Anoplolepis gracilipes

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Anoplolepis gracilipes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Plagiolepidini
Genus: Anoplolepis
Species: A. gracilipes
Binomial name
Anoplolepis gracilipes
(Smith, F., 1857)

Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0125111 profile 1.jpg

Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0125111 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms


Common Name
Yellow crazy ant
Language: English
Longlegged Ant
Language: English
Ashinaga-ki-ari
Language: Japanese

The Yellow Crazy Ant has the dubious distinction of being among the 100 worst invasive species in the world (IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group). Its distribution has been expanded by human commerce, so that it is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. It is a well-known pest species, because it protects aphids and coccids which injure tropical crops. In this role it has been rated a secondary agricultural pest (Reimer et. al., 1990, etc.).

At a Glance • Supercolonies  • Highly invasive  

Identification

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 28.08333333° to -8.5°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Afrotropical Region: United Arab Emirates.
Australasian Region: Australia, New Caledonia.
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Guinea, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore (type locality), Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Islands.
Malagasy Region: Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.
Neotropical Region: Chile, Mexico.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China, Greece, Japan, Türkiye.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Biology

Bertelsmeier et al. (2015) examined elements of interspecific aggression between this species and several other highly invasive ants. In laboratory assays Anoplolepis gracilipes was adept at avoiding aggressive interactions. When confronted by workers of other invasive ant species A. gracilipes either acted indifferently or moved away.

Milar et al. (2017) found in an experimental test, simulating being threatened with entrapment in sand (as might happen if falling in an ant lion pit or if subjected to a collapse of a ground nest), that this species did not exhibit rescue behaviour. This was in agreement with their hypothesis that species that do not face entrapment situations would not show such a response. Anoplolepis gracilipes natural occur in open areas with less friable soils.

Anoplolepis gracilipes, together with Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina, is one of the most common ant species which tends honeydew-producing hemipterans in Indonesia. Fanani et al. (2020) examined the influence of these species on the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi, a species used to control the invasive cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). They found that when ants were absent the average time spent foraging by individual parasitoids was significantly longer (27.39 minutes) compared to when ants were present (2.47- 4.68 minutes). As a result, parasitoids spent less time in finding hosts and a longer time in handling hosts. This resulted in more oviposition activities and a 2-3 fold increase in parasitism and the number of wasps that emerged from their hosts.

Flight Period

X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

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Association with Other Organisms

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Other Insects

  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Aphis gossypii (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This ant has been observed tending larvae of Lampides boeticus (Obregon et al. 2015).

The following myrmecophilous crickets are known to be associated with this species (Hsu et al., 2020):

  • Myrmecophilus albicinctus
  • Myrmecophilus antilucanus
  • Myrmecophilus dubius
  • Myrmecophilus hebardi
  • Myrmecophilus mayaealberti
  • Myrmecophilus pallidithorax
  • Myrmecophilus quadrispina
  • Myrmophilellus pilipes

This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela duponti (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0064816. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0188536. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0172799. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 head 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 dorsal 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 dorsal 3.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Anoplolepis gracilipes. Worker. Specimen code casent0102951. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 profile 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0102965. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 head 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 dorsal 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Anoplolepis gracilipes. Worker. Specimen code casent0103001. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • gracilipes. Formica gracilipes Smith, F. 1857a: 55 (w.) SINGAPORE.
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 444, cites 2w syntypes OXUM (confirmed by Bolton unpublished notes 1978).]
    • Type-locality: Singapore: “Sing. 30” (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Replacement name for Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122. [Junior primary homonym of Formica longipes Latreille, 1802c: 233.]
    • [Note: gracilipes junior synonym of longipes Jerdon (synonymy by Emery, 1887a: 247, etc.); hence gracilipes first available replacement name for longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122 (Bolton, 1995b: 67).]
    • Mayr, 1867a: 73 (q.).
    • Combination in Prenolepis: Mayr, 1862: 698;
    • combination in Plagiolepis: Mayr, 1867a: 73;
    • combination in Anoplolepis: Bolton, 1995b: 67.
    • Junior synonym of longipes: Emery, 1887a: 247; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Mayr, 1895: 149; Forel, 1899c: 124; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 101; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933; Emery, 1925b: 17; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 444; Baltazar, 1966: 266; Kempf, 1970a: 30; Kempf, 1972a: 22; Snelling, R.R. & Hunt, 1976: 114.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 22; Smith, F. 1859a: 136; Smith, F. 1860a: 68; Mayr, 1862: 698; Roger, 1863b: 10; Mayr, 1863: 451; Mayr, 1865: 50; Mayr, 1867a: 73 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 305; Mayr, 1872: 144; Mayr, 1876: 78; Emery, 1883: 147; Rothney, 1889: 373; Mayr, 1893: 197; Bolton, 1995b: 67; Zhou, 2001b: 174; Wetterer, 2002: 129; Blard, et al. 2003: 129; Bolton, 2003: 267; Imai, et al. 2003: 82; Wetterer & Vargo, 2003: 417; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 13; Wetterer, 2005: 77; Wetterer, 2006: 415; Don, 2007: 201; Clouse, 2007b: 223; Framenau & Thomas, 2008: 61; Terayama, 2009: 206; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 6; Collingwood, et al. 2011: 448; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 36; Ran & Zhou, 2011: 66; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 463; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 27; Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 43; Sarnat, et al. 2013: 69; Borowiec, L. 2014: 8; Ramage, 2014: 156; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 23; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 26; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 29; Khachonpisitsak, et al. 2020: 39; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2022: 56; Wang, W.Y., Soh, et al. 2022: 35.
    • Senior synonym of trifasciata: Mayr, 1867a: 73; Mayr, 1872: 144; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Bolton, 1995b: 67; Zhou, 2001b: 174.
    • Distribution [tramp species]
    • Afrotropical: Tanzania (Zanzibar).
    • Austral: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.
    • Malagasy: Mauritius, Réunion, Rogrigues I., Seychelles.
    • Malesian: Brunei, Christmas I., Cocos-Keeling Is, Cook Is, Fiji Is, French Polynesia, Hawaii Is, Indonesia (Aru, Irian Jaya, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Line Is, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Marianna Is, Marshall Is, Micronesia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan), Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Is, Tokelau Is, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna Is.
    • Neotropical: Chile, Mexico.
    • Oriental: Cambodia, China, India (+ Andaman Is, Nicobar Is), Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
    • Palaearctic: Greece, Portugal (Azores), Turkey, United Arab Emirates.
    • [Note: distribution based on Wetterer, 2005: 77.]
  • longipes. Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122 (w.) INDIA (no state data).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: India: (no further data), “found in all the forests of India” (T.C. Jerdon).
    • Type-depository: unknown (no material known to exist).
    • [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854b: 105.]
    • [Junior primary homonym of Formica longipes Latreille, 1802c: 233 (Emery, 1921a: 25).]
    • Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 132 (l.); Imai, et al. 1984: 68 (k.).
    • Combination in Oecophylla: Roger, 1863b: 10;
    • combination in Plagiolepis: Emery, 1887a: 247;
    • combination in Plagiolepis (Anoplolepis): Santschi, 1914b: 123;
    • combination in Anoplolepis (Anoplolepis): Emery, 1925b: 17; Santschi, 1926a: 13.
    • Junior synonym of Oecophylla smaragdina: Smith, F. 1857a: 53; Mayr, 1872: 144; Forel, 1885b: 176.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 19; Mayr, 1863: 417; Roger, 1863b: 10; Smith, F. 1871a: 304; Emery, 1887a: 247; Emery, 1888a: 530; Emery, 1889b: 510; André, 1892b: 51; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Emery, 1893e: 194; Emery, 1893f: 250; Emery, 1893g: 267; Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Forel, 1895a: 49; Emery, 1895c: 334; Emery, 1895k: 476; Mayr, 1897: 432; Emery, 1897d: 573; Forel, 1899c: 124; Emery, 1900d: 697; Emery, 1901f: 121; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1901b: 24; Dahl, 1901: 12; Rothney, 1903: 99; Bingham, 1903: 320; Forel, 1903d: 407; Forel, 1905c: 24; Forel, 1907e: 18; Forel, 1908a: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1908c: 166; Forel, 1909d: 229; Wheeler, W.M. 1909d: 336, 342; Forel, 1910d: 127; Yano, 1910: 421; Emery, 1911b: 532; Forel, 1911b: 207; Forel, 1912a: 72; Forel, 1912d: 109; Stitz, 1912: 510; Wheeler, W.M. 1912a: 46; Forel, 1913f: 197; Forel, 1913k: 100; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 237; Viehmeyer, 1914a: 114; Emery, 1914f: 420; Forel, 1915a: 34; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 145; Santschi, 1919a: 326; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 101; Mann, 1919: 366; Santschi, 1920h: 172; Mann, 1921: 474; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933, 1036; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1924b: 253; Santschi, 1924c: 112; Emery, 1925b: 17; Stitz, 1925: 123; Mann, 1925b: 6; Mukerjee & Ribeiro, 1925: 208; Stärcke, 1926: 118 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 46; Wheeler, W.M. 1927d: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 100; Santschi, 1928a: 53; Santschi, 1928c: 70; Cheesman & Crawley, 1928: 523; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 31; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 57; Karavaiev, 1930a: 213; Mukerjee, 1930: 157; Menozzi, 1930a: 3; Stärcke, 1930: 376; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 74; Wheeler, W.M. 1932c: 162; Menozzi, 1932d: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1932d: 18; Wheeler, W.M. 1933a: 63; Wheeler, W.M. 1933f: 144; Wheeler, W.M. 1934a: 178; Donisthorpe, 1935: 634; Karavaiev, 1935a: 109; Goetsch & Menozzi, 1935: 99; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 37; Wheeler, W.M. 1936f: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1937a: 24; Teranishi, 1940: 59; Yasumatsu, 1940a: 69; Donisthorpe, 1942d: 457; Donisthorpe, 1946e: 32; Donisthorpe, 1949b: 501; Donisthorpe, 1950a: 340; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 213; Wilson, 1962c: 18; Baltazar, 1966: 266; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 84; Taylor, 1967b: 1094; Kempf, 1970a: 30; Kempf, 1972a: 22; Baker, 1976: 253; Snelling, R.R. & Hunt, 1976: 96; Taylor, 1976a: 87; Haines & Haines, 1978: 109; Onoyama, 1980: 199; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 108; Taylor, 1987a: 8; Rao & Veeresh, 1991: 261; Morisita, et al. 1991: 18; Dlussky, 1994: 55; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 132; Dorow, 1996a: 84; Tiwari, 1999: 82; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 348; Lin & Wu, 2003: 62.
    • Senior synonym of gracilipes: Emery, 1887a: 247; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Mayr, 1895: 149; Forel, 1899c: 124; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 101; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933, Emery, 1925b: 17; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 444; Baltazar, 1966: 266; Kempf, 1970a: 30; Kempf, 1972a: 22.
    • Replacement name: Formica gracilipes Smith, F. 1857a: 55.
    • [Note: gracilipes Smith, F. oldest junior synonym of longipes Jerdon (synonymy by Emery, 1887a: 247, confirmed by examination of syntypic workers; hence gracilipes first available replacement name (Bolton, 1995b: 67).]
  • trifasciata. Formica trifasciata Smith, F. 1858b: 27 (q.) INDONESIA (Java).
    • Type-material: holotype (?) queen.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Java (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: unknown (“Coll. East India House”).
    • Combination in Camponotus: Roger, 1863b: 3.
    • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 421; Roger, 1863b: 3; Smith, F. 1871a: 306.
    • Junior synonym of longipes: Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Forel, 1899c: 124; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 102; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933; Emery, 1925b: 17.
    • Junior synonym of gracilipes: Mayr, 1867a: 73; Mayr, 1872: 144; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Bolton, 1995b: 67.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Moderately large: HL: 0.889-1.024 (mean 0.959); HW: 0.579-0.667 (mean 0.633); SL: 1.820-2.030 (mean 1.897); EL: 0.222-0.270 (mean 0.245); ML: 1.64-1.84; MW: 0.48-0.59. Color. Head, mesosoma, petiolar node, antennae and legs yellow, often anterior half of head lighter yellow colored than posterior half, occasionally antennal scape slightly infuscate, gaster mostly yellowish brown to brown, anterior slope of first tergite usually yellow, paler than rest of tergites. Head. Elongate, 1.5-1.6 times as long as wide, in front of eyes parallelsided, behind eyes regularly rounded, occipital margin convex. Clypeus with diffused microreticulation but shiny, slightly trapezoidal, its anterior margin convex, sides convergent posterad, posterior margin concave in the middle, mostly without appressed hairs, anterior margin with a row of 5-6 long setae and few short setae, close to base a pair of long erected setae, the longest anterior seta with length 0.206. Head with diffused microreticulation, shiny, mostly without appressed pubescence only on genaand sides of head with short and sparse hairs, interantennal and interocular area with three pairs of long erected setae, ocellar area with a pair of long erected setae and sometimes with 1-2 additional short setae, gena lacking erected setae, ventral side of head lacking erected setae. Scape very long, 3.0- 3.1 times longer than width of head, very thin, only slightly widened from base to apex, its surface microreticulate but shiny, with short and sparse appressed pubescence. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 2.9-3.0 times as long as wide, second segment as long as first and shorter than third, the rest of funicular segments more than three times longer than broad. Eyes big, elongate oval, 0.26 length of head. Mandibles long, without striation. Mesosoma. Elongate, in dorsal view distinctly constricted in the middle, 3.0-3.4 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally with diffused microreticulation, without appressed pubescence, shiny. In lateral view pronotum and mesonotum almost flat, propodeum regularly convex, mesonotal groove moderately deep. Mesosomal dorsum lacking erected setae except a single long setae behind propodeal spiracle. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale in form of high node, on top with shallow longitudinal impression, in lateral view rounded apically. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, tergites with diffused microreticulation sometimes tending to form transverse sculpture, surface shiny, covered with short and sparse appressed pubescence, distance between hairs several times longer than length of hairs. First gastral tergite only with few very long erected setae close to posterior margin, subsequent tergites also with a row of very long setae close to posterior margin and usually with a pair of long setae centrally. Legs. Very long and slim, covered with short and sparse appressed to slightly decumbent hairs, without setae, inner margin of tibiae lacking row of thorns.

Type Material

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Formica gracilipes

Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Sing. 30.” Also specimens det. as gracilipes from “Aru” and “N” (= New Guinea).

Karyotype

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  • n = 17, 2n = 34 (India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Sarawak) (Goni et al., 1982; Tjan et al., 1986; Imai et al., 1983; Imai et al., 1984; Imai et al., 1985) (as Anoplolepis longipes).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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  • CSIRO Collection
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