Cyphomyrmex minutus

Cyphomyrmex minutus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Cyphomyrmex
Species:	C. minutus
Binomial name
Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr, 1862 Specimen Label
Synonyms
Atta rimosa atrata Forel, 1912 Cyphomyrmex rimosus arnoldi Aguayo, 1932 Cyphomyrmex rimosus breviscapus Weber, 1940 Cyphomyrmex rimosus comalensis Wheeler, W.M., 1907 Cyphomyrmex rimosus flavescens Weber, 1940 Cyphomyrmex rimosus venezuelensis Weber, 1938 Cyphomyrmex steinheili Forel, 1885

A tropical species, or more likely a complex of closely related species (rimosus group), that can be locally abundant.

Identification

See the nomenclature section under Cyphomyrmex rimosus.

Keys including this Species

• Key to US Cyphomyrmex species

Distribution

This is a common species through the West Indies and around the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico into Texas (Snelling and Longino 1992). It adapts well to disturbed sites and readily colonizes potted plants, so there is a high probability that it was brought to Florida at least once, but it might also be native to the state, having flown from the Bahamas or moved around the Gulf of Mexico. It was recorded from Florida in Smith 1930. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 31.2506° to -64.36°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (type locality), Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Greater Antilles, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Martinique, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Biology

Expand Explore Fungus Growing  For additional details see Fungus growing ants. A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source. These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius). The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3. Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category): Nest Construction A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests. some Crematogaster some Lasius Lower Agriculture Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae. some Apterostigma Cyatta (1 species) some Cyphomyrmex Kalathomyrmex (1 species) Mycocepurus (6 species) Myrmicocrypta (31 species) Mycetarotes (4 species) Mycetosoritis (2 species) Mycetophylax (21 species) Paramycetophylax (1 species) Xerolitor (1 species) Coral Fungus Agriculture Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae. some Apterostigma Yeast Agriculture Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi. some Cyphomyrmex Generalized Higher Agriculture Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi. Mycetomoellerius (33 species) Paratrachymyrmex (9 species) Sericomyrmex (11 species) Trachymyrmex (9 species) Leaf-Cutter Agriculture A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus. Acromyrmex (51 species) Amoimyrmex (3 species) Atta (20 species) Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

Longino (2004) provides a good account about the biology of species within this group that, in modified form, fits well with C. minutus: In much of the Neotropics these are among the most abundant attines in the habitat, but they are always inconspicuous ants. They have small colonies, with worker numbers usually in the tens to hundreds. The nests are usually in small chambers in the ground, under objects, or in rotten wood.

The main fungal substrates used by the common Cyphomyrmex are caterpillar droppings and dead insect parts. The insect parts are mainly heavily sclerotized bits of exoskeleton, and brightly colored beetle elytra seem to be particularly favored. When a small Cyphmyrmex colony is exposed by turning over a leaf on the forest floor or breaking into a small cavity in a rotten log, one is faced with an almost magical little scene: one or two large caterpillar pellets form the center of the fungus garden, embedded in a glittering, multicolored pile of beetle elytra, membracid pronota, and miscellaneous leg parts, and all covered with the little green fungal dots. The workers tuck their legs and become motionless on disturbance, entering a "cateleptic" state, and so at first the small brown workers are an invisible part of the background in and around the fungus garden. After a few minutes, if left undisturbed, one by one the workers appear to suddenly spring into motion.

Wheeler (1905), Bahamas - numerous workers from several nests collected near Nassau, N. P., (Fort Charlotte, Menendez Sisal Plantation, and Blue Hills), ...The nests were under stones, where the ants were guarding their fungus gardens on caterpillar excrement. The fungus consisted of small translucent, pear-shaped, yellow bodies, about .5 mm. in diameter. They were of exactly the same size and appearance as those which I first saw in the fungus gardens of the subsp. dentatus Forel in Mexico. More recently I have found these gardens and fungi in the nests of a dark variety of rimosus at New Braunfels, Texas, and in the nests of another variety on Key Largo, Florida.

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria spp. (a parasite) in Puerto Rico (Fernández-Marín et al., 2006). Worker ants grasped at, bit, and in some cases, killed adult wasps that emerged in artificial nests or tried to enter natural nests (Fernández-Marín et al., 2006).
• This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 1 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 5 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Flight Period

				X
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

• Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.

 Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Castes

Worker

.	Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0173957. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0103832. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0103833. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0103834. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• minutus. Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr, 1862: 691 (w.) CUBA.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Cuba: (no futher data) (no collector’s name; perhaps Riehl).
  • Type-depository: NHMW.
  • Mayr, 1887: 558 (q.m.).
  • Junior synonym of difformis: Mayr, 1887: 558.
  • Junior synonym of rimosus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 150; Forel, 1895b: 137; Forel, 1899c: 40; Gallardo, 1916d: 323; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 830; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1410; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 147.
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Emery, 1894c: 225; Forel, 1895b: 143; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 106, 130; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 722; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 149; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 568; Wheeler, W.M. 1911a: 29; Forel, 1912e: 188; Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 495; Wheeler, W.M. 1913d: 242; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1917g: 461; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 13; Mann, 1922: 45; Emery, 1924d: 342; Menozzi, 1929a: 3; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 163; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 11; Weber, 1934a: 57; Smith, M.R. 1937: 859; Creighton, 1950a: 316; Weber, 1958d: 259; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Alayo, 1974: 42.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 406; Mayr, 1887: 558; Wilson, 1964b: 9; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 98; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168; Deyrup, 2003: 44; Wild, 2007b: 33; Guénard & Economo, 2015: 227; Wetterer, et al. 2016: 11; Deyrup, 2017: 69; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 850; Lubertazzi, 2019: 108; Wetterer, 2021: 3.
  • Senior synonym of arnoldi: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Senior synonym of atrata: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Senior synonym of breviscapus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Senior synonym of comalensis: Creighton, 1950a: 316; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Senior synonym of flavescens: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Senior synonym of steinheili: Mayr, 1887: 558; Emery, 1894c: 225; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 722; Emery, 1924d: 342; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 163; Creighton, 1950a: 316; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Senior synonym of venezuelensis: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • Distribution: Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, U.S.A., Venezuela.
• arnoldi. Cyphomyrmex rimosus var. arnoldi Aguayo, 1932: 223 (w.) JAMAICA.
  • Type-material: 4 syntype workers.
  • Type-locality: Jamaica: Ocho Rios, iii.1932 (W.B. Arnold).
  • Type-depository: unknown (perhaps ACHC or MNHC).
  • [Note: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490, say that no type-material is present in AMNH or MCZC.]
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 93.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
• atrata. Atta (Cyphomyrmex) rimosa r. atrata Forel, 1912e: 188 (w.q.m.) COLOMBIA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
  • Type-localities: Colombia: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Dibulla, 6.iii.1896 (A. Forel) (invalid restriction of type-locality by Kempf, 1972a: 93; no lectotype designated), Colombia: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Don Diego (A. Forel).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • Combination in Cyphomyrmex: Emery, 1924d: 342.
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Emery, 1924d: 342; Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key); Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 93.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
• breviscapus. Cyphomyrmex rimosus subsp. breviscapus Weber, 1940a: 412 (diagnosis in key) (w.) PANAMA (Barro Colorado).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Panama: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado I., 1938 (N.A. Weber).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Weber, 1941b: 103; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 93.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
• comalensis. Cyphomyrmex rimosus var. comalensis Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 719, pl. 49, fig. 1 (w.q.m.) U.S.A. (Texas).
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
  • Type-locality: U.S.A.: Texas, New Braunfels, sources of the Comal River (W.M. Wheeler).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 568; Emery, 1924d: 342; Essig, 1926: 862; Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key); Smith, M.R. 1951a: 830.
  • Junior synonym of rimosus: Smith, M.R. 1958c: 137; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1410; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 147.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Creighton, 1950a: 316; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
• flavescens. Cyphomyrmex rimosus subsp. flavescens Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key and footnote).
  • [First available use of Cyphomyrmex rimosus subp. minutus var. flavidus Wheeler, W.M. 1936b: 204 (w.) HAITI; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name (Bolton, 1995b: 167).]
  • Type-material: 3 syntype workers.
  • Type-localities: 2 workers Haiti: NE foothills, Massif de la Hotte, 3000 ft, 1934 (P.J. Darlington), 1 worker Haiti: Etang Lachaux, 1934 (P.J. Darlington).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • [Note: flavescens Weber, 1940a: 411, was proposed as a replacement name for flavidus Wheeler, W.M. 1936b: 204, but the latter is an unavailable name.]
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
• flavidus. Wheeler, W.M., 1936, see under flavescens.
• steinheili. Cyphomyrmex steinheili Forel, 1885a: 368 (w.) MEXICO (Veracruz).
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Mexico: Orizaba (no collector’s name) (ex coll. H. de Saussure).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • Junior synonym of difformis: Mayr, 1887: 558.
  • Junior synonym of rimosus: Dalla Torre, 1893: 150; Forel, 1893g: 374; Forel, 1895b: 137; Forel, 1899c: 40; Gallardo, 1916d: 323; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 830; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1410.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Mayr, 1887: 558; Emery, 1894c: 225; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 722; Emery, 1924d: 342; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 163; Creighton, 1950a: 316; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
• venezuelensis. Cyphomyrmex rimosus subsp. venezuelensis Weber, 1938b: 188 (w.) VENEZUELA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a colony”).
  • Type-locality: Venezuela: beside Orinoco River, a few mi. downstream of Ciudad Bolivar, 30.i.1935 (N.A. Weber).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • Subspecies of rimosus: Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key); Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94.
  • Junior synonym of transversus: Weber, 1958d: 261.
  • Junior synonym of minutus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 490; Bolton, 1995b: 168.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

2.5 mm. Kahl, Kopf und Hinterleib dunkel rothbraun. Thorax und Stielchen braunlich-roth, Mandibeln, Fiihlel' und Beine roth. Kopf, Thorax und Stielchen ziemlich fein, abel' unregelmassig gerunzelt, hie und da mit kleinen Erhabenheiten; Hinterleib ebenfalls fein gerunzelt und zerstreut grob gekornt. Beine und Mandibeln glanzend, del'iibrige Korper matt.

Type Material

Aus Cuba erhielt ich ein Stuck diesel' sehr merkwurdigen Ameise' von Herm Riehl.

References

• Albuquerque, E., Prado, L., Andrade-Silva, J., Siqueira, E., Sampaio, K., Alves, D., Brandão, C., Andrade, P., Feitosa, R., Koch, E., Delabie, J., Fernandes, I., Baccaro, F., Souza, J., Almeida, R., Silva, R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001, 1–83 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1).
• Calazans, E.G., Costa, F.V.da, Cristiano, M.P., Cardoso, D.C. 2020. Daily dynamics of an ant community in a mountaintop ecosystem. Environmental Entomology 49, 383–390 (doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa011).
• Cantone S. 2017. Winged Ants, The Male, Dichotomous key to genera of winged male ants in the World, Behavioral ecology of mating flight (self-published).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Creighton, W. S. 1950a. The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 104: 1-585 (page 316, Subspecies of rimosus; page 315, Senior synonym of comalensis)
• Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 150, Junior synonym of rimosus)
• Deyrup, M., Davis, L. & Cover, S. 2000. Exotic ants in Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 126, 293-325.
• Deyrup, M.A., Carlin, N., Trager, J., Umphrey, G. 1988. A review of the ants of the Florida Keys. Florida Entomologist 71: 163-176.
• Emery, C. 1894d. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 26: 137-241 (page 225, Revived from synonymy as subspecies of rimosus)
• Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 342, Subspecies of rimosus)
• Fernández-Marín, H., Zimmerman, J.K., Wcislo, W.T. 2005. Acanthopria and Mimopriella parasitoid wasps (Diapriidae) attack Cyphomyrmex fungus-growing ants (Formicidae, Attini). Naturwissenschaften 93, 17–21 (doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0048-z).
• Fontenla, J.L., Brito, Y.M. 2011. Hormigas invasoras y vagabundas de Cuba. Fitosanidad 15(4), 253-259.
• Forel, A. 1895b. A fauna das formigas do Brazil. Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 1: 89-139 (page 137, Junior synonym of rimosus)
• Franco, W., Ladino, N., Delabie, J.H.C., Dejean, A., Orivel, J., Fichaux, M., Groc, S., Leponce, M., Feitosa, R.M. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674, 509–543 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4674.5.2).
• Herrera, H.W., Baert, L., Dekoninck, W., Causton, C.E., Sevilla, C.R., Pozo, P., Hendrickx, F. 2020. Distribution and habitat preferences of Galápagos ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology, 93: 1–60.
• Kempf, W. W. 1966 [1965]. A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II: Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym., Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 8: 161-200 (page 162, Subspecies of rimosus)
• Ladino, N., Feitosa, R.M. 2022. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Parque Estadual São Camilo, an isolated Atlantic Forest remnant in western Paraná, Brazil. ZOOLOGIA 39: e22001 (doi:10.1590/S1984-4689.v39.e22001).
• Lubertazzi, D. 2019. The ants of Hispaniola. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 162(2), 59-210 (doi:10.3099/mcz-43.1).
• Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 649-776 (page 691, worker described)
• Mayr, G. 1887. Südamerikanische Formiciden. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 511-632 (page 558, queen, male described, Senior synonym of steinheili)
• Mera-Rodríguez, D., Serna, F., Sosa-Calvo, J., Lattke, J., Rabeling, C. 2020. A checklist of the non-leaf-cutting fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Colombia, with new biogeographic records. Check List 16, 1205–1227 (doi:10.15560/16.5.1205).
• Meurgey, F. 2020. Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography. Insecta Mundi 786: 1–183.
• Snelling, R. R.; Longino, J. T. 1992. Revisionary notes on the fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex, rimosus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). Pp. 479-494 in: Quintero, D., Aiello, A. (eds.) Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected stu (page 490, Revived status as species, Senior synonym of arnoldi, atrata, breviscapus, flavescens and venezuelensis)
• Tibcherani, M., Aranda, R., Mello, R.L. 2020. Time to go home: The temporal threshold in the regeneration of the ant community in the Brazilian savanna. Applied Soil Ecology 150, 103451 (doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103451).
• Wetterer, J.K. 2021. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of St. Vincent, West Indies. Sociobiology 68, e6725 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v68i2.6725).
• Wheeler, W. M. 1905c. The ants of the Bahamas, with a list of the known West Indian species. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 79-135 (page 106, Revived from synonymy as subspecies of rimosus)

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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• Addison D. S., I. Bartoszek, V. Booher, M. A. Deyrup, M. Schuman, J. Schmid, and K. Worley. 2016. Baseline surveys for ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the western Everglades, Collier County, Florida. Florida Entomologist 99(3): 389-394.
• Aguayo C. G. 1932. Notes on West Indian ants. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27: 215-227.
• Alayo D. P. 1974. Introduccion al estudio de los Himenopteros de Cuba. Superfamilia Formicoidea. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Instituto de Zoologia. Serie Biologica no.53: 58 pp. La Habana.
• Barberena-Arias M. F., and T. M. Aide. 2003. Species Diversity and Trophic Composition of Litter Insects During Plant Secondary Succession. Caribbean Journal of Science 39(2): 161-169.
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• Boer P. 2019. Ants of Saba, species list. Accessed on January 22 2019 at http://www.nlmieren.nl/websitepages/SPECIES%20LIST%20SABA.html
• Celini L., V. Roy, J. H. C. Delabie, S. Caquineau, K. Questel, and P. Mora. 2013. Premiers signalements de Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr, 1862, à Saint-Barthélemy, Petites Antilles, et au Mexique (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Attini). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 118 (3): 393-398.
• Christianini A. V., A. J. Mayhé-Nunes, and P. S. Oliveira. 2012. Exploitation of Fallen Diaspores By Ants: Are There Ant-Plant Partner Choices? Biotropica 44: 360-367.
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