant, 1973 | most common host | |
Temnothorax racovitzai | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax affinis | host | southern Europe | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | relatively rare |
Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax albipennis | host | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | ||
Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax nadigi | host | Poland | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax nigriceps | host | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | ||
Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax tuberum | host | eastern Europe | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | mainly western Europe | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax recedens | host | ant | Temnothorax kraussei | slave maker | |||
Temnothorax recedens | host | ant | Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | Espadaler & Restrepo, 1983; Buschinger et al., 1988 | ||
Temnothorax recedens | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | common host | |
Temnothorax recedens | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax rottenbergii | host | ant | Temnothorax brunneus | slave maker | Morocco | Buschinger & Douwes, 1990 | |
Temnothorax semiruber | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Crete | Salata, Borowiec & Trichas, 2018 | |
Temnothorax serviculus | host | ant | Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax spinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax algerianus | slave maker | Algeria, Morocco | Buschinger et al., 1990 | the most common host |
Temnothorax spinosus | host | ant | Temnothorax tramieri | slave maker | Algeria, Morocco | Cagniant, 1983 | |
Temnothorax subditivus | host | ant | Crematogaster carinata | xenobiont | |||
Temnothorax tamarae | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax crasecundus | host | Georgia | Csösz et al., 2015 | |
Temnothorax tamarae | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax sp. NYL2 | host | Georgia | Gratiashvili et al., 2014 | an undescribed species closely related to ''Temnothorax nylanderi'' |
Temnothorax tamarae | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | Georgia | Gratiashvili et al., 2014 | needs confirmation |
Temnothorax tramieri | slave maker | ant | Temnothorax spinosus | host | Algeria, Morocco | Cagniant, 1983 | |
Temnothorax tuberum | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax tuberum | host | ant | Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | eastern Europe | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax tuberum | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | ||
Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | ant | Temnothorax gordiagini | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1984 | ||
Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | ant | Temnothorax kutteri | slave maker | Espadaler & Restrepo, 1983; Buschinger et al., 1988 | rare host | |
Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | ant | Temnothorax muellerianus | slave maker | Buschinger et al., 1988 | common host | |
Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | ant | Temnothorax ravouxi | slave maker | mainly western Europe | Czechowski & Czechowska, 2000 | |
Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | ant | Temnothorax tamarae | slave maker | Georgia | Gratiashvili et al., 2014 | needs confirmation |
Temnothorax unifasciatus | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 |
Castes
Morphology
Karyotype
Species Uncertain
- Temnothorax cf. interrupus: n = 12 (Greece) (Fischer, 1987) (as Leptothorax cf. interruptus).
- Temnothorax cf. lichtensteini: n = 14 (France; Spain) (Fischer, 1987) (as Leptothorax cf. lichtensteini).
- Temnothorax: n = 9 (Croatia, France, Greece) (Fischer, 1987) (as Leptothorax spp., tuberum group).
All Karyotype Records for Genus
Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temnothorax | 12 | Greece | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax'' cf. ''interruptus'' | ||
Temnothorax | 14 | France; Spain | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax'' cf. ''lichtensteini'' | ||
Temnothorax | 9 | Croatia, France, Greece | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax'' spp., ''tuberum'' group | ||
Temnothorax adlerzi | 10 | Greece | Douwes et al., 1988 | as ''Epimyrma adlerzi'' | ||
Temnothorax affinis | 9 | France, Germany, Switzerland | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax affinis'' | ||
Temnothorax albipennis | 8 | Germany | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax albipennis'', ''L. tuberointerruptus'', ''Stenamma albipennis'' | ||
Temnothorax albipennis | 8 | Great Britain | Orledge, 1998 | as ''Leptothorax albipennis'', ''L. tuberointerruptus'', ''Stenamma albipennis'' | ||
Temnothorax algerianus | 10 | Douwes et al., 1988 | as ''Epimyrma algeriana'' | |||
Temnothorax ambiguus | 22 | Canada | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax ambiguus'' | ||
Temnothorax americanus | 11 | Canada; USA | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Harpagoxenus americanus'' | ||
Temnothorax andrei | 10 | USA | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax andrei'' | ||
Temnothorax angustulus | 23 | France | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax angustulus'' | ||
Temnothorax aveli | 9 | France | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax rabaudi'' | ||
Temnothorax bernardi | 10 | Spain | Buschinger et al., 1986; Fischer, 1987 | as ''Epimyrma bernardi'' | ||
Temnothorax congruus | 9 | 18 | Japan | Imai & Kubota, 1972 | as ''Leptothorax congruus'' | |
Temnothorax corsicus | 10 | France | Buschinger et al., 1986; Fischer, 1987 | as ''Epimyrma corsica'' | ||
Temnothorax corticalis | 12 | Germany | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax corticalis'' | ||
Temnothorax corticalis | 9 | Crozier, 1975 | as ''Leptothorax corticalis'' | |||
Temnothorax curvispinosus | 23 | USA | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax curvispinosus'' | ||
Temnothorax duloticus | 23 | Canada | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax duloticus'' | ||
Temnothorax duloticus | 24 | Canada | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax duloticus'' | ||
Temnothorax duloticus | 25 | Canada | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax duloticus'' | ||
Temnothorax exilis | 11 | Croatia; France; Italy; Turkey | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax exilis'' | ||
Temnothorax exilis | 17 | Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax specularis'' | ||
Temnothorax flavicornis | 11 | Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax flavicornis'' | ||
Temnothorax gordiagini | 10 | Croatia | Buschinger et al., 1983; Fischer, 1987 | as ''Myrmoxenus gordiagini'' | ||
Temnothorax gredosi | 17 | Spain | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax gredosi'' | ||
Temnothorax interruptus | 24 | Germany | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 | as ''Leptothorax interruptus'' | ||
Temnothorax interruptus | 12 | Croatia; Germany | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax interruptus'' | ||
Temnothorax kraussei | 10 | France, Italy, Spain | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Epimyrma kraussei'' | ||
Temnothorax kutteri | 12 | France | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Chalepoxenus kutteri'' | ||
Temnothorax lichtensteini | 14 | Croatia, France, Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax lichtensteini'' | ||
Temnothorax longispinosus | 12 | Canada | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax longispinosus'' | ||
Temnothorax longispinosus | 12 | 24 | USA | Crozier, 1970b | as ''Leptothorax longispinosus'' | |
Temnothorax luteus | 21 | France; Switzerland | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax tristis'' | ||
Temnothorax mediterraneus | 14 | 28 | France, Italy, Spain | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax kraussei'' | |
Temnothorax melas | 13 | France | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax melas'' | ||
Temnothorax muellerianus | 12 | Croatia; France; Greece; Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Chalepoxenus siciliensis'' | ||
Temnothorax niger | 18 | France; Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax niger'' | ||
Temnothorax nigriceps | 18 | Switzerland | Hauschteck, 1962 | as ''Leptothorax nigriceps'' | ||
Temnothorax nigriceps | 9 | Croatia; France; Germany; Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax nigriceps'' | ||
Temnothorax nylanderi | 11 | Croatia, France, Germany | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax nylanderi'' | ||
Temnothorax nylanderi | 11 | 22 | Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 | as ''Leptothorax nylanderi'' | |
Temnothorax parvulus | 14 | France, Italy, Switzerland | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax parvulus'' | ||
Temnothorax racovitzai | 21 | France | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax racovitzai'' | ||
Temnothorax ravouxi | 10 | France; Germany; Italy; Switzerland | Buschinger et al., 1986; Fischer, 1987 | as ''Epimyrma ravouxi'' | ||
Temnothorax recedens | 12 | Italy | Fischer, Karl, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax recedens'' | ||
Temnothorax rottenbergii | 11 | Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax rottenbergii'' | ||
Temnothorax rougeti | 8 | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax rougeti'' (subspecies of ''Temnothorax unifasciatus'') | |||
Temnothorax rugatulus | 26 | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | as ''Leptothorax rugatulus'' | ||
Temnothorax rugatulus | 27 | USA | Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988 | as ''Leptothorax rugatulus'' | ||
Temnothorax rugatulus | 14 | USA | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax rugatulus'' | ||
Temnothorax schaumii | 9 | USA | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 | as ''Leptothorax schaumii'' | ||
Temnothorax sordidulus | 11 | Croatia, Italy, Switzerland | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax sordidulus'' | ||
Temnothorax spinosior | 12 | 24 | Japan | Imai, 1966; Imai, 1969; Imai, 1974; Imai & Yosida, 1964; Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax spinosior'' | |
Temnothorax spinosus | 16 | Algeria | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax spinosus'' | ||
Temnothorax stumperi | 10 | France; Switzerland | Buschinger et al., 1986; Fischer, 1987 | as ''Epimyrma stumperi'' | ||
Temnothorax tuberum | 9 | France, Sweden, Switzerland | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax tuberum'' | ||
Temnothorax tuberum | 9 | 18 | Switzerland | Hauschteck, 1962; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 | as ''Leptothorax tuberum'' | |
Temnothorax unifasciatus | 9 | Croatia; France; Germany; Greece; Italy | Fischer, 1987 | as ''Leptothorax unifasciatus'' | ||
Temnothorax unifasciatus | 9 | 18 | Germany; Switzerland | Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 | as ''Leptothorax unifasciatus'' |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- TEMNOTHORAX [Myrmicinae: Formicoxenini]
- Temnothorax Mayr, 1861: 68. Type-species: Myrmica recedens, by monotypy.
- Temnothorax junior synonym of Leptothorax: Forel, 1890a: lxxii.
- Temnothorax revived from synonymy as subgenus of Leptothorax: Forel, 1892i: 315; maintained as subgenus: Emery, 1915g: 24; Forel, 1915d: 27; Bondroit, 1918: 117; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 679; Emery, 1924d: 259.
- Temnothorax junior synonym of Leptothorax: Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 96; Bolton, 1982: 319; Bolton, 1994: 105.
- Temnothorax revived status as genus: Bernard, 1967: 185; Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 543; Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 79; Atanasov & Dlussky, 1992: 125; Bolton, 2003: 252, 270.
- Temnothorax senior synonym of Antillaemyrmex, Croesomyrmex, Dichothorax, Icothorax, Macromischa, Myrmammophilus, Myrafant: Bolton, 2003: 252, 270.
- Current subgenera of Temnothorax: nominal plus Gonepimyrma.
- ANTILLAEMYRMEX [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Antillaemyrmex Mann, 1920: 408 [as subgenus of Macromischa]. Type-species: Macromischa (Antillaemyrmex) terricola, by original designation.
- Antillaemyrmex raised to genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1931b: 4 (in text).
- Antillaemyrmex junior synonym of Macromischa: Smith, M.R. 1937: 849; Smith, M.R. 1939e: 502.
- Antillaemyrmex junior synonym of Leptothorax: Snelling, R.R. 1986: 154.
- Antillaemyrmex junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 253, 271.
- CHALEPOXENUS [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Chalepoxenus Menozzi, 1923a: 257. Type-species: Chalepoxenus gribodoi (junior synonym of Leptothorax muellerianus), by monotypy.
- [Name of type-species initially misspelled gridoboi, p. 257; correct spelling as gribodoi, p. 258.]
- Chalepoxenus senior synonym of Leonomyrma: Buschinger, 1987: 117.
- Chalepoxenus junior synonym of Temnothorax: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- CROESOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Croesomyrmex Mann, 1920: 408 [as subgenus of Macromischa]. Type-species: Macromischa (Croesomyrmex) wheeleri, by original designation.
- Croesomyrmex raised to genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1931b: 4 (in text).
- Croesomyrmex junior synonym of Macromischa: Smith, M.R. 1937: 849; Smith, M.R. 1939e: 502.
- Croesomyrmex junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 253, 271.
- DICHOTHORAX [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Dichothorax Emery, 1895c: 323 [as subgenus of Leptothorax]. Type-species: Leptothorax (Dichothorax) pergandei, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 161.
- Dichothorax raised to genus: Ashmead, 1905b: 383.
- Dichothorax subgenus of Leptothorax: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 139.
- Dichothorax junior synonym of Leptothorax: Bolton, 1982: 319.
- Dichothorax junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 253, 271.
- EPIMYRMA [junior synonym of Myrmoxenus]
- Epimyrma Emery, 1915a: 262. Type-species: Epimyrma kraussei, by original designation.
- Epimyrma senior synonym of Myrmoxenus (and its junior synonym Myrmetaerus): Buschinger, 1990: 245 (provisional synoynym); Bolton, 1994: 105 [incorrect seniority].
- Epimyrma junior synonym of Myrmoxenus: Schulz & Sanetra, 2002: 162.
- ICOTHORAX [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Icothorax Hamann & Klemm, 1967: 415 [as subgenus of Leptothorax]. Type-species: Leptothorax (Icothorax) megalops, by monotypy.
- Icothorax junior synonym of Myrafant: Baroni Urbani, 1978b: 556; Bolton, 1995b: 32.
- Icothorax junior synonym of Chalepoxenus: Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 13.
- Icothorax junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 253, 271.
- LEONOMYRMA [junior synonym of Chalepoxenus]
- Leonomyrma Arnol'di, 1968: 1809. Type-species: Leonomyrma spinosa, by original designation.
- Leonomyrma junior synonym of Chalepoxenus: Buschinger, 1987: 117.
- MACROMISCHA [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Macromischa Roger, 1863a: 184. Type-species: Macromischa purpurata, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 166.
- Macromischa subgenus of Leptothorax: Baroni Urbani, 1978b: 398.
- Macromischa revived status as genus: Smith, D.R. 1979: 1390.
- Macromischa senior synonym of Antillaemyrmex, Croesomyrmex: Smith, M.R. 1937: 849; Smith, M.R. 1939e: 502; Baroni Urbani, 1978b: 398.
- Macromischa junior synonym of Leptothorax: Snelling, R.R. 1986: 154; Bolton, 1994: 105; Bolton, 1995b: 34.
- Macromischa junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 252, 271.
- MYRAFANT [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Myrafant Smith, M.R. 1950: 30 [as subgenus of Leptothorax]. Type-species: Leptothorax curvispinosus, by original designation.
- Myrafant senior synonym of Icothorax: Baroni Urbani, 1978b: 556.
- Myrafant junior synonym of Leptothorax: Bolton, 1982: 319.
- Myrafant junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 253, 271.
- MYRMAMMOPHILUS [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Myrmammophilus Menozzi, 1925d: 29 [as subgenus of Leptothorax]. Type-species: Leptothorax (Myrmammophilus) finzii, by monotypy.
- Myrmammophilus junior synonym of Leptothorax: Bolton, 1982: 319.
- Myrmammophilus junior synonym of Temnothorax: Bolton, 2003: 253, 271.
- MYRMETAERUS [junior synonym of Myrmoxenus]
- Myrmetaerus Soudek, 1925a: 33. Type-species: Myrmetaerus microcellatus (junior synonym of Myrmoxenus gordiagini), by monotypy.
- [Myrmetaerus also described as new by Soudek, 1925b: 14.]
- Myrmetaerus junior synonym of Camponotus: Snelling, R.R. 1981: 404 (error).
- Myrmoxenus junior synonym of Epimyrma: Bolton, 1994: 105.
- Myrmetaerus junior synonym of Myrmoxenus: Buschinger, Winter & Faber, 1984: 336; Bolton, 2003: 248.
- MYRMOXENUS [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Myrmoxenus Ruzsky, 1902b: 474. Type-species: Myrmoxenus gordiagini, by monotypy.
- Myrmoxenus senior synonym of Myrmetaerus: Buschinger, Winter & Faber, 1984: 336.
- Myrmoxenus junior synonym of Epimyrma: Bolton, 1994: 105 [incorrect seniority].
- Myrmoxenus senior synonym of Epimyrma: Schulz & Sanetra, 2002: 162.
- Myrmoxenus junior synonym of Temnothorax: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
- PROTOMOGNATHUS [junior synonym of Temnothorax]
- Protomognathus Wheeler, W.M. 1905a: 3 [as subgenus of Tomognathus]. Type-species: Tomognathus americanus, by monotypy.
- Protomognathus junior synonym of Harpagoxenus: Emery, 1924d: 265.
- Protomognathus revived from synonymy and raised to genus: Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 65.
- Protomognathus junior synonym of Temnothorax: Ward et al., 2014: 15.
References
- Arnol'di, K. V.; Dlussky, G. M. 1978. Superfam. Formicoidea. 1. Fam. Formicidae - ants. Pp. 519-556 in: Medvedev, G. S. (ed.) Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Hymenoptera. Part 1. Opredeliteli Faune SSSR 119:3-584. (page 543, Temnothorax as genus)
- Atanassov, N.; Dlussky, G. M. 1992. Fauna of Bulgaria. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Fauna Bûlg. 22: 1-310 (page 125, Temnothorax as genus)
- Baroni Urbani, C. 1971c. Catalogo delle specie di Formicidae d'Italia (Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia X). Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 50: 5-287 (page 96, Temnothorax as junior synonym of Leptothorax)
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