Plagiolepis pygmaea

Plagiolepis pygmaea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Formicinae
Tribe:	Plagiolepidini
Genus:	Plagiolepis
Species:	P. pygmaea
Binomial name
	Plagiolepis pygmaea; (Latreille, 1798) Specimen Label
Subspecies
	Plagiolepis pygmaea bulawayensis Arnold, 1922; Plagiolepis pygmaea mima Arnold, 1922; Plagiolepis pygmaea minu Forel, 1911;
Synonyms
	Micromyrma dufourii Perris, 1878; Plagiolepis pygmaea obscuriscapus Santschi, 1923;

A widespread south-European species, with some related forms occurring in the Mediterranean region (Rigato & Toni, 2011). Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran on parkland ground in a moderate rainfall area. It is the most common and ubiquistic species of the genus Plagiolepis in Greece and is known from all provinces. So far, it was recorded from various habitats: from sea coast to mountains up to 2000 m a.s.l. It prefers warm sites, and next to members of the Pheidole pallidula complex is often a pioneering species in areas disturbed by human activity (Borowiec & Salata, 2021).

At a Glance

• Polygynous • Supercolonies

Photo Gallery

Plagiolepis pygmaea worker. Photo by Michal Kukla

Identification

Keys including this Species

Key to Arabian Plagiolepis Species

Distribution

This is the most common and ubiquitous species of the genus Plagiolepis in Greece, and is known from all Greek provinces (Borowiec et al., 2022).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 51.014° to 28.186389°.


North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China, Croatia, Czechia, France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Israel, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Biology

Plants

Guiliani et al. (2019) observed this species foraging on extrafloral nectaries of the invasive Reynoutria x bohemica (Polygonaceae) in Tuscany. The habitats examined were river banks and disturbed habitats.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Other Ants

This species is a host for the inquiline Plagiolepis grassei and the workerless inquiline Plagiolepis xene.

Other Insects

This species is associated with the aphids Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis gerardianae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola and Brachycaudus cardui (Saddiqui et al., 2019 and included references).
This ant has been associated with the butterflies Tomares ballus, Pseudophilotes abencerragus, Leptotes pirithous and a species that has recently been recognized as two species: Polyommatus icarus and Polyommatus celin (Obregon et al. 2015).
This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Plagiopria passerai (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Fungi

This species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a pathogen) in Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia (Sanchez-Peña et al., 1993; García & Espadaler, 2010; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).

Life History Traits

Queen number: polygynous (Rissing and Pollock, 1988; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)
Queen type: winged (Rissing and Pollock, 1988; Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (queenless worker reproduction)

Castes

Queen

Images from AntWeb


Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173130. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Male

Images from AntWeb


Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173131. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

pygmaea. Formica pygmaea Latreille, 1798: 45 (w.q.) FRANCE. Schenck, 1852: 69 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 135 (l.). Combination in Plagiolepis: Mayr, 1861: 43. Senior synonym of dufourii: Menozzi, 1925a: 19 (footnote); of obscuriscapus: Boer, 2008: 486. Current subspecies: nominal plus bulawayensis, mima, minu. See also: Stitz, 1939: 231; Kutter, 1977c: 185; Sharaf, Aldawood & Taylor, 2011: 207.
dufourii. Micromyrma dufourii Perris, 1878: 382 (w.) FRANCE. Junior synonym of Tapinoma erraticum: Dalla Torre, 1893: 165; Emery, 1913a: 40; Forel, 1915d: 43; of Plagiolepis pygmaea: Menozzi, 1925a: 19 (footnote).
obscuriscapus. Plagiolepis pygmaea var. obscuriscapus Santschi, 1923a: 137 (w.) ITALY. Stärcke, 1936: 278 (q.). Raised to species: Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 57. Junior synonym of pygmaea: Boer, 2008: 486.

Type Material

Sharaf et al. (2011) - France, Brive (Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle) [not examined]. Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Sharaf et al. (2011) - TL 1.49-1.92, HL 0.38-0.46, HW 0.35-0.42, SL 0.32-0.46, EL 0.08-0.12, SI 91-110, CI 97-91, PRW 0.24-0.28, ML 0.41-0.44 (N=3).

Body uniformly brown or blackish brown, legs yellow, mandibles, antennae and coxae yellowish brown. Smooth and shining. Head distinctly longer than broad with convex sides. Occiput distinctly concave with rounded corners. Eyes relatively large with 9-10 ommatidia in the longest row (EL 0.12) and (0.28 x HW). Clypeus with several relatively long hairs, that are not restricted to the anterior margin. Scape surpassing posterior margin of head by at least one and half times its thickness. Funicular segments 2-4 distinctly broader than long. Fifth funicular segment longer than broad. Pubescence whitish, appressed and abundant on antennae, head and gaster but less abundant on mesosoma and legs. Posterior margins of all gastral tergites with many relative long and stiff hairs.

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - HL: 0.389-0.452 (mean 0.425); HW: 0.341-0.413 (mean 0.380); SL: 0.349-0.389 (mean 0.374); ML: 0.39-0.52. Color. Whole body from bright yellow to dark brown. In dark specimens legs, scapus and up to four first segments of funiculus brighter, from orange to yellowish brown. Head. Longer than wide, oval or trapezoidal, its sides always convex, occipital margin nearly straight or concave. Clypeus shiny, its posterior edge convex, setosity sparse and long, setae from adjacent to subdecumbent. Head smooth and shiny, bearing short, sparse and adjacent setae. Scape reaches beyond the occipital margin, widening upward from ¾ of its length, its surface shiny, with feeble, sparse microreticulation, dense, adjacent microsetae covers its whole surface. The second funicular segment square or slightly rectangular, the third segment also square, as long as to only slightly longer than second segment, distinctly shorter than the fourth segment, the rest of funicular segments clearly longer than broad. Eyes big, oval, 1.3 times as long as wide. Mesosoma. Elongate, 1.8 times as long as wide. In lateral view dorsal surface of promesonotum slightly convex, metanotal groove shallow, propodeum with convex dorsal and straight or slightly concave posterior sides. The whole mesosoma smooth and shiny, bearing sparse, short and adjacent micropilosity. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale thin and short, its anterior and posterior sides slightly convex, apex concave, its surface smooth and shiny. Gaster longer than mesosoma, shiny, sparsely microreticulate, bearing sparse, appressed hairs, the distance between hairs is 1/3-3/4 of the length of setae, additionally thick, long hairs occur on posterior margins of all tergites. Legs. Short, surface with appressed pubescence.

Karyotype

See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

n = 9, 2n = 18 (Croatia; Spain; Switzerland) (Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983).
n = 9, 2n = 18, karyotype = 14M+2SM+2ST (Spain) (Palomeque et al., 1993a).

Worker Morphology

Explore: Show all Worker Morphology data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Caste: monomorphic

References

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