Acromyrmex

Acromyrmex
Acromyrmex versicolor
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Acromyrmex Mayr, 1865
Type species
Formica hystrix, now Acromyrmex hystrix
Subgenera
Acromyrmex Mayr, 1865 Moellerius Forel, 1893
Diversity
56 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) Acromyrmex versicolor Specimen Label

Evolutionary Relationships

Neoattina Cyatta (1 species), Kalathomyrmex (1 species) Mycetarotes   (4 species) Mycetosoritis   (2 species) some Cyphomyrmex   (23 species) some Cyphomyrmex   (23 species) Paramycetophylax   (1 species) Mycetophylax   (21 species) Mycetagroicus   (4 species) Mycetomoellerius   (31 species) Sericomyrmex   (11 species) Xerolitor   (1 species) Paratrachymyrmex   (9 species) Trachymyrmex   (9 species) Amoimyrmex   (3 species) Atta   (20 species) Acromyrmex   (56 species) Pseudoatta   (2 species)

Based on Ward et al. (2014), Blaimer et al. (2018), Li et al. (2018), Cristiano et al. (2020) and Hanisch et al. (2022).

A genus of fungus growing ants. Primarily a Neotropical group, Acromyrmex occurs from the southern USA south to southern South America. They cultivate fungus within their nests and, like Atta, they are true leaf-cutters. Most Acromyrmex inhabit tropical forests, grasslands, and disturbed areas. Acromyrmex versicolor is atypical in that it is found in dry desert areas of the southwestern USA and northern Mexico.

At a Glance

• Fungus Grower

Photo Gallery

• 

  Acromyrmex worker covered in Pseudonocardia. These leafcutter ants use this bacteria to fight invasive fungus, that attack their fungus gardens. Photo by João Pedro Sá Medeiros.
• 

  An Acromyrmex nest being raided by Nomamyrmex esenbeckii. The Acromyrmex worker defended itself, but was unsuccessful. Still, even the heavily armoured predators can get wounded, and the worker in the picture is already missing a part of its hind-leg. Photo by Phil Hoenle.

Identification

The genus Acromyrmex occupies a morphological "middle ground" between the highly polymorphic genus Atta and the monomorphic genus Trachymyrmex. Acromyrmex is separated from Atta by the presence of 3 pairs of spines or teeth on the promesonotum (only 2 pairs in Atta), and from Trachymyrmex by the presence of spines or teeth on the promesonotum (rather than tubercles), by the absence of shallow antennal scrobes (often present in Trachymyrmex), and its polymorphic worker caste (monomorphic in Trachymyrmex).

See images of species within this genus

Keys including this Genus

• Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae

 

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to leaf‐cutting genera

Distribution

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indo-Australian Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oriental Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	0	0	0	0	1	56	0	0
Total Species	2839	1735	3036	932	834	4378	1708	2836

Biology

Longino (Ants of Costa Rica) - Acromyrmex species are true leaf cutters. Compared to Atta, they have a greater predilection for flowers and fruits. Their colonies are smaller (thousands of workers rather than millions), and foraging columns are usually single file and sparse. Their nests are usually in pre-formed cavities, and they do little excavating of their own.

Morphologically they are sandwiched between Atta and Trachymyrmex. Atta have very large colonies, strong worker size polymorphism, and a smooth gastral dorsum. Trachymyrmex have smaller colonies, usually smaller monomorphic workers, and a tuberculate gastral dorsum. Acromyrmex have intermediate colony sizes, strong worker polymorphism (but the major workers are not as highly differentiated as Atta majors), and the gaster is tuberculate. Single workers of Acromyrmex can be difficult to differentiate from Trachymyrmex in a key.

In Costa Rica there are few species of Acromyrmex. In lowland and seasonally dry habitats there are usually one or two forms of the Acromyrmex octospinosus species complex. In moist to wet montane areas Acromyrmex coronatus dominates.

Schultz et al. (1998) have discovered cryptic species in the A. octospinosus complex in Panama, and one should expect similar complexity to occur in Costa Rica. I recognize three species in the complex in Costa Rica (octospinosus, Acromyrmex echinatior, Acromyrmex volcanus), but the morphological basis for the distinctions is slight and some concentrated research on the group could easily redraw the species boundaries.

There is a large literature on Acromyrmex that is not reviewed or cited here.

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Species Uncertain

• An unknown species is a host for the histerid beetle Euspilotus latimanus (a myrmecophile) in Brazil (Arriagada, 1987; Lackner, 2014).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus cantleyi (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus cantleyi (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus luteihalteratus (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus luteihalteratus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus neivai (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus neivai (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus onorei (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus onorei (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Neodohrniphora acromyrmecis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Rhyncophoromyia maculineura (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

All Associate Records for Genus

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Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Acromyrmex	host	histerid beetle	Euspilotus latimanus	myrmecophile	Brazil	Arriagada, 1987; Lackner, 2014
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus cantleyi	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus cantleyi	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus luteihalteratus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus luteihalteratus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus neivai	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus neivai	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus onorei	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus onorei	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Neodohrniphora acromyrmecis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Rhyncophoromyia gymnopleura	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex	host	phorid fly	Rhyncophoromyia maculineura	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex ambiguus	host	diapriid wasp	Szelenyiopria lucens	parasite	Brazil, Uruguay	Loiacono, 1987; Loiacono et al., 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016
Acromyrmex ambiguus	host	histerid beetle	Euspilotus myrmecophilus	myrmecophile	Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay	Lackner, 2014; Lackner & Arriagada, 2020
Acromyrmex ameliae	workerless inquiline	ant	Acromyrmex brunneus	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; De Souza et al., 2007
Acromyrmex ameliae	workerless inquiline	ant	Acromyrmex subterraneus	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; De Souza et al., 2007; De Souza et al., 2011; Rabeling et al., 2015; Soares et al., 2010
Acromyrmex aspersus	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius infestans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex balzani	host	ant	Pseudoatta argentina	workerless inquiline			Needs confirmation
Acromyrmex brunneus	host	ant	Acromyrmex ameliae	workerless inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; De Souza et al., 2007
Acromyrmex charruanus	workerless inquiline	ant	Acromyrmex heyeri	host	Uruguay	de la Mora et al., 2021; Rabeling et al., 2015
Acromyrmex coronatus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus luteihalteratus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex coronatus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus pseudocercus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex coronatus	prey	''Microdon'' fly	Microdon triginus	predator		Quevillon, 2018
Acromyrmex crassispinus	host	nematode	Panagrolaimus sp.	parasite		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex crassispinus	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius crudelis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex disciger	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius infestans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex disciger	host	phorid fly	Neodohrniphora acromyrmecis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex echinatior	host	ant	Acromyrmex insinuator	inquiline
Acromyrmex echinatior	host	fungus	Aspergillus flavus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Acromyrmex fowleri	workerless inquiline	ant	Acromyrmex rugosus	host	Brazil	de la Mora et al., 2021; Rabeling et al., 2019; Sumner et al., 2004	Sumner et al. (2004) report as ''Pseudoatta'' sp.
Acromyrmex heyeri	host	ant	Acromyrmex charruanus	workerless inquiline	Uruguay	Rabeling et al., 2015
Acromyrmex heyeri	host	ant	Pseudoatta argentina	workerless inquiline
Acromyrmex heyeri	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus neivai	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex heyeri	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius catharinensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex hispidus	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius longipalpis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex insinuator	inquiline	ant	Acromyrmex echinatior	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Lambardi et al., 2007; Rabeling et al., 2015, Sumner et al., 2004
Acromyrmex insinuator	inquiline	ant	Acromyrmex octospinosus	host		de la Mora et al., 2021; Rabeling et al., 2015
Acromyrmex lobicornis	host	diapriid wasp	Szelenyiopria pampeana	parasite	Argentina	Loiácono et al., 2000; Loiácono & Margaría, 2009; Loiacono et al., 2013; Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016
Acromyrmex lobicornis	host	diapriid wasp	Trichopria formicans	parasite	Argentina	Loiacono et al., 2000; Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016
Acromyrmex lobicornis	host	diapriid wasp	Trichopria sp.	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex lobicornis	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius cristobalensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex lundii	host	ant	Pseudoatta argentina	workerless inquiline
Acromyrmex lundii	host	diapriid wasp	Bruchopria hexatoma	parasite	Argentina	Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016
Acromyrmex lundii	host	diapriid wasp	Doliopria myrmecobia	parasite	Argentina	Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016
Acromyrmex lundii	host	fungus	Beauveria bassiana	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest
Acromyrmex lundii	host	histerid beetle	Euspilotus myrmecophilus	myrmecophile	Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay	Lackner, 2014; Lackner & Arriagada, 2020
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus barbicauda	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus luteihalteratus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus luteihalteratus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus neivai	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus rionegrensis	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius catharinensis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex lundii	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius persecutor	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex niger	associate (details unknown)	phorid fly	Ecitoptera proboscidalis	associate (details unknown)		Quevillon, 2018
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Allochaeta longiciliata	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest; as Acromyrmex muticinodus
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Allochaeta longiciliata	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Allochaeta muticinodus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus lamellatus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus luteihalteratus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius cuspidatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest; as Pheidologeton sp.
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius cuspidatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius tarsipennis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest; as Acromyrmex muticinodus
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius tarsipennis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Procliniella hostilis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest; as Acromyrmex muticinodus
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Procliniella hostilis	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Stenoneurellis laticeps	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest; as Acromyrmex muticinodus
Acromyrmex niger	host	phorid fly	Stenoneurellis laticeps	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex octospinosus	host	ant	Acromyrmex insinuator	inquiline			not able to reproduce in ''Acromyrmex octospinosus'' colonies
Acromyrmex octospinosus	host	fungus	Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex octospinosus	host	nematode	Steinerema carpocapsae	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex rugosus	host	ant	Acromyrmex fowleri	workerless inquiline	Brazil	Rabeling et al., 2019
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	ant	Acromyrmex ameliae	workerless inquiline		de la Mora et al., 2021; De Souza et al., 2007; De Souza et al., 2011; Rabeling et al., 2015; Soares et al., 2010
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	diapriid wasp	Szelenyiopria talitae	parasite	Brazil	Loiacono et al., 2013
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	fungus	Aspergillus flavus	pathogen		Sales & Toledo, 2020
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	fungus	Metarhizium anisopliae	pathogen		Sales & Toledo, 2020
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus dubitatus	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus dubitatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	phorid fly	Apocephalus rionegrensis	parasite		phorid.net	attacked
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius cuspidatus	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius gracilipes	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest
Acromyrmex subterraneus	host	phorid fly	Myrmosicarius infestans	parasitoid		Quevillon, 2018	encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest

Flight Period

All Flight Records for Genus

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Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Acromyrmex versicolor	Jul • Aug	antkeeping.info

Life History Traits

• Mean colony size: 1000's-10000's (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: inquilinism (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: herbivore
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter; arboreal (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)

Morphology

Worker Morphology

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• Antennal segment count: 11 • Antennal club: gradual • Palp formula: 4,2 • Total dental count: 8-11 • Spur formula: 0,0 • Eyes: >100 ommatidia • Scrobes: absent • Pronotal Spines: present • Mesonotal Spines: dentiform; present • Propodeal Spines: present • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: polymorphic • Sting: absent • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent

Karyotype

All Karyotype Records for Genus

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Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Acromyrmex ambiguus		38	14M + 12SM + 8ST + 4A	Brazil	de Castro et al., 2020
Acromyrmex ambiguus		38	2M+6SM+16ST+14A	Uruguay	Goñi et al., 1984
Acromyrmex ameliae		36	10M +16SM + 8ST + 2A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2021; Cardoso et al. 2018; de Castro et al., 2020; Micolino et al., 2021
Acromyrmex aspersus		38	8M+10SM+16ST+4A	Brazil	Teixeira et al., 2017
Acromyrmex balzani		38	12M+10SM+14ST+2A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2016
Acromyrmex balzani		38	12M+10SM+14ST+2A	French Guiana	Aguiar et al., 2020
Acromyrmex coronatus	19	38	12M+8SM+16ST+2A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2016
Acromyrmex crassispinus		38		Brazil	Fadini & Pompolo, 1996
Acromyrmex crassispinus		38	12M + 20SM + 4ST + 2A	Brazil	de Castro et al., 2020
Acromyrmex disciger		38	10M+12SM+14ST+2A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2016
Acromyrmex echinatior		38	8M+6SM+14ST+10A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2016
Acromyrmex heyeri		38	2M+6SM+16ST+14A	Brazil; Uruguay	Goni et al., 1983; Santos-Colares et al., 1997
Acromyrmex hispidus		38	2M+6SM+16ST+14A	Uruguay	Goni et al., 1983
Acromyrmex lundii		38	10M + 14SM + 10ST + 4A	Brazil	de Castro et al., 2020
Acromyrmex molestans		38	10M+10SM+16ST+2A	Brazil	Fadini & Pompolo, 1996; Teixeira et al., 2017
Acromyrmex niger		38	12M+14SM+10ST+2A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2016
Acromyrmex nigrosetosus		38	12M + 14SM + 10ST + 2A	Brazil	de Castro et al., 2020
Acromyrmex rugosus		38	16M+12SM+8ST+2A	Brazil	Barros et al., 2016
Acromyrmex subterraneus		38		Brazil	Fadini & Pompolo, 1996
Acromyrmex subterraneus		38	14M + 18SM + 4ST + 2A	Brazil	de Castro et al., 2020

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• ACROMYRMEX [Myrmicinae: Attini]
  • Acromyrmex Mayr, 1865: 83 [as subgenus of Atta]. Type-species: Formica hystrix, by monotypy.
  • Acromyrmex raised to genus: Emery, 1913b: 251.
  • Subgenera of Acromyrmex: nominal plus Moellerius.

References

• Arriagada, G. 1987. Notas sininimicas y datos distribucionales de Saprininae neotropicales. Revista Chilena de Entomologia 15: 61–70.
• Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 384, Acromyrmex in Cryptoceridae, Attinae)
• Baigorria, J.A., Rubio, G.D., Stolar, C.E., Oklander, L.I. 2021. Notes on the jumping spider Corythalia conferta (Araneae: Salticidae), a possible myrmecophagous specialist in Argentina. Peckhamia 230.1, 1-12.
• Barrera, C.A., Sosa-Calvo, J., Schultz, T.R., Rabeling, C., Bacci, M., Jr 2021. Phylogenomic reconstruction reveals new insights into the evolution and biogeography of Atta leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 47: 13-35 (doi:10.1111/syen.12513).
• Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 197, Acromyrmex as genus of Attini)
• Boudinot, B.E. 2019. Hormigas de Colombia. Cap. 15. Clave para las subfamilias y generos basada en machos. Pp. 487-499 in: Fernández, F., Guerrero, R.J., Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp.
• Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
• Cantone S. 2017. Winged Ants, The Male, Dichotomous key to genera of winged male ants in the World, Behavioral ecology of mating flight (self-published).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Cantone, S., Von Zuben, C.J. 2019. The hindwings of ants: A phylogenetic analysis. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2019, 1–11 (doi:10.1155/2019/7929717).
• Cherrett, J. M.; Cherrett, F. J. 1989. A bibliography of the leaf-cutting ants, Atta spp. and Acromyrmex spp., up to 1975. Overseas Dev. Nat. Resour. Inst. Bull. 14: 1-58 (page 1, Bibliography 1. Subgenera of Acromyrmex:nominal plus Moellerius)
• Cristiano, M.P., Cardoso, D.C., Sandoval‐Gómez, V.E., Simões‐Gomes, F.C. 2020. Amoimyrmex Cristiano, Cardoso, Sandoval, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a new genus of leaf‐cutting ants revealed by multilocus molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Austral Entomology 59, 643–676 (doi:10.1111/aen.12493).
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