Camponotus maculatus

Camponotus maculatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Formicinae
Tribe:	Camponotini
Genus:	Camponotus
Species:	C. maculatus
Binomial name
Camponotus maculatus (Fabricius, 1782) Specimen labels
Subspecies
Camponotus maculatus foveolatus Stitz, 1925 Camponotus maculatus obfuscatus Viehmeyer, 1916 Camponotus maculatus subnudus Emery, 1889 Camponotus maculatus sylvaticomaculatus Dalla Torre, 1893 Camponotus maculatus ugandensis Santschi, 1923
Synonyms
Camponotus maculatus atramentarius Forel, 1904 Camponotus maculatus ballioni Forel, 1904 Camponotus maculatus boera Santschi, 1925 Camponotus maculatus cavallus Santschi, 1911 Camponotus maculatus cluisoides Forel, 1913 Camponotus maculatus conakryensis Emery, 1920 Camponotus maculatus erythraea Emery, 1920 Camponotus maculatus flavifemur Santschi, 1937 Camponotus maculatus flavominor Emery, 1925 Camponotus maculatus hannae Santschi, 1919 Camponotus maculatus hieroglyphicus Santschi, 1917 Camponotus maculatus intonsus Emery, 1905 Camponotus maculatus liocnemis Emery, 1905 Camponotus maculatus lividior Santschi, 1911 Camponotus maculatus lohieri Emery, 1915 Camponotus maculatus manzer Forel, 1910 Camponotus maculatus mathildae Forel, 1910 Camponotus maculatus melanocnemis Santschi, 1911 Camponotus maculatus miserabilis Santschi, 1914 Camponotus maculatus nubis Weber, 1943 Camponotus maculatus proletaria Baroni Urbani, 1971 Camponotus maculatus radamoide Forel, 1891 Camponotus maculatus sarmentus Emery, 1920 Camponotus maculatus schereri Forel, 1911 Camponotus maculatus schultzei Forel, 1912 Camponotus maculatus semispicatus Emery, 1920 Camponotus maculatus sudanicus Weber, 1943 Camponotus maculatus thomensis Santschi, 1920 Camponotus maculatus tuckeri Santschi, 1932 Camponotus maculatus zumpti Santschi, 1937 Camponotus sexpunctatus liengmei Forel, 1894 Formica cognata Smith, F., 1858 Formica lacteipennis Smith, F., 1858

Well known, common and widely distributed throughout Africa. A common ground nesting and foraging ant which often ascends trees to tend aphids, but does not build tents (Taylor 1977). It was not among the commoner species in the 76-farm survey of Taylor & Adedoyin (1978). Known to be prey of Oecophylla longinoda (Taylor et al., 2018). While this species has been suggested as being invasive in may parts of the world, these reports appear to be largely the result of misidentifications or are presented with little or no justification; additional details are required to confirm its occurrence outside its native range.

Identification

Keys including this Species

• Key to Camponotus maculatus species complex in the New World

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 49.78306° to -34.76667°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Afrotropical Region: Angola, Benin, Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, São Tomé & Principe, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zimbabwe.
Indo-Australian Region: Micronesia (Federated States of), Palau.
Malagasy Region: Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion.
Palaearctic Region: Algeria, Iran, Oman, Turkey.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Biology

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• This species is a mutualist for the aphid Cinara apini (a trophobiont) (Jones, 1927; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
• This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Hydrorhoa striaticeps Kieffer complex (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
• This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Stilbula cyniformis (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
• This species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus coquilletti (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
• This species is a host for the strepsipteran Pseudacteon simplex (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).

Castes

Worker

.	Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0055753. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Worker. Specimen code casent0063127. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Lectotype of Camponotus hova maculatoides. Worker. Specimen code casent0101095. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101096. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Paralectotype of Camponotus hova obscuratus. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101109. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Lectotype of Camponotus hova obscuratus. Worker. Specimen code casent0101110. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Worker. Specimen code casent0101111. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Worker. Specimen code casent0101182. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Worker. Specimen code casent0101183. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Paralectotype of Camponotus hova maculatoides. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101338. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Paralectotype of Camponotus hova maculatoides. Worker. Specimen code casent0101339. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker. Specimen code casent0101340. Photographer Michele Esposito, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101341. Photographer Michele Esposito, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101352. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker. Specimen code casent0101353. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101354. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker. Specimen code casent0101356. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Paralectotype of Camponotus hova maculatoides. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101747. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0101929. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0103332. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Worker. Specimen code casent0055750. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Syntype of Camponotus grandidieri comorensis. Worker. Specimen code casent0104631. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.

Paratype of Camponotus rubripes hagensii. Worker. Specimen code casent0104633. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.

Type of unavailable quadrinomial: Camponotus maculatus hova laticollus. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0104638. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.

Worker. Specimen code casent0135006. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0146442. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Worker. Specimen code casent0179509. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0147206. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0125148. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0101184. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0055751. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0101879. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0101185. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMB, Basel, Switzerland.

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0101569. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0146792. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0101355. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• maculatus. Formica maculata Fabricius, 1782: 491 (w.) (no state data,”Habitat in Africa aequinoctiali”).
  • Smith, F. 1858b: 29 (s.w.); Mayr, 1862: 654 (q.m.); Forel, 1891b: 29 (s.w.q.m.).
  • Combination in Camponotus: Mayr, 1862: 654;
  • combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Forel, 1912i: 91;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 86.
  • Subspecies of sylvaticus: Forel, 1879a: 64; Emery & Forel, 1879: 448; Mayr, 1880: 21; Emery, 1881b: 526; André, 1882a: 145; André, 1884b: 536; Emery, 1884a: 375; Emery, 1887a: 212 (footnote).
  • Subspecies of rubripes: Forel, 1886f: 143, 149; Emery, 1887a: 212 (footnote).
  • Status as species: Fabricius, 1787: 308; Gmelin, 1790: 2800; Olivier, 1792: 495; Fabricius, 1793: 356; Latreille, 1802c: 283; Fabricius, 1804: 403; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 214; Haliday, 1836: 329; Smith, F. 1858b: 28 (redescription); Gerstäcker, 1859: 262; Mayr, 1862: 654 (redescription); Gerstäcker, 1862: 509; Mayr, 1863: 400; Roger, 1863b: 2; Mayr, 1865: 27; Gerstäcker, 1871: 355; Mayr, 1877: 20 (in list); Emery, 1877b: 364; Emery, 1878b: 44; Forel, 1891b: 23, 29 (redescription); Emery, 1891b: 17; Forel, 1892e: 349; Emery, 1892a: 119; Emery, 1892d: 566; Dalla Torre, 1893: 241; Emery, 1893i: 671; Mayr, 1893: 195; Mayr, 1895: 150; Emery, 1895a: 180; Emery, 1895h: 46; Emery, 1896d: 370 (in list); Emery, 1896i: 158; Mayr, 1896: 249; Mayr, 1897: 432; Emery, 1897e: 604; Emery, 1898a: 225; Forel, 1899c: 134; Emery, 1899a: 501; Mayr, 1901b: 28; Mayr, 1904b: 11; Emery, 1905d: 37; Ruzsky, 1905b: 191; Mayr, 1907a: 389; Mayr, 1907b: 19; Forel, 1907e: 16; Forel, 1907g: 88; Forel, 1908a: 16; Emery, 1908a: 188 (infraspecific taxa key); Santschi, 1908: 518; Bondroit, 1910: 487; Forel, 1910c: 266; Forel, 1910f: 26; Karavaiev, 1910b: 9; Stitz, 1910: 148; Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 301; Stitz, 1911b: 392; Forel, 1911d: 371; Viehmeyer, 1912: 8; Forel, 1913a: 145; Forel, 1913b: 340; Santschi, 1913h: 42; Santschi, 1914b: 129; Santschi, 1914c: 288; Santschi, 1914d: 379; Forel, 1914d: 249; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 47; Donisthorpe, 1915a: 221 (redescription of holotype); Wheeler, W.M. 1915g: 814; Forel, 1915d: 70 (in key); Emery, 1915f: 79; Emery, 1916b: 224; Stitz, 1916: 403; Mann, 1916: 474; Stitz, 1917: 351; Luederwaldt, 1918: 49; Mann, 1920: 435; Emery, 1920c: 5, 12; Arnold, 1922: 621; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 234, 949, 1040; Soudek, 1922: 91; Viehmeyer, 1923: 93; Stitz, 1923: 164; Wheeler, W.M. 1924b: 253; Wheeler, W.M. 1925b: 3; Emery, 1925b: 86; Santschi, 1925h: 166; Crawley, 1926: 393 (redescription); Menozzi, 1926a: 41; Karavaiev, 1926e: 189; Arnold, 1926: 292; Karavaiev, 1927a: 294; Santschi, 1932f: 519; Finzi, 1936: 189; Santschi, 1936e: 81; Finzi, 1939a: 159; Finzi, 1940: 163; Weber, 1943c: 385; Donisthorpe, 1946e: 33; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 248; Bernard, 1953b: 260; Prins, 1963: 106; Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Hamann & Klemm, 1976: 676; Collingwood, 1985: 282; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 116; Marsh, 1986: 342; Bolton, 1995b: 109; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 374; Blard, et al. 2003: 129; Paknia, et al. 2008: 153; Mackay & Delsinne, 2009: 496 (in key); Legakis, 2011: 31; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 480; Hita Garcia, et al. 2013: 205; Borowiec, L. 2014: 36 (see note in bibliography); Madl, 2019: 14.
  • Senior synonym of atramentarius: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of ballioni: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of boera: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of cavallus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of cluisoides: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of cognata: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 127; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of conakryensis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of erythraea: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of flavifemur: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of flavominor: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of hannae: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of hieroglyphicus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of intonsus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of lacteipennis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 127; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of liengmei: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of liocnemis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of lividior: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of lohieri: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of manzer: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of mathildae: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of melanocnemis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of miserabilis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of nubis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of proletaria: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of radamoides: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of sarmentus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of schereri: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of schultzei: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of semispicatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of sudanicus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of thomensis: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of tuckeri: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Senior synonym of zumpti: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Material of the unavailable names calceatus, cataractae, citinus, cluis, contaminatus, diffusus, hansingi, importunoides, madecassa, pessimus referred here by Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124-127; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • Current subspecies: nominal plus foveolatus (unresolved junior homonym), miserabilis (unresolved junior homonym), obfuscatus, subnudus, sylvaticomaculatus, ugandensis.
• atramentarius. Camponotus maculatus var. atramentarius Forel, 1904b: 379 (w.) ETHIOPIA.
  • Forel, 1910f: 26 (q.).
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Forel, 1913b: 340;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Forel, 1905b: 180; Forel, 1907e: 14; Forel, 1907g: 88; Forel, 1909b: 54, 67; Forel, 1910f: 26; Forel, 1911d: 371; Forel, 1911f: 280; Forel, 1913b: 340; Santschi, 1914b: 131; Emery, 1920c: 5; Arnold, 1922: 625; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 952; Stitz, 1923: 164; Emery, 1925b: 88; Santschi, 1930b: 75; Santschi, 1937d: 240; Bernard, 1953b: 261.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 86.
• ballioni. Camponotus maculatus r. ballioni Forel, 1904d: 176 (w.q.) SOUTH AFRICA.
  • Combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 954.
  • Status as species: Santschi, 1925h: 166.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1920c: 5; Emery, 1925b: 87; Santschi, 1926b: 249.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 87.
• boera. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) ballioni var. boera Santschi, 1925h: 166.
  • [First available use of Camponotus maculatus subsp. cognatus var. boera Forel, 1910f: 27 (s.w.q.) SOUTH AFRICA; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1920c: 5; Arnold, 1922: 632; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 954; Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • Subspecies of ballioni: Santschi, 1930b: 57.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 89.
• cavallus. Camponotus maculatus st. cavallus Santschi, 1911g: 211 (s.w.q.) ANGOLA.
  • Combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Stitz, 1916: 403; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 953; Emery, 1925b: 88; Santschi, 1930b: 57; Santschi, 1937d: 241.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 91.
• cluisoides. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. cluisoides Forel, 1913h: 354 (s.w.) KENYA.
  • Combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 952.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1925b: 87; Menozzi, 1927f: 361.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 93.
• cognata. Formica cognata Smith, F. 1858b: 35 (s.w.) SOUTH AFRICA.
  • Mayr, 1862: 655 (q.m.).
  • Combination in Camponotus: Mayr, 1862: 655;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1894i: 46; Emery, 1895h: 46.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1877: 20 (in list); Dalla Torre, 1893: 225.
  • Subspecies of sylvaticus: Forel, 1879a: 65; Emery & Forel, 1879: 448; Mayr, 1880: 22; Emery, 1881b: 526; André, 1882a: 146; Emery, 1882: 448; Emery, 1884a: 375; André, 1884b: 536; Forel, 1885b: 176; Forel, 1886d: 239; Forel, 1886e: clxvii; Medina, 1893: 104.
  • Subspecies of rubripes: Forel, 1886f: 143, 151; Emery, 1887a: 212 (footnote); Mayr, 1889: 278; Forel, 1889: 255; Forel, 1890a: lxv; Saunders, E. 1890: 202.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Mayr, 1862: 655; Emery, 1891b: 19; Emery, 1892d: 566; Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 225, 241 (footnote); Mayr, 1893: 195; André, 1895a: 1; Mayr, 1896: 249; Forel, 1904b: 378; Forel, 1904c: 12; Ruzsky, 1905b: 205; Stitz, 1910: 148; Forel, 1910f: 25; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 953; Arnold, 1922: 631; Emery, 1925b: 88; Menozzi, 1942: 180; Eidmann, 1944: 469.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Roger, 1863b: 2; Mayr, 1863: 400; Mayr, 1865: 27; Gerstäcker, 1871: 355; Baroni Urbani, 1972: 127; Bolton, 1995b: 93.
• conakryensis. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. conakryensis Emery, 1920c: 13 (s.w.) GUINEA.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1925b: 87; Santschi, 1930a: 73.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 93.
• erythraea. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. erythraea Emery, 1920c: 14 (s.) ERITREA.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1925b: 87; Santschi, 1935b: 275.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 98.
• flavifemur. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. flavifemur Santschi, 1937g: 84 (w.q.) TANZANIA.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 99.
• flavominor. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) maculatus var. flavominor Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • [First available use of Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus st. melanocnemis var. flavominor Santschi, 1920i: 4 (s.w.) BENIN (footnote); unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 956.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 100.
• hannae. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus st. hannae Santschi, 1919a: 349, fig. 4 (s.w.) ZIMBABWE.
  • Combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 955; Emery, 1925b: 88; Arnold, 1926: 294.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 102.
• hieroglyphicus. Camponotus maculatus st. hieroglyphicus Santschi, 1917b: 290 (s.w.q.) ANGOLA.
  • Combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 955; Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 103.
• intonsus. Camponotus maculatus subsp. intonsus Emery, 1905d: 29 (footnote) (s.w.) SOUTH AFRICA.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1920c: 5; Emery, 1925b: 87; Santschi, 1926b: 249.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Arnold, 1922: 632; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 955.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 105.
• lacteipennis. Formica lacteipennis Smith, F. 1858b: 34 (s.w.q.m.) SOUTH AFRICA.
  • Combination in Camponotus: Roger, 1863b: 2;
  • combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Forel, 1914a: 267;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 90.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 416; Roger, 1863b: 2; Dalla Torre, 1893: 237.
  • Subspecies of sylvaticus: Mayr, 1886c: 355.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1895h: 46; Emery, 1896d: 370 (in list); Emery, 1920c: 5; Arnold, 1922: 626; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 955; Emery, 1925b: 89.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 127; Bolton, 1995b: 107.
• liengmei. Camponotus sexpunctatus var. liengmei Forel, 1894b: 67 (s.w.) MOZAMBIQUE.
  • Forel, 1907g: 88 (m.).
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Forel, 1914a: 267;
  • combination in C. (Dinomyrmex): Santschi, 1921f: 312;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1895h: 46; Emery, 1896d: 371 (in list.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Forel, 1901h: 69; Forel, 1907g: 88; Forel, 1910e: 452; Forel, 1911e: 288; Forel, 1914d: 249; Emery, 1920c: 5; Arnold, 1922: 636; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 955; Emery, 1925b: 87; Prins, 1963: 107.
  • Status as species: Santschi, 1923e: 292.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 108.
• liocnemis. Camponotus maculatus subsp. liocnemis Emery, 1905d: 30 (footnote) (s.w.) SOUTH AFRICA.
  • [Misspelled as lioculmis by Forel, 1905b: 180 (in text); misspelled as liochnemis by Santschi, 1914e: 38.]
  • Santschi, 1914e: 38 (q.m.).
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Santschi, 1914d: 379.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Forel, 1907e: 16; Forel, 1909b: 54; Forel, 1910f: 26; Forel, 1911d: 371; Forel, 1913b: 340; Santschi, 1917b: 293; Emery, 1920c: 5; Arnold, 1922: 625; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 958; Emery, 1925b: 88; Santschi, 1925h: 166; Santschi, 1930a: 73; Santschi, 1930b: 76.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Santschi, 1914d: 379; Santschi, 1914e: 38.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 108.
• lividior. Camponotus maculatus var. lividior Santschi, 1911e: 128 (s.w.q.m.) COMORO IS.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1920c: 5; Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 108.
• lohieri. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. lohieri Emery, 1915g: 22.
  • [First available use of Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus st. melanocnemis var. lohieri Santschi, 1913c: 313 (w.) IVORY COAST; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1914d: 379; Santschi, 1915c: 279; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 957.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1925b: 87; Menozzi, 1942: 180; Eidmann, 1944: 463.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 109.
• manzer. Camponotus maculatus subsp. manzer Forel, 1910e: 452 (s.) ZIMBABWE.
  • Forel, 1911f: 280 (w.); Santschi, 1916b: 509 (m.).
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Santschi, 1916b: 509;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Forel, 1911f: 280; Santschi, 1916b: 509; Santschi, 1917b: 291; Emery, 1920c: 5; Arnold, 1922: 624; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 956; Emery, 1925b: 88; Santschi, 1930b: 76.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
• mathildae. Camponotus maculatus subsp. mathildae Forel, 1910c: 266 (s.w.q.) SOUTH AFRICA.
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Santschi, 1914b: 130;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Arnold, 1922: 649.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Santschi, 1914b: 130; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 956; Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
• melanocnemis. Camponotus maculatus var. melanocnemis Santschi, 1911c: 368 (s.) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO.
  • Santschi, 1915c: 278 (w.).
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1920c: 5.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Forel, 1913h: 355; Santschi, 1913c: 313; Forel, 1914d: 250; Santschi, 1914d: 379; Santschi, 1915c: 278; Santschi, 1920i: 4 (footnote); Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 234, 956; Emery, 1925b: 87; Weber, 1943c: 333; Bernard, 1953b: 260.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 111.
• miserabilis. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus st. miserabilis Santschi, 1914d: 379 (s.w.) GUINEA.
  • [Junior primary homonym of *Camponotus miserabilis Förster, 1891: 430.]
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Santschi, 1915c: 281; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 219, 957; Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Replacement name: Camponotus maculatus subsp. proletaria Baroni Urbani, 1971b: 362.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126.
• nubis. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. nubis Weber, 1943c: 385, pl. 16, fig. 30 (s.w.) SOUTH SUDAN.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 114.
• proletaria. Camponotus maculatus subsp. proletaria Baroni Urbani, 1971b: 362.
  • Replacement name for Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus st. miserabilis Santschi, 1914d: 379. [Junior primary homonym of *Camponotus miserabilis Förster, 1891: 430.]
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 118.
• radamoides Camponotus maculatus var. radamoides Forel, 1891b: 213 (s.w.) MADAGASCAR.
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Santschi, 1917b: 292;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1911e: 131 (caption of fig. 3d).
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Santschi, 1917b: 292; Santschi, 1919b: 239; Emery, 1920c: 5; Santschi, 1920g: 180; Arnold, 1922: 626; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 958, 1042; Emery, 1925b: 88; Santschi, 1925h: 166; Arnold, 1926: 292; Santschi, 1930a: 73; Santschi, 1930b: 76; Santschi, 1935a: 279; Santschi, 1937d: 240.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 119.
• sarmentus. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. sarmentus Emery, 1920c: 14, fig. 2 (s.w.) TANZANIA.
  • Combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 122.
• schereri. Camponotus maculatus subsp. schereri Forel, 1911e: 289 (w.q.) LIBERIA.
  • Combination in C. (Myrmoturba): Santschi, 1915c: 280;
  • combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex): Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Santschi, 1914d: 379; Santschi, 1915c: 280; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 959; Emery, 1925b: 88.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 122.
• schultzei. Camponotus maculatus var. schultzei Forel, 1912j: 179 (s.w.m.) UGANDA.
  • Menozzi, 1933a: 110 (q.).
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1915c: 279; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 957.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Santschi, 1914b: 130; Menozzi, 1933a: 110; Menozzi, 1939c: 106.
  • Junior synonym of melanocnemis: Forel, 1914d: 250; Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 110.
  • schulzi. Camponotus schulzi Salata, Loss, et al. 2019: 95, figs. 1-10, 35 (s.w.) TURKEY.
  • [Note: subgenus C. (Myrmentoma).]
• semispicatus. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) maculatus var. semispicatus Emery, 1925b: 87.
  • [First available use of Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus st. mathildae var. semispicata Santschi, 1914b: 130 (w.) KENYA; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
  • Menozzi, 1930b: 116 (q.).
  • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Santschi, 1915c: 279; Emery, 1920c: 5; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 957.
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Emery, 1925b: 87; Menozzi, 1930b: 115; Menozzi, 1939c: 107; Menozzi & Consani, 1952: 69; Bernard, 1953b: 261.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 124; Bolton, 1995b: 123.
• sudanicus. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. sudanicus Weber, 1943c: 385 (s.w.) SOUTH SUDAN.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 126; Bolton, 1995b: 125.
• thomensis. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. thomensis Santschi, 1920i: 3 (s.w.m.) SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE (São Tomé I.).
  • [Misspelled as thomeensis by Santschi, 1939f: 167.]
  • Subspecies of maculatus: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 951; Emery, 1925b: 87; Santschi, 1939f: 167.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 127.
• tuckeri. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. tuckeri Santschi, 1932a: 391 (s.w.m.) NAMIBIA.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 128.
• zumpti. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus var. zumpti Santschi, 1937b: 103 (w.) CAMEROON.
  • Junior synonym of maculatus: Baroni Urbani, 1972: 125; Bolton, 1995b: 130.

Taxonomic Notes

Taylor et al. (2018): Camponotus lohieri Santschi, 1913, new status (here, originally described as Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus Fab. stirps melanocnemis Sants. v. lohieri n. var. Santschi, 1913; raised status to Camponotus maculatus F., var. lohieri Sant., Emery, 1915g: 22), CASENT0905268), Haut-Dahomey, DESANTI.

This treatment of C. lohieri as a valid species by Taylor et al. (2018) was proposed without comment or justification, has has not been accepted by subsequent authors.

Taylor et al. (2018) treat Camponotus proletaria as a full, distinct species but provide no justification for the change. Subsequent authors have not followed this treatment.

References

• Ashigar, M.A., Ab Majid, A.H. 2020. Diversity, abundance, and foraging behavior of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) scavenging on American Cockroach in various habitats of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 43: 503-521 (doi:10.47836/pjtas.43.4.07).
• Baroni Urbani, C. 1972. Studi sui Camponotus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel 82: 122-135 (page 125-127, senior synonym of atramentarius, ballioni, boera, cavallus, cluisoides, cognata, conakryensis, erythraea, flavifemur, flavominor, hannae, hieroglyphicus, intonsus, lacteipennis, liengmei, liocnemis, lividor, lohieri, manzer, mathildae, melanocnemis (and i)
• Blard, F., Dorow, W.-H.-O., Delabie, J. H. C. 2003. Les Fourmis de l’île de la Réunion (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de La Société Entomologique de France, 108(2), 127–137 (doi:10.3406/bsef.2003.16939).
• Borowiec, L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
• Borowiec, L., Salata, S. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Jordan. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology 29 (online 2): 1-26 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.3733156).
• Borowiec, L., Salata, S. 2022. A monographic review of ants of Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vol. 1. Introduction and review of all subfamilies except the subfamily Myrmicinae. Part 1: text. Natural History Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum 1: 1-297.
• Borowiec, L., Wieczorek, K., Salata, S. 2021. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Dodecanese Archipelago, Greece. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 30: 1-33 (doi:10.5281/ZENODO.5571270).
• Collingwood, C. A. and D. Agosti. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (part 2). Fauna Saudi Arabia. 15:300-385.
• Devenish, A.J.M., Newton, R.J., Bridle, J.R., Gomez, C., Midgley, J.J., Sumner, S. 2021. Contrasting responses of native ant communities to invasion by an ant invader, Linepithema humile. Biological Invasions 23, 2553–2571 (doi:10.1007/s10530-021-02522-7).
• Donisthorpe, H. 1915c. The type of Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus, F. Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 27: 221-222 (page 221, redescription of holotype)
• Dubovikoff, D.A., Yusupov, Z.M. 2017. Family Formicidae - Ants. In Belokobylskij S. A. and A. S. Lelej: Annotated catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Proceedingss of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6: 197-210.
• Egbon, I.N., Osabuohien, I.P. 2022. First checklist, species richness and diversity of leaf-litter dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in ancient Benin moat, Nigeria. Animal Research International 19(3): 4634–4642.
• Emery, C. 1891c. Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. Zoologie. - Hyménoptères. Révision critique des fourmis de la Tunisie. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, iii + 21 pp. (page 17, revived status as species)
• Emery, C. 1905g. Le forme paleartiche del Camponotus maculatus F. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna (n.s.) 9: 27-44.
• Emery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183: 1-302 (page 86, combination in C. (Tanaemyrmex))
• Fabricius, J. C. 1782 [1781]. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma, auctorum loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome I. Hamburgi et Kilonii [= Hamburg and Kiel]: C. E. Bohn, 552 pp. (page 491, worker described)
• Forel, A. 1879a. Études myrmécologiques en 1879 (deuxième partie [1re partie en 1878]). Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 16: 53-128 (page 64, race of sylvaticus)
• Forel, A. 1886h. Études myrmécologiques en 1886. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 30: 131-215 (page 143, race of rubripes)
• Forel, A. 1891c. Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptères. Deuxième partie (28e fascicule). Paris: Hachette et Cie, v + 237 pp. (page 29, soldier, worker, queen, male described)
• Forel, A. 1912j. Formicides néotropiques. Part VI. 5me sous-famille Camponotinae Forel. Mém. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 20: 59-92 (page 91, combination in C. (Myrmoturba))
• Heterick, B.E., Kitching, R.L. 2022. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of a one-hectare plot of lowland dipterocarp forest. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 158(4), 261–272 (doi:10.31184/m00138908.1584.4153).
• Kiran, K., Karaman, C. 2020. Additions to the ant fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoosystema 42(18), 285-329 (doi:10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a18).
• Lachaud, J.-P., Déjean, A. 1994. Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: Brachyponera senaarensis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 72(2), 145–155 (doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01812.x).
• Landero-Torres, I., Garcia-Martinez, M.A., Galindo-Tovar, M.E., Leyva-Ovalle, O.R., Lee-Espinosa, H.E., Murguia-Gonzalez, J., Negrin-Ruiz, J. 2014. Alpha diversity of the myrmecofauna of the Natural Protected Area Metlac from Fortin, Veracruz, Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist 39: 541-553.

• Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 649-776 (page 654, combination in Camponotus)
• Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 12: 649-776 (page 654, queen, male described)
• Mbenoun Masse, P.S., Ebolo, G.L.M., Titti, G.E., Mony, R. 2021. Ant species richness, abundance and functional groups along an elevation gradient in Central Cameroon. Biodiversity Journal 12(1): 179-194 (doi:10.31396/biodiv.jour.2021.12.1.179.194).
• Radchenko, A.G., Fisher, B.L., Esteves, F.A., Martynova, E.V., Bazhenova, T.N., Lasarenko, S.N. 2023. Ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the collection of Volodymyr Opanasovych Karawajew. Communication 1. Dorylinae, Poneromorpha and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa, 5244(1), 1–32 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.1).
• Rakotonirina, J.C., Fisher, B.L. 2022. Revision of the Malagasy Camponotus subgenus Myrmosaga (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) using qualitative and quantitative morphology. ZooKeys 1098: 1–180 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.1098.73223).
• Rosas-Mejía, M., Guénard, B., Aguilar-Méndez, M. J., Ghilardi, A., Vásquez-Bolaños, M., Economo, E. P., Janda, M. 2021. Alien ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Mexico: the first database of records. Biological Invasions 23(6), 1669–1680 (doi:10.1007/s10530-020-02423-1).
• Salata, S., Borowiec, L., Trichas, A. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Crete, with keys to species determination and zoogeographical remarks. Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum No 12: 5–296 (doi:10.5281/ZENODO.3738001).
• Sharaf, M. R., Wetterer, J. K., Mohamed, A. A., Aldawood, A. S. 2022. Faunal composition, diversity, and distribution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Dhofar Governorate, Oman, with updated list of the Omani species and remarks on zoogeography. European Journal of Taxonomy 838: 1-106 (doi:10.5852/ejt.2022.838.1925).
• Sharaf, M.R., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., Mohamed, A.A., Fisher, B.L., Aldawood, A.S. 2020. A preliminary synopsis of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Qatar with remarks on the zoogeography. Annales Zoologici 70: 533-560 (doi:10.3161/00034541anz2020.70.4.005).
• Siddiqui, J. A., Li, J., Zou, X., Bodlah, I., Huang, X. 2019. Meta-analysis of the global diversity and spatial patterns of aphid-ant mutualistic relationships. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17: 5471-5524 (doi:10.15666/aeer/1703_54715524).
• Taylor, B., Agoinon, N., Sinzogan, A., Adandonon, A., Kouaguou, Y. N., Bello, S., Wargui, R., Anato, F., Ouagoussounon, I., Houngbo, H., Tchibozo, S., Todjihounde, R., Vayssieres, J.F. 2018. Records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Republic of Benin, with particular reference to the mango farm ecosystem. Journal of Insect Biodiversity 8(1): 6-29 (doi:10.12976/jib/2018.08.1.2).
• Wang, W.Y., Soh, E.J.Y., Yong, G.W.J., Wong, M.K.L., Benoit Guénard, Economo, E.P., Yamane, S. 2022. Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology 15: e015006 (doi:10.20362/am.015006).
• Wetterer, J.K., Espadaler, X., Ashmole, N.P., Mendel, H., Cutler, C., Endeman, J. 2007. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the South Atlantic islands of Ascension Island, St Helena, and Tristan da Cunha. Myrmecological News 10: 29-37.
• Wheeler, W. M. 1922k. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 45: 1005-1055 (see also)
• Yode, C.-V.D., Dosso, K., Kouakou, L.M.M., Kolo, Y., Dekoninck, W., Konate, S., Kouassi, K.P. 2020. Evaluating Efficiency of Different Sampling Methods for Arboreal Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in A West African Forest-Savanna Mosaic. Sociobiology 67, 492-500 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v67i4.5558).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

• Ahmad G. M. M., and M. I. Basuony. 2003. Taxonomy and biodiversity of ant fauna of the Mediterranean coastal desert (Western desert-Egypt). J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool. 42E: 69-83.
• André E. 1895. Formicides de l'Ogooué (Congo français). Rev. Entomol. (Caen) 14: 1-5.
• Arnold G. 1922. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part V. Myrmicinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14: 579-674.
• Belshaw R., and B. Bolton. 1994. A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3: 5-16.
• Belshaw R., and B. Bolton. 1994. A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 3: 5-16.
• Bernard F. 1953. La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hyménoptères Formicidae. Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire 19: 165-270.
• Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
• Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
• Collingwood, C. A. and D. Agosti. 1996. Formicidae (Insects: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2) Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15: 300-385.
• Collingwood, C. A., and Donat Agosti. "Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (Part 2)." Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15 (1996): 300-385.
• Diame L., B. Taylor, R. Blatrix, J. F. Vayssieres, J. Y. Rey, I. Grechi, and K. Diarra. 2017. A preliminary checklist of the ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) fauna of Senegal. Journal of Insect Biodiversity 5(15): 1-16.
• Donisthorpe, Horace. 1946. The Ants (Hym. Formicidae) of Mauritius. Annals and Magazine of National History. Ser. 11. 13:25-35.
• Eidmann H. 1944. Die Ameisenfauna von Fernando Poo. 27. Beitrag zu den Ergebnissen der Westafrika-Expedition. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Ökol. Geogr. Tiere 76: 413-490.
• Emery C. 1887. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia. [part]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 24(4): 209-258.
• Emery C. 1892. Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie (Afrique occidentale) en juillet et août 1886. Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 60: 553-574.
• Emery C. 1895. Voyage de M. E. Simon dans l'Afrique australe (janvier-avril 1893). 3e mémoire. Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 64: 15-56.
• Emery C. 1920. Studi sui Camponotus. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 52: 3-48.
• Emery, C.. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte prima. Formiche provenienti dal Viaggio dei signori Antinori, Beccari e Issel nel Mar Rosso e nel paese dei Bogos. [concl.]." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 9 (1877): 363-381.
• Emery, C.. "Le crociere dell'yacht "Corsaro" del capitano armatore Enrico d'Albertis. II. Formiche." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 18 (1882): 448-452.
• Emery, C.. "Le forme paleartiche del Camponotus maculatus F." Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (n.s.)9 (1905): 27-44.
• Emery, C.. "Viaggio ad Assab nel Mar Rosso dei Signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso "Esploratore" dal 16 novembre 1879 al 26 febbraio 1880. I. Formiche." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 16 (1881): 525-535.
• Fisher B. L. 1997. Biogeography and ecology of the ant fauna of Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 31: 269-302.
• Fisher B. L. 2003. Formicidae, ants. Pp. 811-819 in: Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P. (eds.) 2003. The natural history of Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, xxi + 1709 pp.
• Forel A. 1885. Indian ants of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part II. Natural Science 54: 176-182.
• Forel A. 1885. Indian ants of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part II. Natural Science 54:176-182.
• Forel A. 1886. Indian ants of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, No. 2. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Part II Nat. Sci. 55: 239-249.
• Forel A. 1886. Indian ants of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, No. 2. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part II. Natural Science 55: 239-249.
• Forel A. 1887. Fourmis récoltées à Madagascar par le Dr. Conrad Keller. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 7: 381-389.
• Forel A. 1897. Ameisen aus Nossi-Bé, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang über die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn Perrot auf Ste. Marie (Madagaskar) gesammelten Ameisen. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 21: 185-208.
• Forel A. 1901. Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex-, Dacryon-, Podomyrma- und Echinopla-Arten. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hambg. 18: 43-82.
• Forel A. 1904. Fourmis du Musée de Bruxelles. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 48: 168-177.
• Forel A. 1904. Miscellanea myrmécologiques. Rev. Suisse Zool. 12: 1-52.
• Forel A. 1904. Note sur les fourmis du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences à St. Pétersbourg. Ezheg. Zool. Muz. 8: 368-388.
• Forel A. 1907. Ameisen von Madagaskar, den Comoren und Ostafrika. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse. Reise in Ostafrika 2: 75-92.
• Forel A. 1910. Ameisen aus der Kolonie Erythräa. Gesammelt von Prof. Dr. K. Escherich (nebst einigen in West-Abessinien von Herrn A. Ilg gesammelten Ameisen). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 29: 243-274.
• Forel A. 1910. Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika ausgeführt in den Jahren 1903-1905 von Dr. Leonhard Schultze. Vierter Band. Systematik und Tiergeographie. D) Formicidae. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 16: 1-30.
• Forel A. 1911. Die Ameisen des K. Zoologischen Museums in München. Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Kl. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Münch. 11: 249-303.
• Forel A. 1911. Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 47: 331-400.
• Forel A. 1913. Quelques fourmis du Musée du Congo Belge (1). Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 57: 347-359.
• Forel A. 1914. Formicides d'Afrique et d'Amérique nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 50: 211-288.
• Forel, A. 1908. Fourmis de Ceylan et d'Égypte récoltées par le Prof. E. Bugnion. Lasius carniolicus. Fourmis de Kerguelen. Pseudandrie? Strongylognathus testaceus. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 44: 1-22
• Forel, A.. "Miscellanea myrmécologiques." Revue Suisse de Zoologie 12 (1904): 1-52.
• Garcia F.H., Wiesel E. and Fischer G. 2013.The Ants of Kenya (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)—Faunal Overview, First Species Checklist, Bibliography, Accounts for All Genera, and Discussion on Taxonomy and Zoogeography. Journal of East African Natural History, 101(2): 127-222
• Hamann H. H. F., and W. Klemm. 1976. Ergebnisse der von Dr. O. Paget und Dr. E. Kritscher auf Rhodos durchgeführten zoologischen Exkursionen. XVI. Formicidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 80: 669-679.
• IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
• Karavaiev V. 1911. Ameisen aus Aegypten und dem Sudan. Rus. Entomol. Obozr. 11: 1-12.
• Koch F., and K. Vohland. 2004. Ants along a southern African transect - a basis for biodiversity change monitoring (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 80(2): 261-273.
• Koen J. H., and W. Breytenbach. 1988. Ant species richness of fynbos and forest ecosystems in the Southern Cape. South Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 23(3): 184-188.
• Kone M., S. Konate, K. Yeo, P. K. Kouassi, and K. E. Linsenmair. 2012. Changes in ant communities along an age gradient of cocoa cultivation in the Oumé region, central Côte d’Ivoire. Entomological Science 15: 324–339.
• Kouakou L. M. M., K. Yeo, K. Ouattara, W. Dekoninck, T. Delsinne, and S. Konate. 2018. Investigating urban ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in port cities and in major towns along the border in Côte d’Ivoire: a rapid assessment to detect potential introduced invasive ant species. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 36(1): 5793-5811.
• Kouakou L. M. M., W. Dekoninck, M. Kone, T. Delsinne, K. Yeo, K. Ouattara, and S. Konate. 2018. Diversity and distribution of introduced and potentially invasive ant species from the three main ecoregions of Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa). Belgian Journal of Zoology 148 (1): 83–103.
• Levieux J. 1972. Etude du peuplement en fourmis terricoles d'une savane preforestiere de Cote d'Ivoire. Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol 10(3): 381-428.
• Li Z.h. 2006. List of Chinese Insects. Volume 4. Sun Yat-sen University Press
• Luederwaldt H. 1918. Notas myrmecologicas. Rev. Mus. Paul. 10: 29-64.
• Lévieux J. 1972. Les fourmis de la savane de Lamto (Côte d'Ivoire): éléments de taxonomie. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire. Série A. Sciences Naturelles 34: 611-654.
• Lévieux J. 1977. La nutrition des fourmis tropicales: V- Elements de synthèse. Les modes d'exploitation de la biocenose. Insectes Sociaux 24(3): 235-260.
• Madl M. 2019. Notes on the ant fauna of Eritrea (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae): type specimens deposited in the Natural History Museum Vienna (Austria) and a preliminary checklist. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 9-18.
• Magboul R., A. Khider, E. Idris, and T. H. Alam. 2013. Ant diversity at Sunut forest, Khartoum, Sudan. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci. 6(1): 43-46.
• Mamet R. 1954. The ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) of the Mascarene Islands. Mauritius Inst. Bull. 3: 249-259.
• Mann William. 1916. The Ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 63(7): 273-391
• Mann, W.M. 1919. The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College 63: 273-391
• Marsh A. C. 1985. Forager abundance and dietary relationships in a Namib Desert ant community. S. Afr. J. Zool. 20: 197-203.
• Marsh A. C. 1986. Ant species richness along a climatic gradient in the Namib Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 11: 235-241.
• Marsh A. C. 1986. Checklist, biological notes and distribution of ants in the central Namib Desert. Madoqua 14: 333-344.
• Medler J. T. 1980: Insects of Nigeria - Check list and bibliography. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 30: i-vii, 1-919.
• Menozzi C. 1930. Formiche della Somalia italiana meridionale. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana. 9: 76-130.
• Menozzi C. 1932. Raccolte mirmecologiche dell'Africa orientale conservate nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova. Parte II. Formiche dell'Uganda e delle isole Sesse raccolte dal Dr. E. Bayon. [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria. 56: 93-112.
• Menozzi C. 1939. Hymenoptera Formicidae. Missione Biologica nel Paese dei Borana. 3: 97-110.
• Menozzi C. 1942. Formiche dell'isola Fernando Poo e del territorio del Rio Muni (Guinea Spagnola). 24. Beitrag zu den wissenschaftlichen Ergebnissen der Forschungsreise H. Eidmann nach Spanisch-Guinea 1939 bis 1940. Zoologischer Anzeiger 140: 164-182.
• Menozzi C., M. Consani. 1952. Missione biologica Sagan-Omo diretta dal Prof. E. Zavattari. Hymenoptera Formicidae. Rivista di Biologia Coloniale 11: 57-71.
• Nsengimana V., K. A. Beth, F. Frederic, K. M. M. Lombart, D. Wouter, and N. Donat. 2018. Use of soil and litter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as biological indicators of soil quality under different land uses in Southern Rwanda. Environmental Entomology 47(6): 1394-1401.
• Omid P., and H. G. Kami. 2007. New and additional records for the formicid fauna (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 40(1): 85-90.
• Prins A. J. 1963. A list of the ants collected in the Kruger National Park with notes on their distribution. Koedoe 6: 91-108.
• Prins A. J. 1964. Revised list of the ants collected in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 7: 77-93.
• Prins A. J., and J. J. Cillie. 1968. The ants collected in the Hluhluwe and Umfolozi game reserves. The Lammergeyer 8: 40-47.
• Samways M. J. 1990. Species temporal variability: epigaeic ant assemblages and management for abundance and scarcity. Oecologia 84: 482-490.
• Santschi F. 1911. Nouvelles fourmis de Madagascar. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 19: 117-134.
• Santschi F. 1911. Nouvelles fourmis du Congo et du Benguela. Revue Zoologique Africaine (Brussels) 1: 204-217.
• Santschi F. 1913. Glanures de fourmis africaines. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 57: 302-314.
• Santschi F. 1914. Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 8: 309-385.
• Santschi F. 1914. Meddelanden från Göteborgs Musei Zoologiska Afdelning. 3. Fourmis du Natal et du Zoulouland récoltées par le Dr. I. Trägårdh. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhälles Handlingar. 15: 1-44.
• Santschi F. 1915. Nouvelles fourmis d'Afrique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 84: 244-282.
• Santschi F. 1917. Fourmis nouvelles de la Colonie du Cap, du Natal et de Rhodesia. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 85: 279-296.
• Santschi F. 1920. Études sur les maladies et les parasites du cacaoyer et d'autres plantes cultivées à S. Thomé. X. Fourmis de S. Thomé.. Extrait des Mémoires publiés par la Société Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles. Lisbonne: Imprimerie de la Librairie Ferin, 4 pp.
• Santschi F. 1925. Formicidae. Mission Rohan-Chabot. 4(3): 159-168.
• Santschi F. 1932. Formicides sud-africains. Pp. 381-392 in: Jeannel, R. (ed.) 1932. Société Entomologique de France. Livre du centenaire. Paris: Société Entomologique de France, xii + 729 pp.
• Santschi F. 1935. Hymenoptera. I. Formicidae. Mission Scientifique de l'Omo 2: 255-277.
• Santschi F. 1937. Résultats de la Mission scientifique suisse en Angola (2me voyage) 1932-1933. Fourmis angolaises. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 44: 211-250.
• Santschi F. 1939. Résultats scientifiques des croisières du navire-école belge, "Mercator". XIV. Formicidae s. lt. Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. (2)15: 159-167.
• Santschi, F.. "Notes sur les fourmis du Sahara." Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (2) 4 (1932): 516-520.
• Santschi, F.. "Résultats de la Mission scientifique suisse en Angola, 1928-1929. Formicides de l'Angola." Revue Suisse de Zoologie 37 (1930): 53-81.
• Santschi, F. 1908. Nouvelles fourmis de l'Afrique du Nord (Égypte, Canaries, Tunisie). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 77: 517-534.
• Sharaf M. R., B. L. Fisher, H. M. Al Dhafer, A. Polaszek, and A. S. Aldawood. 2018. Additions to the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Oman: an updated list, new records and a description of two new species. Asian Myrmecology 10: e010004
• Stephens S. S., P. B. Bosu, and M. R. Wager. 2016. Effect of overstory tree species diversity and composition on ground foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in timber plantations in Ghana. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & management 12(1-2): 96-107.
• Stitz H. 1910. Westafrikanische Ameisen. I. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 125-151.
• Stitz H. 1911. Formicidae. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 3: 375-392.
• Stitz H. 1916. Formiciden. Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1: 369-405.
• Stitz H. 1923. Hymenoptera, VII. Formicidae. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Land- und Süsswasserfauna Deutsch-Südwestafrikas 2: 143-167.
• Tadu Z., C. Djieto-Lordon, R. Babin, Yede, E. B. Messop-Youbi, and A. Fomena. 2013. Influence of insecticide treatment on ant diversity in tropical agroforestry system: some aspect of the recolonization process. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 5(12): 832-844.
• Taylor, B., Agoinon, N., Sinzogan, A., Adandonon, A., Kouaguou, Y. N., Bello, S., Wargui, R., Anato, F., Ouagoussounon, I., Houngbo, H., Tchibozo, S., Todjihounde, R., Vayssieres, J.F. 2018. Records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Republic of Benin, with particular reference to the mango farm ecosystem. Journal of Insect Biodiversity 8(1): 6-29 (doi:10.12976/jib/2018.08.1.2).
• Taylor B., Z. A. Yefremova, V. D. Kravchenko, and G. C. Muller. 2016. The ants of Mali (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) – a historical review and new records. Entomofauna 37(35): 545‐564.
• Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.
• Viehmeyer H. 1923. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der mit Unterstützung der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien aus der Erbschaft Treitl von F. Werner unternommenen zoologischen Expedition nach dem anglo-ägyptischen Sudan (Kordofan) 1914. VII. Hymenoptera A. Formicidae. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 98: 83-94.
• Weber N. A. 1942. A biocoenose of papyrus heads (Cyperus papyrus). Ecology 23: 115-119.
• Weber N. A. 1943. The ants of the Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 93: 263-389.
• Wheeler W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. II. The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 39-269.
• Wheeler W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 1005-1055
• Wheeler W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 711-1004
• Wheeler, William Morton. 1912. The Ants of Guam. The New York Entomological Society. 20(1): 44-48.
• Yeo K., L. M. M. Kouakou, W. Dekoninck, K. Ouattara, and S. Konate. 2016. Detecting intruders: assessment of the anthropophilic ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the city of Abidjan and along access roads in Banco National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Entomology and Zoological Studies 4(4): 351-359.
• Yeo K., T. Delsinne, S. Komate, L. L. Alonso, D. Aidara, and C. Peeters. 2016. Diversity and distribution of ant assemblages above and below ground in a West African forest–savannah mosaic (Lamto, Cote d’Ivoire). Insectes Sociaux DOI 10.1007/s00040-016-0527-6