Strumigenys

Strumigenys Temporal range: 20.43–0 Ma K Pa Eo Ol Mi Pl Miocene – Recent
Strumigenys abdera
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Strumigenys Smith, F., 1860
Type species
Strumigenys mandibularis
Diversity
882 species 4 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country) Strumigenys abdera Specimen Label
Synonyms
Asketogenys Brown, 1972 Borgmeierita Brown, 1953 Cephaloxys Smith, F., 1865 Chelystruma Brown, 1950 Cladarogenys Brown, 1976 Codiomyrmex Wheeler, W.M., 1916 Codioxenus Santschi, 1931 Dorisidris Brown, 1948 Dysedrognathus Taylor, 1968 Eneria Donisthorpe, 1948 Epitritus Emery, 1869 Glamyromyrmex Wheeler, W.M., 1915 Gymnomyrmex Borgmeier, 1954 Kyidris Brown, 1949 Labidogenys Roger, 1862 Miccostruma Brown, 1948 Neostruma Brown, 1948 Pentastruma Forel, 1912 Platystruma Brown, 1953 Polyhomoa Azuma, 1950 Proscopomyrmex Patrizi, 1946 Pyramica Roger, 1862 Quadristruma Brown, 1949 Serrastruma Brown, 1948 Smithistruma Brown, 1948 Tingimyrmex Mann, 1926 Trichoscapa Emery, 1869 Weberistruma Brown, 1948 Wessonistruma Brown, 1948

Hita Garcia, Wiesel and Fischer (2013) - A species-rich, worldwide occurring genus mainly distributed in the world tropics and subtropics (Bolton, 2000). The current genus definition includes the former genus Pyramica, which was proposed as junior synonym some years ago (Baroni Urbani and De Andrade, 2007). The taxonomy of the whole tribe was exhaustively revised by Bolton (2000) on a global scale. Most Strumigenys species are small, cryptic ants that nest and forage in leaf litter, in soil, or in rotten wood, whereas there are far fewer genus members that prefer an arboreal life-style. Many species are specialised predators possessing trap-jaw mandibles, and mainly hunt collembolans or other small arthropods (Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990; Bolton, 1999).

At a Glance

• Trap-Jaw

Photo Gallery

• 

  The mandibles of these Strumigenys are long and forceps-like. Despite the extreme shape, they are still able to handle their brood with care. Photo by Phil Hoenle.

Identification

• 

  Tang & Guenard (2023), Fig. 1. Seta shape terminologies. 1. Fine. 2–3. Stout and truncated. 4–5. Plank-like. 6–7. Acicular. 8. Narrowly elliptic. 9. Elliptic. 10. Linear. 11. Short linear or short subspatulate. 12–13. Subspatulate. 14–15. Spatulate. 16–17. Oblanceolate. 18–19. Small obovate. 20. Large obovate. 21. Suborbicular/orbicular. 22. Orbicular. 23. Remiform. 24. Remiform / narrowly claviform (red arrow). 25–26. Claviform. 27. Shoehorn-shaped. 28. Spoon-shaped.

Species Groups

Strumigenys species groups

Keys including this Genus

• Key to Australian Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
• Key to Dacetini
• Key to Dacetini 2007

 

Keys to Species in this Genus

• Key to Australian Strumigenys Species
• Key to Strumigenys of India
• Key to Afrotropical Strumigenys
• Key to Afrotropical Strumigenys (as Pyramica)
• Key to Nearctic Strumigenys (as Pyramica)
• Key to Neotropical and Nearctic Strumigenys
• Key to Neotropical Strumigenys (as Pyramica)
• Key to Strumigenys of East Asia
• Key to Strumigenys of East Asia (as Pyramica)
• Key to Malagasy Strumigenys (as Pyramica)
• Key to Malagasy Strumigenys
• Key to West Palaearctic Strumigenys (as Pyramica)
• Key to US Strumigenys species
• Neotropical Pyramica key modifications
• Key to Strumigenys of China (as Pyramica)
• Key to Strumigenys of Hispaniola
• Key to Strumigenys nitens group
• Key to Strumigenys of Korea
• Key to western Nearctic Strumigenys species

Distribution

Species by Region

Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.

	Afrotropical Region	Australasian Region	Indo-Australian Region	Malagasy Region	Nearctic Region	Neotropical Region	Oriental Region	Palaearctic Region
Species	139	60	258	94	59	214	97	81
Total Species	2851	1736	3047	932	840	4391	1767	2925

Fossils

Fossils are known from: Dominican amber, Dominican Republic (Burdigalian, Early Miocene), Zhangpu amber, Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, China (Miocene) (an unidentified species, Wang et al., 2021).

Biology

Keiichi Masuko and Alain Dejean have published various papers on predatory behaviour in this genus

• 
• 

  Gary Alpert, Photographer

Association with Other Organisms

All Associate Records for Genus

Click here to show/hide associate data.

Taxon	Relationship	Associate Type	Associate Taxon	Associate Relationship	Locality	Source	Notes
Strumigenys arizonica	xenobiont	ant	Trachymyrmex arizonensis	host
Strumigenys inopina	workerless inquiline	ant	Strumigenys sp.	host	Florida, United States	Deyrup & Cover, 1998	need confirmation
Strumigenys inquilina	inquiline	ant	Strumigenys lujae	host
Strumigenys membranifera	host	fungus	Myrmicinosporidium durum	pathogen	United States	Pereira, 2004; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012
Strumigenys pergandei	xenobiont	ant	Formica spp.	xenobiont	United States	Kanizsai et al., 2013; Wheeler, 1905	In soil.
Strumigenys perplexa	host	ant	Strumigenys xenos	workerless inquiline
Strumigenys xenos	workerless inquiline	ant	Strumigenys perplexa	host

Flight Period

All Flight Records for Genus

 Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Click here to show/hide associate data.

Taxon	Month	Source	Notes
Strumigenys dolichognatha	Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct • Nov	Kaspari et al., 2001
Strumigenys elongata	Feb • Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	Kaspari et al., 2001
Strumigenys gundlachi	Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep	Kaspari et al., 2001
Strumigenys lewisi	Aug		Japan
Strumigenys margaritae	Jul • Aug	Booher, 2021
Strumigenys membranifera	Feb • Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug • Sep • Oct • Nov	Booher et al. 2021; Booher, 2021
Strumigenys minutula	Jun • Jul		Hong Kong
Strumigenys zeteki	Jan • Feb • Mar • Apr • May • Jun • Jul • Aug	Kaspari et al., 2001

Life History Traits

• Mean colony size: 15-400 (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: predator (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging behaviour: solitary (Greer et al., 2021)

Morphology

Worker Morphology

 Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

 • Eyes: 1;11-100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: dentiform; present • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent

Karyotype

Species Uncertain

• 2n = 38 (Indonesia) (Imai et al., 1985) (as Smithistruma sp.).
• 2n = 16 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Smithistruma sp.).
• n = 13 (Crozier, 1975) (as Smithistruma sp.).

All Karyotype Records for Genus

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

 Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Click here to show/hide karyotype data.

Taxon	Haploid	Diploid	Karyotype	Locality	Source	Notes
Strumigenys		16		Malaysia	Goni et al., 1982	as ''Smithistruma'' sp.
Strumigenys		38		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985	as ''Smithistruma'' sp.
Strumigenys	13				Crozier, 1975	as ''Smithistruma'' sp.
Strumigenys diabola		40	18SM+12ST+10A	French Guiana	Aguiar et al., 2020
Strumigenys dohertyi	12	24		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983	as ''Strumigenys taipingensis''
Strumigenys doriae		22		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Strumigenys godeffroyi		40		Malaysia	Imai et al., 1983
Strumigenys godeffroyi		44		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985
Strumigenys louisianae		4	4M	Brazil	AlvesSilva et al., 2014
Strumigenys mutica		36		Indonesia	Imai et al., 1985	as ''Kyidris mutica''

Phylogeny

Myrmicinae

Myrmicini ⊞(2 genera) ⊟ Manica  (6 species, 2 fossil species) Myrmica  (214 species, 18 fossil species) Pogonomyrmecini ⊞(3 genera) ⊟ Patagonomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Hylomyrma  (30 species, 0 fossil species) Pogonomyrmex  (95 species, 1 fossil species) Stenammini ⊞(7 genera) ⊟ Stenamma  (85 species, 1 fossil species) Novomessor  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Veromessor  (10 species, 0 fossil species) some Aphaenogaster  (219 species, 14 fossil species) some Aphaenogaster Messor  (169 species, 1 fossil species) Goniomma  (10 species, 1 fossil species) Oxyopomyrmex  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Solenopsidini ⊞(23 genera) ⊟ Stegomyrmex  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Dolopomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) some Rogeria  (40 species, 0 fossil species) Bariamyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) some Rogeria Solenopsis  (215 species, 9 fossil species) Kempfidris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Tropidomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Austromorium  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Chelaner  (53 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium Oxyepoecus  (21 species, 0 fossil species) Megalomyrmex  (45 species, 0 fossil species) Epelysidris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Erromyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Tyrannomyrmex  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Unicumyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Anillomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmicaria  (71 species, 0 fossil species) some Monomorium Syllophopsis  (23 species, 0 fossil species) some Adelomyrmex  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Cryptomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Adelomyrmex Baracidris  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Attini ⊞(49 genera) ⊟ Ochetomyrmex  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Tranopelta  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Diaphoromyrma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lachnomyrmex  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Blepharidatta  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Allomerus  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Wasmannia  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Pheidole  (1,297 species, 8 fossil species) Cephalotes  (123 species, 16 fossil species) Procryptocerus  (44 species, 0 fossil species) Strumigenys  (882 species, 4 fossil species) Phalacromyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Pilotrochus  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Protalaridris  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Rhopalothrix  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Basiceros  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Octostruma  (35 species, 0 fossil species) Eurhopalothrix  (55 species, 0 fossil species) Talaridris  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthognathus  (7 species, 1 fossil species) Daceton  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Lenomyrmex  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Microdaceton  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Orectognathus  (29 species, 0 fossil species) Colobostruma  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Epopostruma  (20 species, 0 fossil species) Mesostruma  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Paleoattina Apterostigma  (44 species, 2 fossil species) Mycocepurus  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmicocrypta  (31 species, 0 fossil species) Neoattina Cyatta  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Kalathomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetarotes  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetosoritis  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Cyphomyrmex  (23 species, 2 fossil species) some Cyphomyrmex Paramycetophylax  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetophylax  (21 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetagroicus  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Mycetomoellerius  (33 species, 1 fossil species) Sericomyrmex  (11 species, 0 fossil species) Xerolitor  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Paratrachymyrmex  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Trachymyrmex  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Amoimyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Atta  (20 species, 1 fossil species) some Acromyrmex  (51 species, 0 fossil species) some Acromyrmex Pseudoatta  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Crematogastrini ⊞(65 genera) ⊟ Rostromyrmex  (1 species, 6 fossil species) Cardiocondyla  (90 species, 0 fossil species) Ocymyrmex  (34 species, 0 fossil species) Nesomyrmex  (86 species, 2 fossil species) Xenomyrmex  (5 species, 0 fossil species) Terataner  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Atopomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Cataulacus  (65 species, 3 fossil species) Carebara  (251 species, 9 fossil species) Diplomorium  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Melissotarsus  (4 species, 1 fossil species) Rhopalomastix  (14 species, 0 fossil species) Calyptomyrmex  (38 species, 0 fossil species) Strongylognathus  (27 species, 0 fossil species), Tetramorium  (603 species, 2 fossil species) Cyphoidris  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Dicroaspis  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Aretidris  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Vollenhovia  (83 species, 3 fossil species) Dacetinops  (7 species, 0 fossil species) Indomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Crematogaster  (785 species, 0 fossil species) Meranoplus  (93 species, 0 fossil species) Lophomyrmex  (13 species, 0 fossil species) Adlerzia  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Recurvidris  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Stereomyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Trichomyrmex  (29 species, 0 fossil species) Eutetramorium  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Royidris  (15 species, 0 fossil species) Malagidris  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Vitsika  (16 species, 0 fossil species) Huberia  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Podomyrma  (62 species, 1 fossil species) Liomyrmex  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Metapone  (33 species, 0 fossil species) Kartidris  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Mayriella  (9 species, 0 fossil species) Tetheamyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Dacatria  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Proatta  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Dilobocondyla  (22 species, 0 fossil species) Secostruma  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Acanthomyrmex  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Myrmecina  (106 species, 0 fossil species) Perissomyrmex  (6 species, 0 fossil species) Pristomyrmex  (61 species, 3 fossil species) some Lordomyrma  (36 species, 0 fossil species) Propodilobus  (1 species, 0 fossil species) Lasiomyrma  (4 species, 0 fossil species) some Lordomyrma Ancyridris  (2 species, 0 fossil species) some Lordomyrma Paratopula  (12 species, 0 fossil species) Poecilomyrma  (2 species, 0 fossil species) Romblonella  (10 species, 0 fossil species) Rotastruma  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Gauromyrmex  (3 species, 0 fossil species) Vombisidris  (19 species, 0 fossil species) Temnothorax  (536 species, 1 fossil species) Harpagoxenus  (4 species, 0 fossil species) Formicoxenus  (8 species, 0 fossil species) Leptothorax  (20 species, 0 fossil species)

See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• STRUMIGENYS [Myrmicinae: Dacetini]
  • Strumigenys Smith, F. 1860c: 72. Type-species: Strumigenys mandibularis, by monotypy.
  • Strumigenys senior synonym of Labidogenys: Roger, 1863b: 40; Brown & Wilson, 1959b: 281; Brown, 1960b: 37.
  • Strumigenys senior synonym of Eneria, Proscopomyrmex: Brown, 1949d: 15.
  • Strumigenys senior synonym of Quadristruma: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 12; Bolton, 1999: 1673.
  • Strumigenys senior synonym of: Asketogenys, Borgmeierita, Cephaloxys, Chelystruma, Cladarogenys, Codiomyrmex, Codioxenus, Dorisidris, Dysedrognathus, Epitritus, Glamyromyrmex, Gymnomyrmex, Kyidris, Miccostruma, Neostruma, Pentastruma, Platystruma, Polyhomoa, Pyramica, Serrastruma, Smithistruma, Tingimyrmex, Trichoscapa, Weberistruma, Wessonistruma: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• ASKETOGENYS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Asketogenys Brown, 1972: 23. Type-species: Asketogenys acubecca, by original designation.
  • Asketogenys junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Asketogenys junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 15; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
• BORGMEIERITA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Borgmeierita Brown, 1953g: 23. Type-species: Codiomyrmex excisus, by original designation.
  • Borgmeierita junior synonym of Glamyromyrmex: Brown, 1973a: 35.
  • Borgmeierita junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
  • Borgmeierita junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
• CEPHALOXYS [junior homonym, see Smithistruma]
  • Cephaloxys Smith, F. 1865: 76. Type-species: Cephaloxys capitata, by monotypy. [Junior homonym of Cephaloxys Signoret, 1847: 294 (Hemiptera).]
  • Smithistruma Brown, 1948e: 104, replacement name for Cephaloxys Smith.
• CHELYSTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Chelystruma Brown, 1950a: 33 [as subgenus of Glamyromyrmex]. Type-species: Glamyromyrmex (Chelystruma) lilloana, by monotypy.
  • Chelystruma raised to genus: Kempf, 1959d: 338.
  • Chelystruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Chelystruma junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
• CLADAROGENYS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Cladarogenys Brown, 1976b: 33. Type-species: Cladarogenys lasia, by original designation.
  • Cladarogenys junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Cladarogenys junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
• CODIOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Codiomyrmex Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 326. Type-species: Codiomyrmex thaxteri, by monotypy.
  • Codiomyrmex subgenus of Strumigenys: Emery, 1924d: 325.
  • Codiomyrmex revived status as genus: Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 326; Brown, 1948e: 114.
  • Codiomyrmex junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Codiomyrmex junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• CODIOXENUS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Codioxenus Santschi, 1931c: 278 [as subgenus of Epitritus]. Type-species: Epitritus (Codioxenus) simulans, by monotypy.
  • Codioxenus raised to genus: Brown, 1948e: 123.
  • Codioxenus junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Codioxenus junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• DORISIDRIS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Dorisidris Brown, 1948e: 116. Type-species: Strumigenys (Codiomyrmex) nitens, by original designation.
  • Dorisidris junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Dorisidris junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 102.
• DYSEDROGNATHUS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Dysedrognathus Taylor, 1968c: 132. Type-species: Dysedrognathus extemenus, by original designation.
  • Dysedrognathus junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Dysedrognathus junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 13; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
• ENERIA [junior synonym of Strumigenys]
  • Eneria Donisthorpe, 1948d: 598. Type-species: Eneria excisa (junior synonym of Strumigenys loriae), by original designation.
  • Eneria junior synonym of Strumigenys: Brown, 1949d: 15.
• EPITRITUS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Epitritus Emery, 1869a: 136. Type-species: Epitritus argiolus, by monotypy.
  • Epitritus junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1667; Bolton, 2000: 90.
  • Epitritus junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 12; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• GLAMYROMYRMEX [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Glamyromyrmex Wheeler, W.M. 1915e: 487. Type-species: Glamyromyrmex beebei, by monotypy.
  • Glamyromyrmex senior synonym of Borgmeierita: Brown, 1973a: 35.
  • Glamyromyrmex junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1667; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Glamyromyrmex junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• GYMNOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Gymnomyrmex Borgmeier, 1954b: 279. Type-species: Gymnomyrmex splendens, by original designation.
  • Gymnomyrmex junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Gymnomyrmex junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
• KYIDRIS [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Kyidris Brown, 1949d: 3. Type-species: Kyidris mutica, by original designation.
  • Kyidris senior synonym of Polyhomoa: Creighton, 1950b: 93; Brown & Yasumatsu, 1951: 93.
  • Kyidris junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Kyidris junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 15; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 103.
• LABIDOGENYS [junior synonym of Strumigenys]
  • Labidogenys Roger, 1862a: 249. Type-species: Labidogenys lyroessa, by monotypy.
  • Labidogenys junior synonym of Strumigenys: Roger, 1863b: 40.
  • Labidogenys revived from synonymy: Brown, 1948e: 102.
  • Labidogenys junior synonym of Strumigenys: Brown & Wilson, 1959b: 281; Brown, 1960b: 38.
• MICCOSTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Miccostruma Brown, 1948e: 123. Type-species: Epitritus mandibularis, by original designation.
  • Miccostruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Miccostruma junior synonym of Smithistruma: Bolton, 1983: 274.
• NEOSTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Neostruma Brown, 1948e: 111. Type-species: Strumigenys crassicornis, by original designation.
  • Neostruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Neostruma junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 12; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 102.
• PENTASTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Pentastruma Forel, 1912a: 50. Type-species: Pentastruma sauteri, by monotypy.
  • Pentastruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1667; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Pentastruma junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 15; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• PLATYSTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Platystruma Brown, 1953g: 112 [as subgenus of Smithistruma]. Type-species: Strumigenys (Cephaloxys) depressiceps, by original designation.
  • Platystruma junior synonym of Smithistruma: Brown, 1973a: 35.
  • Platystruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
• POLYHOMOA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Polyhomoa Azuma, 1950: 36. Type-species: Polyhomoa itoi (junior synonym of Kyidris mutica), by monotypy.
  • Polyhomoa junior synonym of Kyidris: Creighton, 1950b: 93; Brown & Yasumatsu, 1951: 93.
  • Polyhomoa junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
• PROSCOPOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Strumigenys]
  • Proscopomyrmex Patrizi, 1946: 294. Type-species: Proscopomyrmex londianensis, by monotypy.
  • Proscopomyrmex junior synonym of Strumigenys: Brown, 1949d: 15; Bolton, 1999: 1673.
• PYRAMICA [Myrmicinae: Dacetini]
  • Pyramica Roger, 1862a: 251. Type-species: Pyramica gundlachi, by monotypy.
  • Pyramica junior synonym of Strumigenys: Roger, 1863b: 40.
  • Pyramica revived from synonymy as subgenus of Strumigenys: Brown, 1948e: 110.
  • Pyramica senior synonym of: Asketogenys, Borgmeierita, Cephaloxys, Chelystruma, Cladarogenys, Codiomyrmex, Codioxenus, Dorisidris, Dysedrognathus, Epitritus, Glamyromyrmex, Gymnomyrmex, Kyidris, Miccostruma, Neostruma, Pentastruma, Platystruma, Polyhomoa, Serrastruma, Smithistruma, Tingimyrmex, Trichoscapa, Weberistruma, Wessonistruma: Bolton, 1999: 1667; Bolton, 2000: 90.
  • Pyramica junior synonym of Strumigenys: Brown & Wilson, 1959b: 281; Brown, 1960b: 37; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• QUADRISTRUMA [junior synonym of Strumigenys]
  • Quadristruma Brown, 1949b: 47. Type-species: Epitritus emmae, by original designation.
  • Quadristruma junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 12; Bolton, 1999: 1673; Bolton, 2000: 492.
• SERRASTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Serrastruma Brown, 1948e: 107 [as subgenus of Smithistruma]. Type-species: Strumigenys simoni, by original designation.
  • Serrastruma raised to genus: Brown, 1949d: 6.
  • Serrastruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Serrastruma junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 102.
• SMITHISTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Smithistruma Brown, 1948e: 104. Replacement name for Cephaloxys Smith, F. 1865: 76. [Junior homonym of Cephaloxys Signoret, 1847: 294 (Hemiptera).]
  • [Type-species not Strumigenys pulchella, unjustified subsequent designation by Brown, 1948e: 104, repeated in Kempf, 1972a: 230, Bolton, 1983: 274 and Bolton, 1995b: 46.]
  • Smithistruma senior synonym of Platystruma, Weberistruma, Wessonistruma: Brown, 1973a: 35.
  • Smithistruma senior synonym of Miccostruma: Bolton, 1983: 274.
  • Smithistruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Smithistruma junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 14; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 102.
• TINGIMYRMEX [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Tingimyrmex Mann, 1926: 104 [as subgenus of Strumigenys]. Type-species: Strumigenys (Tingimyrmex) mirabilis, by monotypy.
  • Tingimyrmex raised to genus: Brown, 1948e: 111.
  • Tingimyrmex junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.
  • Tingimyrmex junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 15; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• TRICHOSCAPA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Trichoscapa Emery, 1869b: 24 [as subgenus of Strumigenys]. Type-species: Strumigenys (Trichoscapa) membranifera, by monotypy.
  • Trichoscapa junior synonym of Strumigenys: Dalla Torre, 1893: 145.
  • Trichoscapa junior synonym of Cephaloxys: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 668; Emery, 1924d: 323.
  • Trichoscapa revived from synonymy: Brown, 1948e: 112.
  • Trichoscapa subgenus of Strumigenys: Creighton, 1950a: 304.
  • Trichoscapa status as genus: Kempf, 1972a: 255; Bolton, 1983: 319.
  • Trichoscapa junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1667; Bolton, 2000: 90.
  • Trichoscapa junior synonym of Strumigenys: Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994: 13; Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2007: 101.
• WEBERISTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Weberistruma Brown, 1948e: 106 [as subgenus of Smithistruma]. Type-species: Strumigenys (Cephaloxys) leptothrix, by original designation.
  • Weberistruma raised to genus: Brown, 1949d: 7.
  • Weberistruma junior synonym of Smithistruma: Brown, 1973a: 35.
  • Weberistruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91].
• WESSONISTRUMA [junior synonym of Pyramica]
  • Wessonistruma Brown, 1948e: 106 [as subgenus of Smithistruma]. Type-species: Strumigenys pergandei, by original designation.
  • Wessonistruma junior synonym of Smithistruma: Brown, 1973a: 35.
  • Wessonistruma junior synonym of Pyramica: Bolton, 1999: 1668; Bolton, 2000: 91.

Baroni Urbani & De Andrade (2007) - In our study this genus results characterized by the following synapomorphies:

Worker (and gyne) reduction of the labial palps from 2 to 1. CI 0.70, RI 0.67. This trait is shared also with Acanthognathus and with some Basiceros species previously included in Talaridris.

Worker (and gyne) presence of a basi mandibular process. CI 0.67, RI 0.86. The synapomorphic state of this character (sometimes of doubtful detection, see Fig. 10) is an artefact of character optimization due to the fact that the basi mandibular process is absent in Phalacromyrmex, Pilotrochus, Ishakidris, Basiceros, and the hypothetical ancestor of Acanthognathus (process present in highly transformed form) and the remaining Dacetini genera (process present). Because of its widespread presence in a number of Dacetini genera, presence of the basimandibular process is a poor discriminant trait to identify Strumigenys.

Worker (and gyne) mesosternal hair beds visible in profile. CT 0.91, RI 0.67. In spite of its perfect match within Strumigenys, this character is irregularly distributed among several dacetine genera including the three monotypic genera Phalacromyrmex, Pilotrochus and Ishakidris. Moreover, we regard the character itself as insecure: mesosternal hair beds are widespread and coding their visibility in profile as phylogenetically significant needs some imagination and abstraction capacity.

Worker (and gyne) eyes ventral. CI 0.67, RI 0.80. This trait is shared with all and only the former Phalacromyrmecini, but was coded as polymorphic in “Pyramica” as a result of our transfer to Strumigenys of the blind species inopinata (see below, the list of new combinations in Strumigenys) originally described in “Rhopalothrix”. The position of the eyes, otherwise, is likely to represent the main synypomorphy of the genus.

Gyne (and male?) secondary loss of the anal vein. CI 0.75, RI 0.50. This trait appears to be constant among Strumigenys but it reappears in some Acanthognathus and Basiceros species.

Strumigenys (including Pyramica) results weakly defined from our analysis, unable to focus on one single clear-cut synapomorphy. On the other hand, by appearing as branch in a tetratomy, its sister-group with which it could eventually be merged is also not clearly identified. For these reasons and for nomenclatorial conservationism we prefer to provisionally maintain Strumigenys as a valid genus defined by a combination of characters, a procedure seldom accepted in phylogenetic studies.

References

• Baroni Urbani, C. & De Andrade, M.L. 2007. The ant tribe Dacetini: limits and constituent genera, with descriptions of new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”. 99:1-191.
• Arnold, G. 1917. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part III. Myrmicinae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 271-402 (page 372, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 384, Strumigenys in Cryptoceridae, Dacetini)
• Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
• Baroni Urbani, C.; De Andrade, M. L. 1994. First description of fossil Dacetini ants with a critical analysis of the current classification of the tribe (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VI: Dacetini). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturkd. Ser. B ( (page 12-15, Strumigenys senior synonym of Quadristruma)
• Billen, J., Khalife, A., Ito, F., Anh, N.D., Esteves, F.A. 2021. The basitarsal sulcus gland, a novel exocrine structure in ants. Arthropod Structure, Development 61, 101041 (doi:10.1016/j.asd.2021.101041).
• Bolton, B. 1983. The Afrotropical dacetine ants (Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 46: 267-416 (page 360, Key to Afrotropical species)
• Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. (page 47, discussion of extreme synonymy)
• Bolton, B. 1999. Ant genera of the tribe Dacetonini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 3 33: 1639-1689 (page 1673, Strumigenys senior synonym of Quadristruma)
• Bolton, B. 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 65: 1-1028 (page 1, Keys to world species)
• Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 191, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Boudinot, B.E. 2019. Hormigas de Colombia. Cap. 15. Clave para las subfamilias y generos basada en machos. Pp. 487-499 in: Fernández, F., Guerrero, R.J., Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp.
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1948e. A preliminary generic revision of the higher Dacetini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 74: 101-129 (page 108, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1949f. Revision of the ant tribe Dacetini. I. Fauna of Japan, China and Taiwan. Mushi 20: 1-25 (page 15, Strumigenys senior synonym of Emeria and Proscopomyrmex)
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1954k. The ant genus Strumigenys Fred. Smith in the Ethiopian and Malagasy regions. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 112: 1-34 (page 10, Key to Afrotropical species)
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1960c [1959]. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: group of gundlachi (Roger). Psyche (Camb.) 66: 37-52 (page 37, Strumigenys senior synonym of Labidogenys and Pyramica)
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1962c. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: synopsis and keys to the species. Psyche (Camb.) 69: 238-267 (page 257, Keys to Neotropical species)
• Brown, W. L., Jr.; Wilson, E. O. 1959b. The evolution of the dacetine ants. Q. Rev. Biol. 34: 278-294 (page 281, Strumigenys senior synonym of Labidogenys and Pyramica)
• Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Cresson, E. T. 1887. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., Suppl. Vol. 1887: 1-351 (page 262, Strumigenys in Myrmicidae)
• Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. (page 145, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae)
• Dejean, A. 1987 [1986]. Étude du comportement de prédation dans le genre Strumigenys (Formicidae - Myrmicinae). Insectes Soc. 33: 388-405.
• Dlussky, G. M. 1993b. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, and the problem of island faunas formation. 2. Tribe Dacetini. Zool. Zh. 72(6 6: 52-65 (page 53, Key to Fiji Is., Tonga and Samoa)
• Emery, C. 1877b. Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mirmicidei, e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 9: 67-83 (page 81, Strumigenys in Myrmicidae, Cryptoceridae)
• Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 8: 685-778 (page 770, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 42, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 319, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 5: 441-481 (page 464, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
• Fernandez, F., Guerrero, R.J., Sánchez-Restrepo, A.F. 2021. Sistemática y diversidad de las hormigas neotropicales. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 47, 1–20 (doi:10.25100/socolen.v47i1.11082).
• Forel, A. 1892d. Attini und Cryptocerini. Zwei neue Apterostigma-Arten. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 8: 344-349 (page 344, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 164, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Forel, A. 1895b. A fauna das formigas do Brazil. Bol. Mus. Para. Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 1: 89-139 (page 133, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Forel, A. 1899d. Formicidae. [part]. Biol. Cent.-Am. Hym. 3: 25-56 (page 42, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 246, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Hanisch, P.E., Sosa-Calvo, J., Schultz, T.R. 2022. The last piece of the puzzle? Phylogenetic position and natural history of the monotypic fungus-farming ant genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini). Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1): 11:1-17 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixab029).
• Jansen, G., Savolainen, R. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160(3), 482–495 (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00604.x).
• Kempf, W. W. 1976c. A new species of Strumigenys from the lower Amazon, Brazil (Hym., Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 19: 39-44 (page 43, Keys to Neotropical species)
• Kreider, J.J., Chen, T.W., Hartke, T.R., Buchori, D., Hidayat, P., Nazarreta, R., Scheu, S., Drescher, J. 2021. Rainforest conversion to monocultures favors generalist ants with large colonies. Ecosphere 12 (doi:10.1002/ecs2.3717).
• Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. (page 26, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae [Myrmicidae])
• Paul, J. 2001. Mandible movements in ants. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular, Integrative Physiology 131, 7–20 (doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00458-5).
• Rabeling, C. 2020. Social Parasitism. In: Starr, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Social Insects. Springer, Cham. (doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_175-1).
• Roger, J. 1863b. Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berl. Entomol. Z. 7(B Beilage: 1-65 (page 40, Strumigenys senior synonym of Labidogenys and Pyramica)
• Sarnat, E.M., Hita-Garcia, F., Dudley, K., Liu, C., Fischer, G., Economo, E.P. 2019. Ready species one: Exploring the use of augmented reality to enhance systematic biology with a revision of Fijian Strumigenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 3(6): 6; 1–43 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixz005).
• Smith, F. 1860c. Descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hymenoptera. J. Entomol. 1: 65-84 (page 72, Strumigenys as genus)
• Smith, F. 1871a. A catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of India and the Eastern Archipelago. With introductory remarks by A. R. Wallace. [part]. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 11: 285-348 (page 334, Strumigenys in Myrmicidae)
• Wang, B., Shi, G., Xu, C., Spicer, R. A., Perrichot, V., Schmidt, A. R., Feldberg, K., Heinrichs, J., Chény, C., Pang, H., Liu, X., Gao, T., Wang, Z., Ślipiński, A., Solórzano-Kraemer, M. M., Heads, S. W., Thomas, M. J., Sadowski, E. M., Szwedo, J., Azar, D., Nel, A., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Luo, C., Yu, T., Zheng, D., Zhang, H., Engel, M. S. 2021. The mid-Miocene Zhangpu biota reveals an outstandingly rich rainforest biome in East Asia. Science advances, 7(18), eabg0625 (doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg0625).
• Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 141, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 668, Strumigenys in Myrmicinae, Dacetini)