Monomorium floricola

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Monomorium floricola
Monomorium floricola
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Solenopsidini
Genus: Monomorium
Species group: monomorium
Species: M. floricola
Binomial name
Monomorium floricola
(Jerdon, 1851)

Monomorium floricola side view

Monomorium floricola top view

Specimen labels

Synonyms


Common Name
Futairo-hime-ari
Language: Japanese

Monomorium floricola is one of the world's most broadly distributed tramp ants. It is widespread in tropical regions of both the Old and New World. Monomorium floricola records are also common in subtropical parts of southern Japan and peninsular Florida. In addition, M. floricola is occasionally found in greenhouses and other heated buildings in temperate areas, primarily in Europe and North America. These temperate records, however, are very few compared with those of its congener Monomorium pharaonis (the pharaoh ant), a tropical ant with indoor records from almost every country in Europe and state in the US. (Wetterer 2010)

At a Glance • Highly invasive  • Polygynous  • Supercolonies  

Photo Gallery

  • A tiny Monomorium floricola worker ant tends a scale insect. Panama. Photo by Alex Wild.
  • Foraging worker. Photo by Gary Alpert.
  • Foraging worker. Photo by Gary Alpert.
  • Workers carrying brood. Photo by Gary Alpert.
  • Infestation in greenhouse. Photo by Gary Alpert.

Identification

A member of the M. boerorum complex in the M. monomorium species group.

Heterick (2006) - Workers of this species bear a striking resemblance in appearance and morphology to dark-headed, bicolored specimens of Monomorium termitobium, but can be distinguished by the combination of a uniformly dark brown or chocolate head and gaster. In M. termitobium the gaster is not uniformly dark brown or black, although it may be a dingy brownish-yellow or yellow with dark infuscation. The petiolar node in all Malagasy specimens of M. floricola that I have seen is also very low and broadly conical to tumular, barely higher than the postpetiole. The ventral surface of the petiole lacks a lobe of any description. Monomorium termitobium workers possess a petiolar node that is distinctly higher than the postpetiole, even when it is low conical in shape, and a subpetiolar lobe of varying degrees is always present.

Bolton (1987) - In the Afrotropical fauna floricola shares a specific character combination of 12-segmented antennae and described eye form with only 5 other species. None of these show the colour pattern of floricola and all have antennal scapes which are relatively shorter, see comparative measurements under Monomorium rotundatum.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 32.628611° to -9.233°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Afrotropical Region: Cameroun, Comoros, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania.
Australasian Region: Australia, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island.
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Brunei Darussalam, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Kiribati, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Guinea, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands.
Malagasy Region: Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, Seychelles.
Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Galapagos Islands, Greater Antilles, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.
Oriental Region: Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China, Japan, Oman, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Wetterer 2010 M floricola map.png

Distribution records of Monomorium floricola as provided by James Wetterer (2010).

Biology


San Cristóbal, República Dominicana. Video by Judá Isaí Martínez Uribe.

Wetterer (2010) - The worldwide spread of M. floricola is in some respects surprising given its biology. The queens of M. floricola are wingless and thus cannot disperse aerially. Instead, new colonies are formed through budding, where a fragment of a large colony separates to found a new colony (Snelling 2005). The tiny M. floricola workers are very slow moving, severely limiting overland dispersal. Other life history characters, however, facilitate dispersal. Colonies of M. floricola are polygynous (with multiple fertile queens), polydomous (workers of one colony may be divided among multiple small nest sites), and can nest in the tiniest cavities. This allows colony fragments that include queens to be readily transported inside floating vegetation (e.g., branches, logs, and coconuts), and more recently inside human transported cargo.

Regional Notes

Monomorium-floricola1829.jpg

Puerto Rico

Wheeler (1908): Common in Tillandsias, under the bark-scales of trees and in hollow twigs. All the females were apterous like those of this .. species seen in the Bahamas (Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXI, Pp- 87, 88, figg. D and E).

Florida

A common species in Florida, occurring as far north as Putnam county. Nests are usually in hollow twigs and branches, or in the dry stems of herbs and grasses. Foraging trails occasionally appear in buildings; these trails usually, but not always, originate from outside. Pest status: may cause minor annoyance when it appears indoors. First published Florida record: Emery 1895; earlier specimens: 1887. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Aphis gossypii (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a host for the cestode Cotugnia digonopora (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the cestode Raillietina tetragona (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).

Flight Period

X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Life History Traits

  • Queen number: polygynous (Frumhoff & Ward, 1992)

Castes

Worker

MCZ-ENT00512183 Monomorium floricola floricola hef.jpgMCZ-ENT00512183 Monomorium floricola floricola hal.jpgMCZ-ENT00512183 Monomorium floricola floricola had.jpgMCZ-ENT00512183 Monomorium floricola floricola lbs.jpg
. Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Monomorium floricola casent0053986 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0053986 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0053986 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0053986 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0053986. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0064821 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0064821 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0064821 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0064821 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0064821. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0104090 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104090 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104090 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104090 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0104090. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0125221 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0125221 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0125221 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0125221 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0125221. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0173274 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173274 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173274 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173274 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173274. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Additional images can be found here

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Monomorium floricola casent0188858 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0188858 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0188858 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0188858 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0188858. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0146400 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0146400 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0146400 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0146400 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0146400. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0125365 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0125365 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0125365 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0125365 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0125365. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0173272 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173272 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173272 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173272 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173272. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.
Monomorium floricola casent0104088 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104088 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104088 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104088 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0104088. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Monomorium floricola casent0134958 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0134958 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0134958 profile 2.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0134958 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0134958 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0134958. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0104089 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104089 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104089 profile 2.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104089 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0104089 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0104089. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Monomorium floricola casent0173273 head 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173273 profile 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173273 profile 2.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173273 profile 3.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173273 dorsal 1.jpgMonomorium floricola casent0173273 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0173273. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CDRS, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • floricola. Atta floricola Jerdon, 1851: 107 (w.) INDIA (Kerala).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: India: Tellicherry (= Thalaserry) (T.C. Jerdon).
    • Type-depository: no type-material known to exist..
    • [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 49.]
    • Forel, 1893g: 388 (q.m.); Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 88 (q.m.); Donisthorpe, 1914: 136 (gynandromorph); Crawley, 1920d: 217 (gynandromorph); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1955c: 121 (l.).
    • Combination in Monomorium: Mayr, 1879: 671.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 163; Mayr, 1863: 396; Mayr, 1879: 671; Forel, 1893g: 388; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Emery, 1894c: 151; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1895a: 49; Forel, 1895b: 125; Forel, 1897b: 300; Forel, 1899a: 119; Forel, 1899c: 79; Emery, 1900d: 680; Forel, 1900e: 284; Forel, 1901b: 12; Forel, 1901h: 81; Dahl, 1901: 19; Forel, 1903a: 687; Rothney, 1903: 97; Bingham, 1903: 211; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 87, 123; Wheeler, W.M. 1906c: 310; Forel, 1907a: 19; Wheeler, W.M. 1907a: 272; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Emery, 1908h: 682; Forel, 1908e: 65; Forel, 1909d: 225; Yano, 1910: 419; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 562; Wheeler, W.M. 1911a: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1911b: 169; Emery, 1911b: 531; Wheeler, W.M. 1912a: 45; Forel, 1912g: 3; Forel, 1913f: 191; Forel, 1913k: 53; Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 485; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 19; Santschi, 1914d: 354; Emery, 1914f: 410; Viehmeyer, 1914c: 528; Forel, 1915a: 27; Forel, 1915b: 71; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 132; Crawley, 1916b: 369; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 324; Santschi, 1919a: 326; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 84; Mann, 1920: 406; Crawley, 1920d: 217; Mann, 1921: 443; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 863, 1026; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 8; Wheeler, W.M. 1923c: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1924a: 108; Crawley, 1924: 399; Stärcke, 1926: 86 (in key); Borgmeier, 1927c: 98; Menozzi, 1927c: 268; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 87; Cheesman & Crawley, 1928: 518; Santschi, 1928a: 46; Santschi, 1928c: 68; Santschi, 1928h: 125; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 60; Menozzi, 1930d: 327; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Smith, M.R. 1930a: 3; Stärcke, 1930: 374; Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 99; Wheeler, W.M. 1932a: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1932d: 16; Wheeler, W.M. 1933f: 143; Wheeler, W.M. 1934h: 12; Donisthorpe, 1935: 633; Menozzi, 1935b: 196; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 23; Wheeler, W.M. 1936f: 9; Smith, M.R. 1937: 833; Teranishi, 1940: 32, 61; Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 198; Menozzi, 1942: 169; Eidmann, 1944: 449, 469; Donisthorpe, 1946e: 31; Donisthorpe, 1948d: 596; Weber, 1948b: 82; Kusnezov, 1949a: 425; Donisthorpe, 1950a: 339; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 810; Azuma, 1951: 87; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 164; Azuma, 1953: 2; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 128; Wilson, 1964b: 7; Ettershank, 1966: 89; Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 174; Smith, M.R. 1967: 356; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 64; Taylor, 1967b: 1094; Kempf, 1970a: 23; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Alayo, 1974: 14 (in key); Taylor, 1976a: 86; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Onoyama, 1980: 198; Bolton, 1987: 390 (redescription); Taylor, 1987a: 40; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 96; Brandão, 1991: 357; Ogata, 1991b: 107; Morisita, et al. 1992: 39; Perrault, 1993: 333; Dlussky, 1994: 54; Douwes, 1995: 89; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 89; Tang, J. Li, et al. 1995: 69; Dorow, 1996a: 78; Tiwari, 1999: 54; Deyrup, et al. 2000: 297; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 303; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Wetterer, 2002: 129; Blard, et al. 2003: 130; Deyrup, 2003: 45; Imai, et al. 2003: 134; Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Wetterer & Vargo, 2003: 417; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 27; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 28; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 69; Heterick, 2006: 122 (redescription); Wetterer, 2006: 415; Fernández, 2007b: 134; Clouse, 2007b: 247; Wild, 2007b: 33; Framenau & Thomas, 2008: 68; Terayama, 2009: 153; Boer, 2010: 62; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 6; Solis, et al. 2010: 15; Wetterer, 2010b: 19; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 47; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 258; Ellison, et al. 2012: 256; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 45; Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 88; Sarnat, et al. 2013: 71; Ramage, 2014: 164; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 36; Wetterer, et al. 2016: 12; Deyrup, 2017: 74; Steiner, et al. 2017: 13; Dekoninck, et al. 2019: 1154; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 808; Lubertazzi, 2019: 130; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 77.
    • Senior synonym of angusticlava: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 123.
    • Senior synonym of cinnabari: Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 486; Emery, 1922e: 172; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Senior synonym of floreanum: Brown, in Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 175; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Senior synonym of furina: Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Senior synonym of impressum: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Senior synonym of philippinensis: Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Senior synonym of poecilum: Emery, 1894c: 151; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Emery, 1922e: 172; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Senior synonym of specularis: Mayr, 1879: 671; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Forel, 1895b: 125; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Bingham, in Rothney, 1903: 97; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 84; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 863; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 64; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Tiwari, 1999: 54; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
    • Distribution [tramp species]:
    • Afrotropical: Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo.
    • Austral: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.
    • Malagasy: Aldabra, Chagos Archipelago, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Seychelles.
    • Malesian: Brunei, Cook Is, Fiji Is, French Polynesia, Gilbert Is, Hawaii Is, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Sulawesi), Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Mariana Is, Marshall Is, Micronesia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines (Luzon), Pitcairn Is, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Is, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna Is.
    • Nearctic: Canada (hothouses), U.S.A. (Florida, + hothouses in other states).
    • Neotropical: Anguilla, Antigua, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Barbuda, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bonaire, Brazil, Cayman Is, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador (Galapagos Is), El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nevis, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts, St Lucia, St Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela, Virgin Is.
    • Oriental: China, Christmas I., India (+ Andaman Is), Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
    • Palaearctic: Cape Verde; + hothouses in Austria, Germany, Great Britain (England, Wales), Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland.
  • angusticlava. Monomorium (Monomorium) angusticlava Donisthorpe, 1947d: 189 (w.) NEW GUINEA (Indonesia).
    • Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 123), 15 paralectotype workers.
    • Type-locality: lectotype Indonesia: Irian Jaya (“Dutch New Guinea”), Maffin Bay, viii.1944 (E.S. Ross); paralectotypes with same data, dated viii.1944 or 27.vi.1944.
    • Type-depositories: CASC (pectotype); BMNH (paralectotypes).
    • Status as species: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 164; Ettershank, 1966: 87.
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 259; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 123.
  • cinnabari. Monomorium cinnabari Roger, 1863a: 199 (w.) CUBA.
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a great number”).
    • Type-locality: Cuba: (no further data).
    • Type-depository: MNHU.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 123; Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 486; Alayo, 1974: 14 (in key).
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Wheeler, W.M. 1913b: 486; Emery, 1922e: 172; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 260; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
  • floreanum. Monomorium floreanum Stitz, 1932a: 368, fig. 1 (w.q.) ECUADOR (Galapagos Is).
    • Type-material: 2 syntype workers, 2 syntype queens.
    • Type-locality: Ecuador: Galapagos Is, Floreana I., Post Office Bay, 10-15.xii.1925 (A. Wollebaek’s Norwegian Zoological Expd).
    • Type-depository: MNHU.
    • Status as species: Kusnezov, 1949a: 425; Ettershank, 1966: 89; Kempf, 1972a: 143 (error).
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Brown, in Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 175; Bolton, 1995b: 262; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
  • furina. Monomorium floricola var. furina Forel, 1911i: 221 (w.q.) SRI LANKA.
    • Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s) (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: Sri Lanka (“Ceylon”): Peradeniya (K. Escherich).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • [Monomorium floricola var. furina Forel, 1911d: 380. Nomen nudum.]
    • Subspecies of floricola: Emery, 1922e: 172; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 164; Emery, 1887b: 458; Forel, 1892c: 339; Dalla Torre, 1893: 65; Forel, 1905a: 354; Emery, 1922e: 169; Bolton, 1995b: 262.
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Heterick, 2006: 122.
  • impressum. Monomorium impressum Smith, F. 1876a: 447 (q.m.) MAURITIUS (Rodriguez I.).
    • Type-material: lectotype queen (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 123), 1 paralectotype queen, 1 paralectotype male.
    • Type-locality: lectotype Mauritius: Rodriguez I. (Gulliver); paralectotypes with same data.
    • Type-depository: BMNH.
    • Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 67.
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 263; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
  • philippinensis. Monomorium floricola var. philippinensis Forel, 1910d: 123 (w.q.) PHILIPPINES (Luzon I.).
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: Philippines: Luzon, Manila (C.S. Banks).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • [Note: Forel says that types are in “Bureau of Science, Manila”; if they still exist, perhaps in NMPM.]
    • Subspecies of floricola: Emery, 1922e: 172; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 165; Baltazar, 1966: 259; Ettershank, 1966: 91; Bolton, 1995b: 266.
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Heterick, 2006: 122.
  • poecilum. Monomorium poecilum Roger, 1863a: 199 (w.q.) CUBA.
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (number not stated, “a number”).
    • Type-locality: Cuba: (no further data).
    • Type-depository: MNHU.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429; Dalla Torre, 1893: 69.
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Emery, 1894c: 151; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Emery, 1922e: 172; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Creighton, 1950a: 219; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 266; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.
  • specularis. Monomorium specularis Mayr, 1866a: 509 (w.) SAMOA (Upolu I.).
    • Type-material: lectotype worker (by designation of Heterick, 2006: 123), 1 paralectotype worker.
    • Type-locality: lectotype Samoa (“Schiffer Is”): Upolu (no collector’s name); paralectotype with same data.
    • Type-depository: NHMW.
    • Status as species: Mayr, 1872: 153; Mayr, 1876: 100 (in key); Emery, 1887b: 457.
    • Junior synonym of floricola: Mayr, 1879: 671; Dalla Torre, 1893: 66; Forel, 1895b: 125; Emery, 1895c: 275; Forel, 1899c: 79; Bingham, in Rothney, 1903: 97; Wheeler, W.M. 1908a: 127; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 84; Emery, 1922e: 172; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 863; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 156; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 64; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1382; Bolton, 1987: 390; Bolton, 1995b: 267; Tiwari, 1999: 54; Zhou, 2001b: 116; Heterick, 2006: 122.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Heterick (2006) - HEAD: Head rectangular; vertex planar or weakly concave; frons shining and smooth except for piliferous pits; pilosity of frons a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with shorter decumbent setae or setulae. Eye moderate, eye width 1–1.5× greatest width of antennal scape; (in full-face view) eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set around midline of head capsule; eye elongate; Antennal segments 12; antennal club three-segmented. Clypeal carinae always well-defined; anteromedian clypeal margin emarginate, clypeal carinae terminating in small denticles; paraclypeal setae moderately long and fine, curved; posteromedian clypeal margin approximately level with antennal fossae. Anterior tentorial pits situated nearer antennal fossae than mandibular insertions. Frontal lobes straight, parallel. Psammophore absent. Palp formula 1,2. Mandibular teeth three, plus minute, basal denticle or angle; mandibles with sub-parallel inner and outer margins, smooth (except for piliferous pits); masticatory margin of mandibles approximately vertical or weakly oblique; basal tooth a small to minute denticle or angle, much smaller than t3 (four teeth present).

MESOSOMA: Promesonotum shining and mainly smooth, striolae, if present, usually vestigial and confined to lower anterior mesopleuron, in some populations entire lower mesopleuron distinctly striolate; (viewed in profile) anterior promesonotum smoothly rounded, thereafter more-or-less flattened, promesonotum on same plane as propodeum; promesonotal setae seven to twelve; standing promesonotal setae consisting of well-spaced, incurved, erect and semi-erect setae only; appressed promesonotal setulae few, mainly on sides of promesonotum. Metanotal groove strongly impressed, with distinct transverse costulae. Propodeum shining and smooth, with multiple hair like striolae on metapleuron; propodeal dorsum convex; propodeum always smoothly rounded; standing propodeal setae consisting of one prominent pair anteriad, with other shorter setae very sparse or absent; appressed propodeal setulae very sparse or absent; propodeal spiracle equidistant from metanotal groove and declivitous face of propodeum. Vestibule of propodeal spiracle absent or not visible. Propodeal lobes present as vestigial flanges or small strips of cuticle only.

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node; node (viewed in profile) evenly tumular to roundly conical; appearance of node shining and smooth throughout; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) between 1:1 and 3:4; anteroventral petiolar process absent or vestigial; ventral petiolar lobe absent; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole about 1:1; postpetiole shining and smooth; postpetiolar sternite without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with a few short, appressed setulae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color head, gaster brown, mesosoma tawny yellow or variegated yellow-and-brown, appendages yellow or yellowish-brown. Worker caste monomorphic.

LECTOTYPE MEASUREMENTS (M. specularis): HML 1.09 HL 0.42 HW 0.33 CeI 77 SL 0.28 SI 86 PW 0.20.

LECTOTYPE MEASUREMENTS (M. angusticlava): HML 1.15 HL 0.43 HW 0.34 CeI 79 SL 0.29 SI 87 PW 0.21.

OTHER WORKER MEASUREMENTS: HML 1.00–1.21 HL 0.39–0.43 HW 0.31–0.34 CeI 79–85 SL 0.27–0.31 SI 81–90 PW 0.20–0.23 (n=19).

Queen

Heterick (2006) - HEAD: Head rectangular; vertex weakly concave or planar; frons shining and smooth except for piliferous pits and striolae around antennal sockets, frontal carinae and below the eyes; frons a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with shorter setae or setulae, which are decumbent or appressed, longer setae thickest on vertex. Eye elliptical, curvature of inner eye margin may be more pronounced than that of its outer margin; (in full-face view) eyes set at about midpoint of head capsule; (viewed in profile) eyes set around midline of head capsule.

MESOSOMA: Anterior mesoscutum smoothly rounded, thereafter more-or-less flattened; pronotum, mesoscutum and mesopleuron shining and mainly smooth, vestigial striolae, if present, confined to anterior katepisternum; length–width ratio of mesoscutum and scutellum combined about 2:1. Axillae narrowly separated (i.e., less than width of one axilla). Standing pronotal/mesoscutal setae a mixture of well-spaced, distinctly longer, erect and semi-erect setae which are curved distally, interspersed with much shorter, incurved, decumbent setae; appressed pronotal, mescoscutal and mesopleural setulae few, mainly on sides of pronotum and mesopleuron. Propodeum shining and smooth, metapleuron with a few distinct striolae; propodeum always smoothly rounded; propodeal dorsum convex; standing propodeal setae consisting of up to a dozen or more longer erect and shorter sub-erect setae; appressed propodeal setulae well-spaced and sparse; propodeal spiracle nearer metanotal groove than declivitous face of propodeum; propodeal lobes present as vestigial flanges only, or absent.

WING: Wing not seen (queens dealated).

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateroventral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node; node, in profile conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and smooth; ratio of greatest node breadth to greatest node width about 1:1. Anterior petiolar process absent or vestigial; height ratio of petiole to postpetiole about 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole between 3:2 and 4:3; postpetiole shining and smooth; postpetiolar sternite without anterior lip or carina, or this structure vestigial.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, erect and semi-erect setae interspersed with a few appressed setulae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color head, gaster brown, mesosoma and nodes yellowish. Brachypterous alates not seen. Ergatoid or worker-female intercastes not seen.

LECTOTYPE MEASUREMENTS (M. impressum): HML 1.88 HL 0.72 HW 0.59 CeI 81 SL 0.60 SI 103 PW 0.42.

OTHER QUEEN MEASUREMENTS: HML 1.75–1.88 HL 0.54–0.55 HW 0.44–0.46 CeI 82–85 SL 0.39–0.40 SI 85–89 PW 0.31–0.33.

Male

Heterick (2006) - HEAD: Head width–mesosoma width ratio between 4:3 and 1:1; frons smooth to finely striolate. Compound eyes protuberant and elliptical; margin of compound eye nearly abutting clypeus. Ocelli weakly turreted. Ratio of length of first funicular segment of antenna to second funicular segment between 3:4 and 2:3. Maximum number of mandibular teeth and denticles three.

MESOSOMA: Mesoscutum broadly convex; pronotum and mesoscutum shining and mainly smooth, vestigial striolae, if present, confined to anterior katepisternum. Parapsidal furrows vestigial or absent; notauli absent. Axillae narrowly separated (i.e., less than width of one axilla).

WING: Wing veins predominantly depigmented, with distal segments reduced to vestigial lines; vein m–cu absent; vein cu–a absent.

PETIOLE AND POSTPETIOLE: Petiolar spiracle lateral and situated within anterior sector of petiolar node. Petiolar node, (viewed in profile) conical, vertex rounded; appearance of node shining and smooth; ratio of greatest node breadth (viewed from front) to greatest node width (viewed in profile) between 4:3 and 1:1. Anterior petiolar process absent or vestigial. Height ratio of petiole to postpetiole between 4:3 and 1:1; height–length ratio of postpetiole between 2:1 and 3:2; postpeti- ole shining and microreticulate.

GASTER: Pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, semi-erect setae interspersed with a few appressed setulae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS: Color uniformly brown.

MALE MEASUREMENTS: HML 1.68 HL 0.46 HW 0.50 CeI 109 SL 0.16 SI 0.32 PW 0.44.

Type Material

  • Atta floricola Jerdon, 1851: Syntype, queen(s), India.

Heterick (2006):

Atta floricola Jerdon 1851:107. Syntype ☿s, India [no types known to exist].

Monomorium cinnabari Roger 1863a:199. Syntype ☿s, CUBA [whereabouts of type material unknown]. Syn. under M. floricola (Jerdon): Wheeler, W.M. 1913:388.

Monomorium poecilum Roger 1863a:199. Syntype ☿s, CUBA [whereabouts of type material unknown]. Syn. under M. floricola (Jerdon): Emery 1894b:51.

Monomorium specularis Mayr 1866:09. Syntype ☿s (see comments below – lectotype here designated) SAMOA: Upolu (NMW) [examined]. Syn. under M. floricola (Jerdon): Mayr 1879:71.

References

54: 477-505 (page 486, Senior synonym of cinnabari)

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