Cyphomyrmex rimosus

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Cyphomyrmex rimosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Attini
Genus: Cyphomyrmex
Species: C. rimosus
Binomial name
Cyphomyrmex rimosus
(Spinola, 1851)

Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173243 profile 1.jpg

Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173243 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

A tropical species, or complex of closely related species, that has been introduced to other areas from its native range in Central and South America.

At a Glance • Invasive  

Identification

Using published keys (Kempf 1966, Snelling and Longino 1992) some collections from some areas readily agree with published ideas of what constitutes the present set of valid species in this complex. In other cases individuals or nests series are difficult to determine to species, which in turn suggests our current understanding of the rimosus-species group needs a thorough taxonomic reevaluation. See the nomenclature section below for additional information.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

A common, introduced species found throughout Florida. It occurs in both undisturbed mesic or wet woods and various disturbed habitats. This species has only recently become abundant in northern Florida (where there are no early records) and is now sympatric with Cyphomyrmex minutus in southern Florida (Deyrup 1991). Pest status: none. First published Florida records: Deyrup and Trager 1986 (as C. fuscus Emery), Johnson 1986; earlier specimens: 1957. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 25.86055° to -64.36°.

       
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (type locality), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Galapagos Islands, Greater Antilles, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

Explore-icon.png Explore Fungus Growing 
For additional details see Fungus growing ants.

A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source.

These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius).


The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3.

Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category):

Nest Construction

A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests.

Lower Agriculture

Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae.

Coral Fungus Agriculture

Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae.

Yeast Agriculture

Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi.

Generalized Higher Agriculture

Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi.

Leaf-Cutter Agriculture

A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus.

Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

This species depends on fungi that it grows on compost beds of vegetable matter mixed with scavenged bits of dead insects; it does not cut pieces of leaves from living plants.

Stuble et al. (2010) found that this species removes seeds while Atchison & Lucky (2022) did not observe this behaviour.

Regional Notes

Brazil

Ramos-Lacau et al. (2015) found this species co-occurring with Mycetophylax lectus and Mycetophylax strigatus in savanna-forest in Southeast Brazil. Colonies were found nesting in the ground. Each nest had a single, simple circular nest-entrance. These averaged a few mm in diameter and did not have any well formed nest mound.

Costa Rica

Longino (2004) reports the following: This species, possibly a complex of cryptic species (see comments), occurs in a wide range of habitats, including dry open ground of synanthropic habitats, seasonal dry forest, and lowland rainforest. This is the most abundant species in open areas, replaced in abundance by Cyphomyrmex salvini in wet forest habitats. Nests are in the soil, under stones, or under dead wood on the ground. I have also found nests in subarboreal cavities, such as rotten knots in tree trunks and dead wood suspended in vegetation, but usually within 2m of the ground. Colonies can be polygynous; one nest I observed contained at least four dealate queens. Workers forage on the surface, harvesting small insect parts and caterpillar droppings for use as substrate for fungal gardens. In Corcovado National Park I observed workers regularly visiting extrafloral nectaries of Passiflora pittieri.

Florida

Snelling and Longino (1992) - The following biological information has been provided by J.C. Trager for two samples collected 16 June, 1984 in Gainesville:

These ... were under boards in a weedy lot next to my lab. The brood and fungus gardens of the colonies were kept apart but adjacent on grass stolons or compacted grass blades near the center of single nearly round 5-8 cm-diam. chambers, 1-2 cm deep. Males were clustered on the underside of the board (the warmest, driest part of the nest). The insect fragments, grasshopper feces, etc. collected with one series were heaped separately at opposite sides of the periphery of the nest chamber. This rigid compartmentalization of castes and materials is typical of... this ant. [Queens are usually] associated with the brood [and] most often there are 1 or 2 queens per nest, but I've seen 3 or 4 on occasion. Mating flights take place at the first faint light of dawn, following heavy rains alter a dry spell during the summer months.

Deyrup, Davis & Cover (2000): This species appears to have entered the state from the north or northwest, where it is most common, but it now occurs throughout the state. It is found in a great variety of natural and modified habitats. This is a fungus-growing species that is unlikely to compete with other arthropods, with the exception of Trachymyrmex septentrionalis in sandy uplands and the supposedly native Cyphomyrmex minutus in south Florida. It is possible that some scavenging arthropods will be affected by high populations of C. rimosus, but in general this species will probably have minimal impact on native species.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria spp. (a parasite) in Panama (Fernández-Marín et al., 2006) (at least 4 species of Acanthopria involved).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Mimopriella sp. (a parasite) in Panama (Fernández-Marín et al., 2006).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 1 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 2 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 3 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Acanthopria sp. 4 (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Mimopriella sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Worker ants grasped at, bit, and in some cases, killed adult wasps that emerged in artificial nests or tried to enter natural nests (Fernández-Marín et al., 2006).

Flight Period

X X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Life History Traits

  • Mean colony size: 100 (Blum et al., 1964; Beckers et al., 1989)
  • Foraging behaviour: solitary forager (Blum et al., 1964; Beckers et al., 1989)

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103839 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103839 head 2.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103839 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103839 dorsal 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103839 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103839. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Images from AntWeb

Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173243 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173243 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173243 dorsal 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173243 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173243. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.
Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0179472 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0179472 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0179472 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0179472. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103846 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103846 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103846 profile 2.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103846 dorsal 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103846 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0103846. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173242 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173242 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173242 dorsal 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173242 dorsal 2.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173242 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173242. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103840 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103840 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103840 profile 2.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0103840 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0103840. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Cyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173244 head 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173244 profile 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173244 profile 2.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173244 profile 3.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173244 dorsal 1.jpgCyphomyrmex rimosus casent0173244 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0173244. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • rimosus. Cryptocerus rimosus Spinola, 1851b: 49 (w.m.) BRAZIL (Pará).
    • Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491), 3 paralectotype males.
    • Type-locality: lectotype Brazil: Pará, Belém, 1846 (V. Ghiliani); paralectotypes with same data.
    • Type-depository: MRSN.
    • [Also described as new by Spinola, 1853: 65.]
    • Emery, 1894c: 224 (q.); Wheeler, G.C. 1949: 668 (l.).
    • Combination in Cyphomyrmex: Emery, 1893h: 2;
    • combination in Atta (Cyphomyrmex): Forel, 1912e: 188;
    • combination in Cyphomyrmex: Bruch, 1914: 217.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1853: 223; Smith, F. 1858b: 190; Smith, F. 1862d: 409; Mayr, 1863: 406; Roger, 1863b: 38; Dalla Torre, 1893: 150; Forel, 1893g: 374; Emery, 1893h: 2; Emery, 1894c: 225; Forel, 1895b: 137; Forel, 1897b: 300; Forel, 1899c: 40; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 130; Wheeler, W.M. 1907a: 275; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 719 (redescription); Forel, 1908e: 69; Wheeler, W.M. 1911b: 170; Forel, 1911e: 257; Bruch, 1914: 217; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 42; Gallardo, 1916d: 323; Mann, 1916: 459; Luederwaldt, 1918: 39; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 13; Emery, 1924d: 342; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 45; Borgmeier, 1927c: 126; Aguayo, 1932: 223; Borgmeier, 1934: 107; Weber, 1938b: 188; Weber, 1940a: 410 (in key); Weber, 1941b: 99; Weber, 1945: 5; Weber, 1946b: 116; Weber, 1948b: 83; Kusnezov, 1949d: 439; Creighton, 1950a: 316; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 829; Kusnezov, 1953b: 338; Kusnezov, 1957b: 10 (in key); Smith, M.R. 1958c: 137; Weber, 1958d: 259; Kempf, 1961b: 519; Kempf, 1966: 198; Smith, M.R. 1967: 363; Kempf, 1972a: 93; Hunt & Snelling, 1975: 22; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1410; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 147; Zolessi, et al. 1988: 5; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 98; Brandão, 1991: 339; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168; Deyrup, et al. 2000: 300; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 102; Deyrup, 2003: 44; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 69; Wild, 2007b: 33; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 258; Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 117; Deyrup, 2017: 70; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 850; Lubertazzi, 2019: 109; Herrera, Tocora, et al. 2024: 178.
    • Senior synonym of cochunae: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Senior synonym of curiapensis: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Senior synonym of difformis: Emery, 1893h: 2; Forel, 1893e: 607; Forel, 1893g: 374; Dalla Torre, 1893: 150; Emery, 1894c: 224; Forel, 1895b: 137; Forel, 1899c: 40; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 719; Gallardo, 1916d: 323; Emery, 1924d: 342; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 829; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 93; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1410; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 147; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Senior synonym of fuscula: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Senior synonym of fuscus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
    • Distribution: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Brazil, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Réunion I. (introduction), Suriname, Trinidad (+ Tobago), Uruguay, U.S.A., Venezuela.
  • cochunae. Cyphomyrmex rimosus subsp. cochunae Kusnezov, 1949d: 439 (w.) ARGENTINA (Tucumán).
    • Type-material: 216 syntype workers.
    • Type-localities: ca 170 workers Argentina: Rio Cochuna, Concepción road at Andalgalá, 6.v.1948, nos 1855, 1875 (N. Kusnezov), 1 worker Argentina: Tucumán, La Reducción, ca 22 km. S Tucumán, Calimayo lake, no. 1517 (N. Kusnezov), 45 workers Tucumán, Quebrada de la Sosa, nos 3468, 3476 (N. Kusnezov).
    • Type-depository: IMLT.
    • Status as species: Kusnezov, 1957b: 10 (in key).
    • Subspecies of rimosus: Kusnezov, 1953b: 338; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 93.
    • Junior synonym of rimosus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
  • curiapensis. Cyphomyrmex rimosus subsp. curiapensis Weber, 1938b: 190 (w.q.m.) VENEZUELA.
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated, “one colony”).
    • Type-locality: Venzuela: Orinoco Delta, Curiapo I., 7.ii.1935 (N.A. Weber).
    • Type-depository: MCZC.
    • Subspecies of rimosus: Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key); Weber, 1946b: 119.
    • Junior synonym of fuscus: Weber, 1958d: 260; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94.
    • Junior synonym of rimosus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • difformis. Meranoplus difformis Smith, F. 1858b: 195 (w.) BRAZIL (Pará).
    • Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Santarem (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: BMNH.
    • [Misspelled as deformis by Roger, 1863a: 210, and many others.]
    • Roger, 1863a: 210 (q.m.).
    • Combination in Cataulacus: Roger, 1863a: 210;
    • combination in Cyphomyrmex: Mayr, 1884: 38; Forel, 1885a: 367.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1862d: 413; Roger, 1863a: 210; Mayr, 1863: 428; Roger, 1863b: 40; Mayr, 1884: 38; Forel, 1885a: 368; Mayr, 1887: 557 (in key); Emery, 1890b: 55; Emery, 1894k: 58.
    • Junior synonym of minutus: Roger, 1863b: 40.
    • Junior synonym of rimosus: Emery, 1893h: 2; Forel, 1893e: 607; Forel, 1893g: 374; Dalla Torre, 1893: 150; Emery, 1894c: 224; Forel, 1895b: 137; Forel, 1899c: 40; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 719; Gallardo, 1916d: 323; Emery, 1924d: 342; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 829; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 93; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1410; Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979: 147; Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 167.
  • fuscula. Cyphomyrmex rimosus var. fuscula Emery, 1924d: 342.
    • Unnecessary replacement name for fuscus Emery, 1894c: 225.
    • Subspecies of rimosus: Borgmeier, 1927c: 126; Santschi, 1931e: 279; Santschi, 1933e: 118; Eidmann, 1936b: 85; Weber, 1940a: 411 (in key); Kusnezov, 1949d: 439; Kusnezov, 1957b: 10 (in key).
    • Junior synonym of fuscus: Weber, 1958d: 260; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94.
    • Junior synonym of rimosus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.
  • fuscus. Cyphomyrmex rimosus var. fuscus Emery, 1894c: 225 (w.) BRAZIL (Santa Catarina).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • [Note: Weber, 1958d: 260, cites 9w, 1q, 2m syntypes, and gives the collector’s name as Schmidt.]
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depositories: MHNG, MSNG.
    • Subspecies of rimosus: Forel, 1895b: 143; Wheeler, W.M. 1907c: 721; Forel, 1911c: 295; Forel, 1912e: 188; Luederwaldt, 1918: 39; Weber, 1958d: 260; Kempf, 1966: 162; Kempf, 1972a: 94; Brandão, 1991: 339.
    • Junior synonym of rimosus: Snelling, R.R. & Longino, 1992: 491; Bolton, 1995b: 168.

Taxonomic Notes

Longino (2004) provides the following concerning the status of this species:

Snelling and Longino (1992) distinguished three similar species, Cyphomyrmex hamulatus, Cyphomyrmex minutus, and rimosus, based on differences in size, pilosity, and extent of the median basal groove of the first gastral tergite. Subsequently I have not been able to differentiate these taxa. There is abundant geographic variation. In some localities it appears that there are discrete sympatric forms, but in other areas the distinction is blurred. For example, in Florida there are two discrete forms, a native species that is relatively small and an introduced species that is larger and darker. The key in Snelling and Longino would separate these into minutus and rimosus, respectively. In Costa Rica, specimens that are collected from open areas, usually by finding nests in the soil or foragers on the surface, are relatively larger and with longer scapes than specimens found in wet forest leaf litter, but the size distributions overlap. Until further evidence for discrete species is produced, I prefer to call them all C. rimosus.

This is a problem for Florida, where there are clearly two species, one native and one introduced. The introduced form is similar to the types of Emery's fuscus, from Brazil (fuscus was synonymized under rimosus by Snelling and Longino). Cyphomyrmex rimosus s.l. may be a polytypic species, in which the native form gradually changes as populations extend through Central and South America, such that the southernmost populations are reproductively isolated from the northernmost populations and remain separate when placed in sympatry through introduction. Alternatively, there could be a complex mosaic of cryptic species, with Florida just being a simplified and more visible example of what occurs throughout the range.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

ha il 2.° segmento del peduncolo poco piu largo che lungo e le sporgenze del torace forti e acute, specialmente Ie punte laterali del pronoto. La forma del peduncolo e descritta esattamente da Smith, ed. e quella sulla quale mi appoggio per stabilire la sinonimia del Meranoplus difformis con la forma descritta da Spinola.

Queen

il metanoto discende molto ripido e in linea quasi retta, se si guarda di profilo, ed e armato di un paio di piccoli denti o tubercoli; il peduncolo e piu largo che nella regina.

Male

il capo e relativamente stretto, con gli angoli posteriori acutissimi; il 2.° segmento del peduncolo meno di una volta e mezzo largo quanto e lungo.

Karyotype

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  • 2n = 32, karyotype = 28M+4A (Panama) (Murakami et al., 1998).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Achury R., and A.V. Suarez. 2017. Richness and composition of ground-dwelling ants in tropical rainforest and surrounding landscapes in the Colombian Inter-Andean valley. Neotropical Entomology https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-017-0565-4
  • Ahuatzin D. A., E. J. Corro, A. Aguirre Jaimes, J. E. Valenzuela Gonzalez, R. Machado Feitosa, M. Cezar Ribeiro, J. Carlos Lopez Acosta, R. Coates, W. Dattilo. 2019. Forest cover drives leaf litter ant diversity in primary rainforest remnants within human-modified tropical landscapes. Biodiversity and Conservation 28(5): 1091-1107.
  • Alonso L. E., J. Persaud, and A. Williams. 2016. Biodiversity assessment survey of the south Rupununi Savannah, Guyana. BAT Survey Report No.1, 306 pages.
  • Alonso L., M. Kaspari, and A. Alonso. 2001. Assessment of the Ants of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru. Pp 87-93. In: Alsonso A, Dallmeier F, Campbell P, editors. Urubamba: The biodiversity of a Peruvian rainforest. SI/MAB Biodiversity Program-Smithsonian Institution. 204 p.
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  • Bieber A. G. D., P. D. Silva, and P. S. Oliveira. 2013. Attractiveness of Fallen Fleshy Fruits to Ants Depends on Previous Handling by Frugivores. Écoscience 20: 85-89.
  • Blüthgen, N., M. Verhaagh, W. Goitia and N. Bluthgen. 2000. Ant nests in tank bromeliads – an example of non-specific interaction. Insectes Sociaux 47:313-316
  • Boer P. 2019. Ants of Saba, species list. Accessed on January 22 2019 at http://www.nlmieren.nl/websitepages/SPECIES%20LIST%20SABA.html
  • Brandao, C.R.F. 1991. Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 35: 319-412.
  • Bruch C. 1914. Catálogo sistemático de los formícidos argentinos. Revista del Museo de La Plata 19: 211-234.
  • Calixto J. M. 2013. Lista preliminar das especies de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) do estado do Parana, Brasil. Universidad Federal do Parana 34 pages.
  • Cancino, E.R., D.R. Kasparan, J.M.A. Coronado Blanco, S.N. Myartseva, V.A. Trjapitzin, S.G. Hernandez Aguilar and J. Garcia Jimenez. 2010. Himenópteros de la Reserva “El Cielo”, Tamaulipas, México. Dugesiana 17(1):53-71
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