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Harpagoxenus
| Harpagoxenus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Harpagoxenus canadensis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
| Alliance: | Formicoxenus genus group |
| Genus: | Harpagoxenus Forel, 1893 |
| Type species | |
| Myrmica sublaevis, now Harpagoxenus sublaevis | |
| Diversity | |
| 4 species (Species Checklist, Species by Country)
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
This slave-making ant frequently parasitizes two host species in the genus Leptothorax.
Identification
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See images of species within this genus |
Keys including this Genus
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
| Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Total Species | 2840 | 1735 | 3042 | 932 | 835 | 4378 | 1740 | 2862 |
Biology
Association with Other Organisms
All Associate Records for Genus
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Flight Period
All Flight Records for Genus
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Life History Traits
- Mean colony size: 10 (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: dulosis (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: omnivore (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Morphology
Worker Morphology
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• Antennal segment count: 11 • Antennal club: 3-4 • Palp formula: 5,3 • Spur formula: 0,0 • Eyes: >100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: dentiform; present • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: none or weak • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent
Male Morphology
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• Antennal segment count 12 • Antennal club 0 • Palp formula 5,3 • Total dental count 0-2 • Spur formula 0, 0
Karyotype
All Karyotype Records for Genus
- See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.
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Phylogeny
See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- HARPAGOXENUS [Myrmicinae: Formicoxenini]
- Harpagoxenus Forel, 1893a: 167. Replacement name for Tomognathus Mayr, 1861: 56. [Junior homonym of Tomognathus Agassiz, 1850: 376 (Pisces).]
- TOMOGNATHUS [junior homonym, see Harpagoxenus]
- Tomognathus Mayr, 1861: 56. Type-species: Myrmica sublaevis, by monotypy. [Junior homonym of Tomognathus Agassiz, 1850: 376 (Pisces).]
- Harpagoxenus Forel, 1893a: 167, replacement name for Tomognathus Mayr.
References
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Stenammini)
- Blaimer, B.B., Ward, P.S., Schultz, T.R., Fisher, B.L., Brady, S.G. 2018. Paleotropical diversification dominates the evolution of the hyperdiverse ant tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 2(5): 3; 1-14 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixy013).
- Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. (page 105, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Formicoxenini)
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 247, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Formicoxenini)
- Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
- Emery, C. 1914e. Intorno alla classificazione dei Myrmicinae. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Cl. Sci. Fis. (n.s.) 18: 29-42 (page 42, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Leptothoracini)
- Emery, C. 1924f [1922]. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C: 207-397 (page 265, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Leptothoracini)
- Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 167, Harpagoxenus replacement name for Tomognathus Mayr, 1861:56; Tomognathus Mayr, 1861 Junior homonym of Tomognathus Agassiz, 1850:376 (Pisces).)
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 51: 229-253 (page 245, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Leptothoracini)
- Greer, J. A., Moreau, C. S. 2021. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution of ant cocoons. Insect Systematics & Evolution 53(1), 60–77 (doi:10.1163/1876312x-bja10008).
- Heinze, J.; Stuart, R. J.; Alloway, T. M.; Buschinger, A. 1992. Host specificity in the slave-making ant Harpagoxenus canadensis M. R. Smith. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:167-170.
- Rabeling, C. 2020. Social Parasitism. In: Starr, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Social Insects. Springer, Cham. (doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_175-1).
- Visicchio, R., Mori, A., Grasso, D.A., Castracani, C., Le Moli, F. 2010. Glandular sources of recruitment, trail, and propaganda semiochemicals in the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens. Ethology Ecology, Evolution 13, 361–372 (doi:10.1080/08927014.2001.9522767).
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 139, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Myrmicini)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710 (page 664, Harpagoxenus in Myrmicinae, Leptothoracini)