Cyphomyrmex

Cyphomyrmex Temporal range: 20.43–0 Ma K Pa Eo Ol Mi Pl Miocene – Recent
Cyphomyrmex minutus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Cyphomyrmex Mayr, 1862
Type species
Cyphomyrmex minutus
Diversity
23 species 2 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) Cyphomyrmex minutus Specimen Label
Synonyms
Cyphomannia Weber, 1938

A genus of fungus growing ants.

At a Glance

• Fungus Grower

Photo Gallery

• 

  A nest of Cyphomyrmex sp. from Iquitos, Peru. Photo by Minsoo Dong.

Identification

Schultz et al (2002), Mackay and Serna (2010) - Cyphomyrmex workers and females are easily recognized, as the frontal carinae form a shield on the dorsum of the head, which covers most of the head. The mesosoma has a series of pairs of blunt tubercles in nearly all species. The first opisthogastral tergum lacks tubercles. Most surfaces are dull and without sculpture; the hairs are mostly limited to appressed, often scale-like setae that are nearly always restricted to the gaster and the head.

The genus is divided into two species complexes, the strigatus complex (Kempf 1964) and the rimosus complex (Kempf 1965; Snelling and Longino 1992). Workers of the strigatus complex can be recognized by the closed antennal scrobe (sometimes with poorly defined margins), mandibles with six or more teeth, and with a single medial pronotal tubercle (apparently a fusion of two tubercles). The species group is confined to South America. The workers of the rimosus complex have an open antennal scrobe (anteriorly), with the preocular carina curved mesially in front of the eye, and not directed to the posterior corner of the head, the mandibles have five teeth, and the pronotum lacks medial tubercles, or has a pair of tubercles. Species in the rimosus group range from the United States to South American.

Cyphomyrmex longiscapus, Cyphomyrmex costatus and Cyphomyrmex wheeleri are considered to be part of the rimosus group but share some morphological features with the strigatus complex.

See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

• Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico

 

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to US Cyphomyrmex species

Distribution

Mackay and Serna (2010) - Cyphomyrmex has two centers of species richness: the rimosus group at about 10° north (Mayhe-Nunes and Jaffe 1998), whereas the majority of the species of the strigatus group is restricted to 20° and 30° south (Sanhudo et al. 2007). The strigatus group lacks species with wide distributions (Mayhe-Nunes and Jaffe 1998) as is found in the rimosus complex.

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indo-Australian Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oriental Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	0	0	0	0	4	24	0	0
Total Species	2841	1736	3045	932	835	4379	1741	2862

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Dominican amber, Dominican Republic (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Mexican amber, Chiapas, Mexico (Middle Miocene).

Biology

Schultz et al (2002), Mackay and Serna (2010) - Most species nest in the soil, in rotten logs and stumps, or in hollow dead twigs. This genus also nests under bark, under moss, and within epiphytic pseudobulbs (Snelling and Longino 1992). Colonies are small, probably not exceeding 500 workers (Snelling and Longino 1992). All Cyphomyrmex species cultivate badisiomycete fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae. In the rimosus group, most species grow fungi in a yeast form (small masses of unicellular fungal cells) rather than in the multicellular mycelial form typical for all other attine ant gardens (Schultz et a1. 2002; Schultz and Brady 2008). Cyphomyrmex longiscapus, Cyphomyrmex costatus and Cyphomyrmex wheeleri are considered to be part of the rimosus group but share some morphological features with the strigatus complex. They are also the only species in the rimosus group that are known to cultivate mycelium gardens, whereas, so far as is known, all other rimosus group species cultivate yeast gardens.

Longino (1986) reports an unidentified species of Cyphomyrmex living in ant gardens. However, it is likely a secondary resident or opportunistic species rather than a true ant-garden taxon.

Association with Other Organisms

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Species Uncertain

An unknown species of Cyphomyrmex is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. (www.diapriid.org) (potential host).

All Associate Records for Genus

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Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Cyphomyrmex	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp.	parasite		www.diapriid.org	potential host
Cyphomyrmex cornutus	host	ant	Megalomyrmex mondabora	xenobiont	Costa Rica	Adams et al., 2015
Cyphomyrmex costatus	host	ant	Megalomyrmex mondaboroides	xenobiont	Panama	Adams et al., 2015
Cyphomyrmex costatus	host	ant	Megalomyrmex silvestrii	xenobiont	Panama	Adams et al., 2015
Cyphomyrmex minutus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 1	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex minutus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 5	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex minutus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria spp.	parasite	Puerto Rico	Fernández-Marín et al., 2006
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 1	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 2	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 3	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 4	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria spp.	parasite	Panama	Fernández-Marín et al., 2006	at least 4 species of ''Acanthopria'' involved
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Mimopriella sp.	parasite	Panama	Fernández-Marín et al., 2006
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	host	diapriid wasp	Mimopriella sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex salvini	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 1	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 2	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 3	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 4	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 5	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 6	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 7	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Cyphomyrmex transversus	host	diapriid wasp	Acanthopria sp. 8	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest

Flight Period

All Flight Records for Genus

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Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Cyphomyrmex costatus	Feb • Mar • Apr • Sep • Dec	Kaspari et al., 2001
Cyphomyrmex minutus	May	antkeeping.info
Cyphomyrmex rimosus	Apr • May • Jun • Jul	antkeeping.info

Life History Traits

• Mean colony size: <500, usually far fewer (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: herbivore (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging behaviour: solitary (Greer et al., 2021)

Morphology

Worker Morphology

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 • Eyes: 11-100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent; dentiform • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: absent • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent

Karyotype

All Karyotype Records for Genus

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Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Cyphomyrmex cornutus		22	10M+12SM	French Guiana	Mariano et al., 2011
Cyphomyrmex costatus		20	20M	Panama	Murakami et al., 1998
Cyphomyrmex rimosus		32	28M+4A	Panama	Murakami et al., 1998
Cyphomyrmex transversus	12	24	14M+6SM+4A	French Guiana	Aguiar et al., 2020
Cyphomyrmex transversus	21	42	28M+14SM	Brazil	Cardoso & Cristiano, 2021

Phylogeny

Myrmicinae

Myrmicini ⊞(2 genera) ⊟ Manica  (5 species, 2 fossil species) Myrmica  (213 species, 18 fossil species) Pogonomyrmecini ⊞(3 genera) ⊟ Patagonomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Hylomyrma  (30 species, 0 fossil species) Pogonomyrmex  (95 species, 1 fossil species) Stenammini ⊞(7 genera) ⊟ Stenamma  (85 species, 1 fossil species) Novomessor  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Veromessor  (10 species, 0 fossil species) some Aphaenogaster  (218 species, 14 fossil species) some Aphaenogaster Messor  (169 species, 1 fossil species) Goniomma  (10 species, 1 fossil species) Oxyopomyrmex  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Solenopsidini ⊞(22 genera) ⊟ Stegomyrmex  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Dolopomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) some Rogeria  (40 species, 0 fossil species) Bariamyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) some Rogeria Solenopsis  (215 species, 9 fossil species) Kempfidris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Tropidomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Austromorium  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium  (320 species, 3 fossil species) some Monomorium Oxyepoecus  (21 species, 0 fossil species) Megalomyrmex  (45 species, 0 fossil species) Tyrannomyrmex  (4 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium Epelysidris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Anillomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmicaria  (71 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium Syllophopsis  (23 species, 0 fossil species) some Adelomyrmex  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Cryptomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Adelomyrmex Baracidris  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Attini ⊞(49 genera) ⊟ Ochetomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Tranopelta  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Diaphoromyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lachnomyrmex  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Blepharidatta  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Allomerus  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Wasmannia  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Pheidole  (1,294 species, 7 fossil species) Cephalotes  (123 species, 16 fossil species) Procryptocerus  (44 species, 0 fossil species) Strumigenys  (880 species, 4 fossil species) Phalacromyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Pilotrochus  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Protalaridris  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Rhopalothrix  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Basiceros  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Octostruma  (35 species, 0 fossil species) Eurhopalothrix  (55 species, 0 fossil species) Talaridris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthognathus  (7 species, 1 fossil species) Daceton  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Lenomyrmex  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Microdaceton  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Orectognathus  (29 species, 0 fossil species) Colobostruma  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Epopostruma  (20 species, 0 fossil species) Mesostruma  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Paleoattina Apterostigma  (44 species, 2 fossil species) Mycocepurus  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmicocrypta  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Neoattina Cyatta  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Kalathomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetarotes  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetosoritis  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Cyphomyrmex  (23 species, 2 fossil species) some Cyphomyrmex Paramycetophylax  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetophylax  (21 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetagroicus  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetomoellerius  (31 species, 1 fossil species) Sericomyrmex  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Xerolitor  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Paratrachymyrmex  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Trachymyrmex  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Amoimyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Atta  (20 species, 1 fossil species) some Acromyrmex  (56 species, 0 fossil species) some Acromyrmex Pseudoatta  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Crematogastrini ⊞(65 genera) ⊟ Rostromyrmex  (1 species, 6 fossil species) Cardiocondyla  (89 species, 0 fossil species) Ocymyrmex  (34 species, 0 fossil species) Nesomyrmex  (84 species, 2 fossil species) Xenomyrmex  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Terataner  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Atopomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Cataulacus  (65 species, 3 fossil species) Carebara  (249 species, 9 fossil species) Diplomorium  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Melissotarsus  (4 species, 1 fossil species) Rhopalomastix  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Calyptomyrmex  (38 species, 0 fossil species) Strongylognathus  (27 species, 0 fossil species), Tetramorium  (601 species, 2 fossil species) Cyphoidris  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Dicroaspis  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Aretidris  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Vollenhovia  (83 species, 3 fossil species) Dacetinops  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Indomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Crematogaster  (784 species, 3 fossil species) Meranoplus  (91 species, 0 fossil species) Lophomyrmex  (13 species, 0 fossil species) Adlerzia  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Recurvidris  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Stereomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Trichomyrmex  (29 species, 0 fossil species) Eutetramorium  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Royidris  (15 species, 0 fossil species) Malagidris  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Vitsika  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Huberia  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Podomyrma  (62 species, 1 fossil species) Liomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Metapone  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Kartidris  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Mayriella  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Tetheamyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Dacatria  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Proatta  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Dilobocondyla  (22 species, 0 fossil species) Secostruma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthomyrmex  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmecina  (106 species, 0 fossil species) Perissomyrmex  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Pristomyrmex  (61 species, 3 fossil species) some Lordomyrma  (36 species, 0 fossil species) Propodilobus  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lasiomyrma  (4 species, 0 fossil species) some Lordomyrma Ancyridris  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Lordomyrma Paratopula  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Poecilomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Romblonella  (10 species, 0 fossil species) Rotastruma  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Gauromyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Vombisidris  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Temnothorax  (512 species, 7 fossil species) Harpagoxenus  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Formicoxenus  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Leptothorax  (20 species, 0 fossil species)

See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• CYPHOMYRMEX [Myrmicinae: Attini]
  • Cyphomyrmex Mayr, 1862: 690. Type-species: Cyphomyrmex minutus, by monotypy.
  • [Type-species not Cryptocerus rimosus, unjustified subsequent designation by Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 161. Type-species not Meranoplus difformis, unjustified subsequent designation by Emery, 1924d: 340.]
  • Cyphomyrmex junior synonym of Cataulacus: Roger, 1863b: 39.
  • Cyphomyrmex revived from synonymy: Mayr, 1863: 406.
  • Cyphomyrmex subgenus of Atta: Forel, 1912e: 188.
  • Cyphomyrmex revived status as genus: Emery, 1913b: 251.
  • Cyphomyrmex senior synonym of Cyphomannia: Kempf, 1962b: 29; Kempf, 1972a: 92.

References

• Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 384, Cyphomyrmex in Cryptoceridae, Dacetonini)
• Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
• Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 198, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini [Type-species not Cyphomyrmex difformis, unjustified subsequent designation by Emery, 1924d: 340.] )
• Boudinot, B.E. 2019. Hormigas de Colombia. Cap. 15. Clave para las subfamilias y generos basada en machos. Pp. 487-499 in: Fernández, F., Guerrero, R.J., Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp.
• Bruch, C. 1914. Catálogo sistemático de los formícidos argentinos. Rev. Mus. La Plata 19: 211-234 (page 217, Cyphomyrmex as genus)
• Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Cantone, S., Von Zuben, C.J. 2019. The hindwings of ants: A phylogenetic analysis. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2019, 1–11 (doi:10.1155/2019/7929717).
• Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 149, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae)
• Emery, C. 1877b. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mirmicidei, e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 9: 67-83 (page 81, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicidae, Cryptoceridae)
• Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 770, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Emery, C. 1913c. Études sur les Myrmicinae. [V-VII.]. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 57: 250-262 (page 251, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini; Cyphomyrmex as genus)
• Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 42, Cyphomyrmex revived status as genus; Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 339, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini; Cyphomyrmex as genus)
• Fernandez, F., Guerrero, R.J., Sánchez-Restrepo, A.F. 2021. Sistemática y diversidad de las hormigas neotropicales. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 47, 1–20 (doi:10.25100/socolen.v47i1.11082).
• Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 164, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Forel, A. 1899d. Formicidae. [part]. Biol. Cent.-Am. Hym. 3: 25-56 (page 40, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Forel, A. 1912f. Formicides néotropiques. Part II. 3me sous-famille Myrmicinae Lep. (Attini, Dacetii, Cryptocerini). Mém. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 19: 179-209 (page 188, Cyphomyrmex as subgenus of Atta)
• Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 247, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Hanisch, P.E., Sosa-Calvo, J., Schultz, T.R. 2022. The last piece of the puzzle? Phylogenetic position and natural history of the monotypic fungus-farming ant genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini). Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1): 11:1-17 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixab029).
• Jansen, G., Savolainen, R. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160(3), 482–495 (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00604.x).
• Kempf, W. W. 1962a. Retoques à classificaça~o das formigas neotropicais do gênero Heteroponera Mayr (Hym., Formicidae). Pap. Avulsos Zool. (Sa~o Paulo) 15: 29-47 (page 29, Cyphomyrmex senior synonym of Cyphomannia)
• Kempf, W. W. 1964d. A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I: Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 7: 1-44 (page 1, Revision of genus)
• Kempf, W. W. 1966 [1965]. A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II: Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym., Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 8: 161-200 (page 161, Revision of genus)
• Kempf, W. W. 1972b. Catálogo abreviado das formigas da regia~o Neotropical. Stud. Entomol. 15: 3-344 (page 92, Cyphomyrmex senior synonym of Cyphomannia)
• Mackay, W. P. and F. Serna. 2010. Two new species of the strigatus species complex of the ant genus Cyphomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Costa Rica and Panamá. Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 19:44-50.
• Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 649-776 (page 651, 690, Cyphomyrmex as genus in Formicidae [Formicidae])
• Mayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 13: 385-460 (page 406, Cyphomyrmex as genus)
• Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 25, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
• Menegatti, C., Fukuda, T.T.H., Pupo, M.T. 2020. Chemical ecology in insect-microbe interactions in the Neotropics. Planta Medica, a-1229–9435. (doi:10.1055/a-1229-9435).
• Longino, J. 1986. Ants provide substrae for epiphytes. Selbyana 9: 100-103.
• Roger, J. 1863b. Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berl. Entomol. Z. 7(B Beilage: 1-65 (page 39, Cyphomyrmex as junior synonym of Cataulacus)
• Snelling, R. R.; Longino, J. T. 1992. Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). Pp. 479-494 in: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (eds.) Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected stu (page 479, Revision of genus)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1907d. The fungus-growing ants of North America. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23: 669-807 (page 670, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 141, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 669, Cyphomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Attini; Cyphomyrmex as genus)