Lepisiota frauenfeldi

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Lepisiota frauenfeldi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Plagiolepidini
Genus: Lepisiota
Species: L. frauenfeldi
Binomial name
Lepisiota frauenfeldi
(Mayr, 1855)

Lepisiota frauenfeldi casent0188701 profile 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Subspecies
Synonyms

Lepisiota frauenfeldi, a common ant in Greece, is polygynous and occurs in all Greece provinces except Cyclades. It is a very thermophilous species found from rural sites in urban areas, pine forest in coastal areas and mediterranean shrub. Nests were located under stones (Borowiec & Salata 2021, 2022).

At a Glance • Invasive  

Identification

Borowiec and Salata 2022 - Lepisiota frauenfeldi and Lepisiota syriaca are the only Greek species with at least partly brown head and mostly to completely red mesosoma. Lepisiota syriaca differs in pronotum with several erected setae, and meso- and metanotum with at least a pair of erected setae. While in L. frauenfeldi pronotum is with 0-3 erected setae and meso- and metanotum are lacking erected setae.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Hernandez-Teixidor et al., 2020 - Although its origin seems Palaearctic, this species is more densely distributed in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East and has been introduced on some islands of the Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan and Nearctic region as well as in the Australasia region (Guénard et al., 2017). Schifani et al. (2018) recently discovered it in the Canary Islands of Tenerife and Fuerteventura. In our sampling, it was also detected on Lanzarote and La Gomera as well as the islands where it was previously reported.

Wachkoo et al. (2021) - Forel (1885) first considered that L. frauenfeldi was Palearctic in distribution and attributed Indian specimens from Kolkata (then Calcutta), West Bengal to ''Lepisiota bipartita. But, in his subsequent publications (Forel 1886, 1894), he argued that he had confused L. bipartita with L. frauenfeldi and accordingly treated specimens from Kolkata and Barrackpore as L. frauenfeldi. However, he also mentioned its rare occurrence in India. Bingham (1903), Rothney (1903), and subsequent Indian authors until today continued with Forel’s (1886, 1894) unverified reporting without further clarification (see Bharti et al. 2016).

Borowiec et al., 2022 - Taxonomical status of Greek populations of Lepisiota frauenfeldi need detailed genetic and morphological studies. At least four morphospecies have been observed in various parts of Greece. Populations from Lemnos and Samothraki recorded here belong to the most common morphospecies known from all mainland provinces, the Ionian Islands and Crete

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 44.55° to 12.8°.

     
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Malagasy Region: Réunion.
Palaearctic Region: Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, North Macedonia, Spain, Türkiye.

Distribution based on AntMaps

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Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Habitat

Borowiec and Salata 2022 - Thermophilous species, noted from luminous deciduous and pine forests, shady valley in mixed forests, roadsides in burned forests, open oak woodland, olive plantations, roadsides along olive plantation, shrubs growing along roadsides, dry pastures with shrubs and rocks, fryganas, gorges with oak forests, shores of an artificial lake overgrown by plane trees, agricultural area, hotel gardens and grasslands in tourist resorts. Most records are from low and mid altitude, from sea level to 400 m, the highest locality in continental Greece was from Monastiriaki, Sterea Ellas at an altidude 1090 m, from islands was placed in Rouvas Forest in Crete at an altitude 1310 m.

Biology

Sorger et al. (2016) - In 2005, this species was discovered at the airport in Guam and subsequently eradicated (Hoffmann et al. 2011). In 2013, it was found covering a 60-ha area around Perth, Australia, airport, where it may have arrived 5 years earlier, and a year later a 10-ha outbreak was located 6km away in the suburb of Belmont. While these Perth populations have been eradicated, in 2016 another infestation of this species led to the partial shut-down of the port of Darwin, Australia (Mark Widmer, pers. comm.).

Lepisiota frauenfeldi is considered an invasive species (FAO, 2018), which eats and displaces native ant species, as well as other insects in the infested area (Commonwealth of Australia, 2019). In Australia, it is a serious environmental pest (Commonwealth of Australia, 2019) and currently is under national eradication there (Commonwealth of Australia, 2018) (Hernandez-Teixidor et al., 2020).

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

This species is known to tend the following aphids in Pakistan (Gull-E-Fareen et al., 2020): Aphis eugeniae, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis pomi, Greenidea (Greenidea) decaspermi, Greenidea (Greenidea) ficicola, Greenidea (Trichosiphum) formosana, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Ovatus crataegarius, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani and Tuberolachnus salignus. It is also known to tend Aphis craccivora (Rakhshan and Ahmad, 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019) and Pterochloroides persicae (Mortazavi et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019).

Castes

Worker

  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures 114.3-4, worker, morphotype 1. Photographed by Lech Borowiec.
  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures 114.1-2, worker, morphotype 1. Photographed by Lech Borowiec.
  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures 114.11-12, worker, morphotype 2. Photographed by Lech Borowiec.
  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures F114.9-10, worker, morphotype 2. Photographed by Lech Borowiec.

Queen

  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures 114.7-8, queen, morphotype 1 (7), morphotype 2 (8). Photographed by Lech Borowiec.
  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures 114.13-14, queen morph. Photographed by Lech Borowiec.
  • Borowiec and Salata 2022. Figures 114.5-6, queen, morphotype 1. Photographed by Lech Borowiec.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • frauenfeldi. Hypoclinea frauenfeldi Mayr, 1855: 378 (w.) YUGOSLAVIA. Roger, 1859: 243 (q.); Emery, 1878b: 46 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1968: 209 (l.). Combination in Acantholepis: Mayr, 1861: 42; in Lepisiota: Baroni Urbani, Bolton & Ward, 1992: 303. Senior synonym of azerbeidzhanica, caucasica: Arakelian, 1994: 81. Current subspecies: nominal plus aegyptiaca, atlantis, barbara, ferganica, kantarensis, libanica, marocana, pubescens, saharensis, truncata, variabilis, velox. See also: Bingham, 1903: 316; Santschi, 1917d: 42; Tohmé, H. 1981: 1; Atanassov & Dulssky, 1992: 205.
  • azerbeidzhanica. Acantholepis frauenfeldi var. azerbeidzhanica Karavaiev, 1932: 250, fig. 1 (w.) AZERBAIJAN. Combination in Lepisiota: Bolton, 1995b: 226. Junior synonym of frauenfeldi: Arakelian, 1994: 81.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Taxonomic Notes

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - In Greece, Lepisiota frauenfeldi forms two morphotypes which are partly sympatric. Workers of these morphotypes are very similar but these two forms can be easily separated based on morphology of gynes. Taxonomic status of these morphotypes is unclear and needs molecular study. Perhaps they represent two distinct species but due to the general infraspecific variability of various populations we provisionally treat these morphotypes as belonging to one variable taxon, despite it likely that the many of the infraspecific taxa described within the L. frauenfeldi complex represent distinct species.

Description

Worker

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Morphotype 1: Moderately large, HL: 0.587-0.698 (mean 0.638); HW: 0.452-0.527 (mean 0.492); SL: 0.762-0.876 (mean 0.841); EL: 0.151-0.190 (mean 0.169); ML: 0.88-1.06; MW: 0.35-0.42. Color. Head yellowish brown to dark brown, gena sometimes paler than rest of head surface, mesosoma usually completely yellowish red or red only in the darkest form pronotum dorsally with brown obscure spot and occasionally also anterior part of mesonotal dorsum obscure, petiolar scale uniformly yellowish to reddish or often pale basally and obscure apically; antennae and legs from completely yellowish red to scapi with obscure broadened apical part, in dark forms coxa, femora and tibiae brown with yellowish knee and apex of tibia, often fore tibiae completely yellow and mid and hind tibiae indistinctly infuscated, gaster always dark colored, brown to black. Head. 1.2- 1.4 times longer than wide, in front of eyes slightly convex and narrowed to mandibles, behind eyes relatively regular ly rounded, occipital margin convex. Clypeus with convex anterior and straight posterior margin, arched medially, without or with obtuse median keel, on the whole surface with diffused microreticulation and shiny, with short and sparse appressed hairs and a row of 5 long setae close to anterior margin and a pair of long, erected setae close to posterior margin, the longest anterior seta with length 0.119. Head with diffused microreticulation, shiny, with a pair of erected setae in interantennal, interocular and ocellar area, sometimes with additional 2 erected setae in frontal surface but always without setae in occipital corners, no erected setae on gena and ventral side of head. Scape long, 1.65-1.84 times longer than width of head, in basal 3-4 length thin then distinctly widened and again constricted before apex, reaching strongly beyond the occipital margin of head, surface microreticulate but shiny, with short and sparse appressed pubescence, erected setae absent. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 3.3 times as long as wide and 1.7 times longer than second segment, the second funicular segment 1,9 times as long as wide, and only slightly shorter than third segment, the rest of funicular segments clearly longer than broad. Eyes big, short oval, 0.26 length of head. Mandibles long, without longitudinal sculpture, shiny, with large apical dent and 4 smaller denticles on masticatory margin. Mesosoma. Elongate, in dorsal view distinctly constricted in the middle, 2.5-2.7 times as long as wide, dorsally distinctly microreticulated, laterally with more distinct microreticulation, surface shiny. In lateral view pronotum convex, metanotum strongly constricted in front of spiracles, propodeum laterally tuberculate, apex of tubercle with spiniform denticle. Whole mesosomal surface with short and sparse pubescence, often appears unpubescent, pronotum usually with up to two erected setae, occasionally in the largest workers with 3-4 erected setae, mesonotum and propodeum lacking erected setae. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale elongate, thin in lateral view and narrow in anterior view, widened at the middle then distinctly narrowed anterad, apex deeply emarginate, anterolateral corners form acute denticle, without a single erected seta. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, first tergite with indistinctly diffused microreticulation, sometimes appears completely smooth, strongly shiny, subsequent tergites basally distinctly microreticulated tending to form transverse cells, surface shiny, covered with short and sparse appressed pubescence, distance between hairs much larger than their length. First tergite lacking erected setae except a row of long, erected setae close to posterior margin. Legs. Fore tibia with broad, apical pectinate spur, mid and hind tibia with two simple spurs apically. Ventral surface of fore femora with a single erected seta basally, of mid and hind femora lacking erected setae.

Morphotype 2: Moderately large, HL: 0.579-0.698 (mean 0.626); HW: 0.444-0.567 (mean 0.493); SL: 0.790-0.937 (mean 0.856); EL: 0.152-0.190 (mean 0.169); ML: 0.89-1.08; MW: 0.32-0.43. Generally paler than morphotype 1, head yellowish brown often with yellow gena, mesosoma and petiolar scale completely yellowish to reddish, antennae and legs completely yellowish red, in the darkest form petiolar scale, coxa and femora indistinctly infuscated; gaster brown to black,. Other morphological characters as in morphotype 1.

Queen

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Morphotype 1. Distinctly darker than in morphotype 2. Head completely dark brown, mesosoma mostly brown, especially scutum predominantly brown with yellow to yellowish brown spots of diffused borders basally and centrally, pronotum and mesopleuron mostly brown, only scutellum and anepisternum mostly and propodeum partly yellowish, metanotum with obscure spot centrally and mesopleurum with distinct obscure spot on ventral side. Legs and antennae yellow, usually femora and tibiae partly infuscate, occasionally only fore femora infuscate. Petiolar scale obtusely angulate on sides with shallow to moderately deep apical emargination and obtuse apical denticles.

Morphotype 2. Distinctly paler than in morphotype 1. Head brown with yellowish brown gena, mesosoma mostly yellow, only pronotum partly brown, scutum in anterior half with large brown spot divided along middle by yellow line, metanotum with obscure spot centrally and mesopleurum with distinct obscure spot on ventral side. Legs and antennae completely yellow. Petiolar scale more angulate on sides than in morphotype 1 with very deep, triangular apical emargination and acute apical denticles.

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