Myrmica

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Myrmica
Temporal range: 50.3–0 Ma Eocene – Recent
Myrmica rubra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Myrmicini
Genus: Myrmica
Latreille, 1804
Type species
Formica rubra, now Myrmica rubra
Diversity
210 species
14 fossil species
(Species Checklist, Species by Country)

Myrmica rubra casent0010684 profile 1.jpg

Myrmica rubra

Myrmica rubra casent0010684 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms

A common and abundant element of Holoartic ant faunas, especially at higher latitudes.

Evolutionary Relationships
Myrmicinae
Myrmicini

Manica
  (6 species)



Myrmica
  (210 species)





Pogonomyrmecini
  (3 genera)




Stenammini
  (7 genera)




Solenopsidini
  (22 genera)




Attini
  (49 genera)



Crematogastrini
  (65 genera)







Based on Ward et al., 2014

Identification

Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - The worker of Myrmica is somewhat similar to those of Aphaenogaster (see under Aphaenogaster) and Tetramorium. However, in the worker of Tetramorium, the tibial spurs of the middle and hind legs are simple or absent, and the apex of sting bears a small lamellate appendage.

Species groups have proven useful to help organize the often difficult to determine species into more manageable subsets of species. Diagnostic treatments of these groups, and list of species assigned to each group, for many Myrmica species are found here: Myrmica Species Groups. This page does not provide coverage of the North American Myrmica fauna. Some contemporary, albeit preliminary, species group work for North American Myrmica species is found here: Myrmica Species Groups of North America

Fossils Jessen (2020) - All the known fossil Myrmica species originating from the Eocene were described from worker specimens. According to Radchenko et al. (2007) these fossil ants mostly have long propodeal spines, and their head and alitrunk show very coarse sinuous rugosity and reticulation. Only Myrmica paradoxa has short blunt propodeal teeth and a fine reticulation. In Myrmica species from Enspel, the alitrunk is, primarily, widely and slightly irregularly striated. There is no evidence of an additional reticulation on the alitrunk.

AntWeb icon 02.png See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

 

Keys to Species in this Genus

Species Group Keys

Fossil Species Key

Distribution

Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Baltic amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Bitterfeld amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Danish-Scandinavian amber (Bartonian, Middle to Late Eocene), Enspel Formation, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (Oligocene), Mokrina (Krottensee), Czech Republic (Late Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Oeningen, Switzerland (Messinian, Late Miocene), Parschlug, Austria (Serravallian, Miocene), Radoboj, Croatia (Burdigalian, Early Miocene).

Biology

Association with Other Organisms

Numerous European species are parasitized by Phengaris butterflies. Maturing caterpillars of various species move into the nests of certain Myrmica species and prey on ant brood. They are also able to solicit food from and be fed via trophallaxis.

In Missouri, USA, a Myrmica species (species uncertain) was found as a slave within a nest of Formica rubicunda.

An unknown species is host for the staphylinid beetle Orphnebius lilizheni in China (Jiang et al., 2020).

All Associate Records for Genus

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Taxon Relationship Associate Type Associate Taxon Associate Relationship Locality Source Notes
Myrmica host ant Formica rubicunda slave maker
Myrmica host Staphylinid beetle Orphnebius lilizheni myrmecophile China Jiang et al., 2020
Myrmica aimonissabaudiae host ant Myrmica ereptrix inquiline
Myrmica aimonissabaudiae host ant Myrmica latra inquiline
Myrmica alaskensis host ant Formicoxenus quebecensis guest
Myrmica alaskensis workerless inquiline ant Myrmica lampra host
Myrmica alaskensis workerless inquiline ant Myrmica quebecensis host
Myrmica bibikoffi temporary parasite ant Myrmica sabuleti host Radchenko & Elmes, 2003
Myrmica cagnianti host ant Myrmica kabylica workerless inquiline
Myrmica colax inquiline ant Myrmica striolagaster
Myrmica curvithorax host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica ereptrix inquiline ant Myrmica aimonissabaudiae
Myrmica fracticornis host ant Formicoxenus provancheri xenobiont
Myrmica gallienii host ant Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline
Myrmica hirsuta inquiline ant Myrmica sabuleti host Elmes, 1978 workers rare
Myrmica incompleta host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon albicomatus predator Idaho (type), Washington Novak, 1977
Myrmica incompleta host ant Formicoxenus provancheri xenobiont
Myrmica kabylica workerless inquiline ant Myrmica cagnianti host
Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline ant Myrmica gallienii host
Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline ant Myrmica lonae host
Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline ant Myrmica rugulosa host
Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline ant Myrmica sabuleti host
Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline ant Myrmica scabrinodis host
Myrmica lampra workerless inquiline ant Myrmica alaskensis host
Myrmica latra inquiline ant Myrmica aimonissabaudiae
Myrmica laurae workerless inquiline ant Myrmica sabuleti host identification needs confirmation
Myrmica laurae workerless inquiline ant Myrmica scabrinodis host
Myrmica lemasnei workerless inquiline ant Myrmica sabuleti host
Myrmica lobicornis host ant Myrmica myrmicoxena workerless inquiline
Myrmica lonae host ant Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline
Myrmica lonae host butterfly Phengaris arion parasite Sielezniew et al., 2010
Myrmica myrmicoxena workerless inquiline ant Myrmica lobulicornis host
Myrmica nefaria inquiline ant Myrmica rupestris Radchenko and Elmes, 2010
Myrmica punctiventris host ant Myrmica semiparasitica temporary parasite
Myrmica quebecensis workerless inquiline ant Myrmica alaskensis host
Myrmica rubra host encyrtid wasp Syrphophagus aphidivorus parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Myrmica rubra host fungus Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila pathogen Shrestha et al., 2017
Myrmica rubra host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica rubra host pteromalid wasp Asaphes vulgaris parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Myrmica rubra host pteromalid wasp Pachyneuron aphidis parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate
Myrmica rugulosa host ant Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline
Myrmica rugulosa host nematode Diploscapter lycostoma parasite Wahab, 1962
Myrmica rupestris host ant Myrmica nefaria inquiline Radchenko and Elmes, 2010
Myrmica sabuleti host ant Myrmica bibikoffi temporary parasite
Myrmica sabuleti host ant Myrmica hirsuta inquiline
Myrmica sabuleti host ant Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline
Myrmica sabuleti host ant Myrmica laurae workerless inquiline identification needs confirmation
Myrmica sabuleti host ant Myrmica lemasnei workerless inquiline
Myrmica sabuleti host butterfly Maculinea arion parasite Barbero et al., 2009
Myrmica sabuleti host fungus Hormiscium myrmecophilum pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica sabuleti host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica sabuleti mutualist butterfly Phengaris arion Obregon et al. 2015
Myrmica scabrinodis host ''Microdon'' fly Microdon myrmicae predator Devon, England, U.K. Scarparo et al., 2020
Myrmica scabrinodis host ant Myrmica karavajevi workerless inquiline
Myrmica scabrinodis host ant Myrmica laurae workerless inquiline
Myrmica scabrinodis host butterfly Glaucopsyche alexis Obregon et al. 2015
Myrmica scabrinodis host butterfly Maculinea alcon Tartally et al., 2019; Ebsen et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis host butterfly Maculinea teleius Tartally et al., 2019; Ebsen et al., 2019
Myrmica scabrinodis host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica scabrinodis host nematode unidentified nematode parasite Csosz, 2012 infected ant described as ''Sommimyrma symbiotica'', now ''Myrmica scabrinodis''
Myrmica schencki host butterfly Maculinea rebeli parasite Barbero et al., 2009
Myrmica schencki host butterfly Phengaris arion parasite Sielezniew et al., 2010b
Myrmica schencki host butterfly Phengaris rebeli parasite Settele et al., 2005; Sielezniew et al., 2010a
Myrmica semiparasitica temporary parasite ant Myrmica punctiventris host
Myrmica specioides host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica spinosior host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmica vandeli host fungus Rickia wasmannii pathogen Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Myrmicaria opaciventris host encyrtid wasp Ooencyrtus sp. parasite Universal Chalcidoidea Database associate

Vietnam

Eguchi, Bui and Yamane (2011) - Myrmica species have so far been found exclusively in the mountains of Fan Si Pan above approximately 1,700 m alt. They inhabit sparse to well-developed forests and nest in rotting logs, wood fragments, under stones, in soil around tree bases, etc. Workers forage on the ground and lower vegetation.

Castes

Morphology

Worker Morphology

  • Antennal segment count: 12
  • Antennal club: 3-4
  • Palp formula: 6,4
  • Total dental count: 6-10
  • Spur formula: 1 simple-pectinate, 1 simple-pectinate;0, 0
  • Sting: present

Male Morphology

 • Antennal segment count 12-13 • Antennal club 4-5; gradual-3 in some social parasites • Palp formula 6,4 • Total dental count 3-8 • Spur formula 1 barbulate-pectinate, 1 barbulate-pectinate; 0, 1 barbulate-pectinate; 0, 0

Karyotype

All Karyotype Records for Genus

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Taxon Haploid Diploid Karyotype Locality Source Notes
Myrmica lobicornis 24 Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Myrmica rubra 48 Switzerland Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983 as ''Myrmica laevinodis''
Myrmica rubra 23 46 Japan Imai, 1969
Myrmica ruginodis 48 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1965
Myrmica ruginodis 24 Switzerland Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Myrmica sabuleti 46 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1965
Myrmica sabuleti 23 Switzerland Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Myrmica scabrinodis 22 44 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1965
Myrmica schencki 23 46 Switzerland Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Myrmica sulcinodis 24 Switzerland Crozier, 1975 2n=24 is probably a mistake
Myrmica sulcinodis 28 56 Switzerland Hauschteck, 1965; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983
Myrmicaria 44 Indonesia Imai et al., 1985
Myrmicaria 44 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982
Myrmicaria 44 Malaysia Goni et al., 1982; Imai et al., 1983
Myrmicaria 23 46 Malaysia Imai et al., 1983
Myrmicaria brunnea 44 24M+20A India Imai et al., 1984 The photo is the ''Myrmicaria brunnea subcarinata''

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • MYRMICA [Myrmicinae: Myrmicini]
    • Myrmica Latreille, 1804: 179. Type-species: Formica rubra, by subsequent designation of Latreille, 1810: 437; see also Yarrow, 1955b: 113.
    • Myrmica senior synonym of Dodecamyrmica: Francoeur, 1981: 759.
    • Myrmica senior synonym of Paramyrmica, Sifolinia (and its junior synonym Symbiomyrma), Sommimyrma: Bolton, 1988a: 3; Bolton, 2003: 221.
    • Myrmica senior synonym of †Nothomyrmica: Radchenko, Dlussky & Elmes, 2007: 1495.
  • DODECAMYRMICA [junior synonym of Myrmica]
    • Dodecamyrmica Arnol'di, 1968: 1803 [as subgenus of Myrmica]. Type-species: Myrmica arnoldii, by original designation.
    • Dodecamyrmica junior synonym of Myrmica: Francoeur, 1981: 759.
  • †NOTHOMYRMICA [junior synonym of Myrmica]
    • †Nothomyrmica Wheeler, W.M. 1915h: 60. Type-species: †Macromischa rudis, by original designation.
    • [†Nothomyrmica Wheeler, W.M. 1908g: 413, and Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 167, nomina nuda.]
    • †Nothomyrmica junior synonym of Myrmica: Radchenko, Dlussky & Elmes, 2007: 1495.
  • PARAMYRMICA [junior synonym of Myrmica]
    • Paramyrmica Cole, 1957a: 37. Type-species: Paramyrmica colax, by original designation.
    • Paramyrmica junior synonym of Myrmica: Bolton, 1988a: 3.
  • SIFOLINIA [junior synonym of Myrmica]
    • Sifolinia Emery, 1907: 49. Type-species: Sifolinia laurae, by monotypy.
    • Sifolinia senior synonym of Symbiomyrma: Samsinak, 1964: 156.
    • Sifolinia junior synonym of Myrmica: Bolton, 1988a: 3.
  • SOMMIMYRMA [junior synonym of Myrmica]
    • Sommimyrma Menozzi, 1925d: 25. Type-species: Sommimyrma symbiotica, by original designation.
    • Sommimyrma junior synonym of Myrmica: Bolton, 1988a: 3.
  • SYMBIOMYRMA [junior synonym of Myrmica]
    • Symbiomyrma Arnol'di, 1930c: 267. Type-species: Symbiomyrma karavajevi, by monotypy.
    • [Symbiomyrma also described as new by Arnol'di, 1933a: 41.]
    • Symbiomyrma junior synonym of Sifolinia: Samsinak, 1964: 156.
    • Symbiomyrma revived from synonymy: Seifert, 1994: 15; Seifert, 1996: 236.
    • Symbiomyrma junior synonym of Myrmica: Bolton, 1988a: 3; Bolton, 1995b: 47; Bolton, 2003: 222; Radchenko & Elmes, 2003: 219.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Fossils

Queen

Jessen (2020) - BL < 7 mm, colour light brown; antenna, and tarsi dark brown. Mandibles elongate to subtriangular, with 5–6 teeth. Apical and sub-apical teeth bigger than the others. Clypeus anterior margin smooth, tapered in the middle. Antennal sockets widely separated. Antenna 12-segmented with distinct 3–4 segmented club, scape widely bended at base. Segments 3 to 7 of funiculus not slender, rather short and wide. Frontal carina diverging to both sides. The dark ring around the eyes is interpreted as a stronger sclerotized circumocular sulcus, clearly visible in light brown specimens. Scutum and scutellum remarkably flat. Scutum does not overlap pronotum anteriorly or laterally. Scutums anterior margin appears slightly arched and stepped. Scutellum is not oval-shaped with tapered ends. Scutellums posterior margin is strongly curved backwards. Front legs with combed tibial spurs. Steeply descending propodeum, almost vertically. As these specimens are less sclerotized, propodeal spines may break off easily. Only in one specimen they are preserved. Petiole with very short peduncle and dorsally rounded petiolar node. Postpetiole nodiform, constriction towards gaster weak or absent. Suture between dorsal and ventral sclerites of postpetiole distinct, partly open posteriorly (this could also have been caused by taphonomic effects).

References

  • Arnol'di, K. V. 1970b. Review of the ant genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the European part of the USSR. Zool. Zh. 4 49: 1829-1844 (page 1832, Revisionary studies)
  • Arnol'di, K. V. 1976a. Ants of the genus Myrmica Latr. from Central Asia and the southern Kazakstan. Zool. Zh. 55: 547-558 (page 554, Revisionary studies)
  • Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Bolton, B. 1988a. A new socially parasitic Myrmica, with a reassessment of the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 13: 1-11 (page 3, Myrmica senior synonym of Paramyrmica, Sifolinia (and its junior synonym Symbiomyrma), and Sommimyrma)
  • Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 221, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini; Myrmica senior synonym of Paramyrmica, Sifolinia (and its junior synonym Symbiomyrma), and Sommimyrma)
  • Bondroit, J. 1918. Les fourmis de France et de Belgique. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 87: 1-174 (page 96, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Brown, W. L., Jr. 1973b. A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. Pp. 161-185 in: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S., Duckworth, W. D. (eds.) Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, viii + 350 pp. (page 180-185, Myrmica provisional senior synonym of Dodecamyrmica, Paramyrmica, Sifolinia, Sommimyrma, Symbiomyrma)
  • Cresson, E. T. 1887. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., Suppl. Vol. 1887: 1-351 (page 260, Myrmica in Myrmicidae)
  • Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 108, Myrmica in Myrmicinae)
  • Eguchi, K., Bui, T.V. & Yamane, S. 2011. Generic synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam. Part 1 – Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa 2878: 1-61.
  • Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 769, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 40, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Emery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 94: 1-94 + 7 (page 36, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 5: 441-481 (page 460, Myrmica in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
  • Finzi, B. 1926. Le forme europee del genere Myrmica Latr. Primo contributo. Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat. Trieste 29: 71-119 (page 71, Revisionary studies)
  • Forel, A. 1895b. A fauna das formigas do Brazil. Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 1: 89-139 (page 125, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Forel, A. 1899e. Formicidae. [part]. Biol. Cent.-Am. Hym. 3: 57-80 (page 63, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 241, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Francoeur, A. 1981c. Le groupe néarctique Myrmica lampra (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Can. Entomol. 113: 755-759 (page 759, Myrmica senior synonym of Dodecamyrmica)
  • Garcia, F.R.M., Ovruski, S.M., Suárez, L., Cancino, J., Liburd, O.E. 2020. Biological control of tephritid fruit flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A review of the use of parasitoids and predators. Insects 11, 662. (doi:10.3390/insects11100662).
  • Hamilton, N., Jones, T.H., Shik, J.Z., Wall, B., Schultz, T.R., Blair, H.A., Adams, R.M.M. 2018. Context is everything: mapping Cyphomyrmex-derived compounds to the fungus-growing ant phylogeny. Chemoecology 28, 137–144. (doi:10.1007/S00049-018-0265-5).
  • Jansen, Gunther and Riitta Savolainen, Kari Vepsäläinen. 2010. Phylogeny, divergence-time estimation, biogeography and social parasite–host relationships of the Holarctic ant genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56: 294–304 (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.029).
  • Jessen, K. 2020. New fossil ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Upper Oligocene of Enspel (Westerwald Mountains, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 100:1007–1045.  doi:10.1007/s12549-019-00406-2
  • Jiang, R.-X., Li, B.-Y., Wang, S. 2020. Description a new species of the genus Orphnebius Motschulsky, 1858 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Xizang, China. Zootaxa 4790, 593–599 (doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4790.3.13).
  • Latreille, P. A. 1804. Tableau méthodique des insectes. Pp. 129-200 in: Société de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome 24. Paris: Déterville, 84 + 85 + 238 + 18 + 34 pp. (page 179, Myrmica as genus)
  • Latreille, P. A. 1810. Considérations générales sur l'ordre natural des animaux composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes; avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres, disposés en familles. Paris: F. Schoell, 444 pp. (page 437, Type-species, by subsequent designation)
  • Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. 1835 [1836]. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hyménoptères. Tome I. Paris: Roret, 547 pp. (page 180, Myrmica in Myrmicites)
  • Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ver. Wien 5: 273-478 (page 396, Myrmica in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
  • Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. (page 62, Myrmica in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
  • Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 19, Myrmica in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
  • Menozzi, C. 1939a. Formiche dell'Himalaya e del Karakorum raccolte dalla Spedizione italiana comandata da S. A. R. il Duca di Spoleto (1929). Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 78: 285-345 (page 293, Revisionary studies)
  • Radchenko, A. G. 1994a. Taxonomic structure of the ant genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Eurasia. Report 1. Zool. Zh. 73(6 6: 39-51 (page 39, Revisionary studies)
  • Radchenko, A. G. 1994d. Identification table for ants of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from central and eastern Palearctic. Zool. Zh. 73(7-8 8: 130-145 (page 130, Revisionary studies)
  • Radchenko, A. G.; Elmes, G. W. 2003a. A taxonomic revision of the socially parasitic Myrmica ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Palaearctic region. Ann. Zool. (Warsaw) 53: 217-243 (page 219, Myrmica as senior synonym of Paramyrmica, Sifolinia, Sommimyrma, and Symbiomyrma)
  • Seifert, B. 1988b. A taxonomic revision of the Myrmica species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caucasia (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Abh. Ber. Naturkundemus. Görlitz 62(3): 1-75 (page 1, Revisionary studies)
  • Smith, F. 1857a. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 2: 42-88 (page 70, Myrmica in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
  • Smith, F. 1858a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. (page 114, Myrmica in Poneridae, Myrmicidae)
  • Smith, F. 1871a. A catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of India and the Eastern Archipelago. With introductory remarks by A. R. Wallace. [part]. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 11: 285-348 (page 324, Myrmica in Myrmicidae)
  • Weber, N. A. 1947b. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. I. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 40: 437-474 (page 437, Revisionary studies)
  • Weber, N. A. 1948a. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. II. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 41: 267-308 (page 267, Revisionary studies)
  • Weber, N. A. 1950c. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. III. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 43: 189-226 (page 189, Revisionary studies)
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 140, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1915i [1914]. The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schr. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsb. 55: 1-142 (page 59, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
  • Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 660, Myrmica in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
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