Anoplolepis gracilipes
Anoplolepis gracilipes | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Formicinae |
Tribe: | Plagiolepidini |
Genus: | Anoplolepis |
Species: | A. gracilipes |
Binomial name | |
Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, F., 1857) | |
Synonyms | |
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Common Name | |
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Yellow crazy ant | |
Language: | English |
Longlegged Ant | |
Language: | English |
Ashinaga-ki-ari | |
Language: | Japanese |
The Yellow Crazy Ant has the dubious distinction of being among the 100 worst invasive species in the world (IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group). Its distribution has been expanded by human commerce, so that it is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. It is a well-known pest species, because it protects aphids and coccids which injure tropical crops. In this role it has been rated a secondary agricultural pest (Reimer et. al., 1990, etc.).
At a Glance | • Supercolonies • Highly invasive |
Identification
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 28.08333333° to -8.5°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: United Arab Emirates.
Australasian Region: Australia, New Caledonia.
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Guinea, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore (type locality), Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Islands.
Malagasy Region: Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.
Neotropical Region: Chile, Mexico.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China, Greece, Japan, Türkiye.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
Biology
Bertelsmeier et al. (2015) examined elements of interspecific aggression between this species and several other highly invasive ants. In laboratory assays Anoplolepis gracilipes was adept at avoiding aggressive interactions. When confronted by workers of other invasive ant species A. gracilipes either acted indifferently or moved away.
Milar et al. (2017) found in an experimental test, simulating being threatened with entrapment in sand (as might happen if falling in an ant lion pit or if subjected to a collapse of a ground nest), that this species did not exhibit rescue behaviour. This was in agreement with their hypothesis that species that do not face entrapment situations would not show such a response. Anoplolepis gracilipes natural occur in open areas with less friable soils.
Anoplolepis gracilipes, together with Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina, is one of the most common ant species which tends honeydew-producing hemipterans in Indonesia. Fanani et al. (2020) examined the influence of these species on the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi, a species used to control the invasive cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). They found that when ants were absent the average time spent foraging by individual parasitoids was significantly longer (27.39 minutes) compared to when ants were present (2.47- 4.68 minutes). As a result, parasitoids spent less time in finding hosts and a longer time in handling hosts. This resulted in more oviposition activities and a 2-3 fold increase in parasitism and the number of wasps that emerged from their hosts.
Flight Period
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Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Source: antkeeping.info.
- Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.
- Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Association with Other Organisms
- Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Other Insects
- This species is a mutualist for the aphid Aphis gossypii (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
- This species is a mutualist for the aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
- This ant has been observed tending larvae of Lampides boeticus (Obregon et al. 2015).
The following myrmecophilous crickets are known to be associated with this species (Hsu et al., 2020):
- Myrmecophilus albicinctus
- Myrmecophilus antilucanus
- Myrmecophilus dubius
- Myrmecophilus hebardi
- Myrmecophilus mayaealberti
- Myrmecophilus pallidithorax
- Myrmecophilus quadrispina
- Myrmophilellus pilipes
This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela duponti (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).
Castes
Worker
Images from AntWeb
Worker. Specimen code casent0064816. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA. |
Worker. Specimen code casent0188536. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA. |
Worker. Specimen code casent0172799. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
Syntype of Anoplolepis gracilipes. Worker. Specimen code casent0102951. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Worker. Specimen code casent0102965. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by NHMUK, London, UK. |
Syntype of Anoplolepis gracilipes. Worker. Specimen code casent0103001. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- gracilipes. Formica gracilipes Smith, F. 1857a: 55 (w.) SINGAPORE.
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
- [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 444, cites 2w syntypes OXUM (confirmed by Bolton unpublished notes 1978).]
- Type-locality: Singapore: “Sing. 30” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Replacement name for Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122. [Junior primary homonym of Formica longipes Latreille, 1802c: 233.]
- [Note: gracilipes junior synonym of longipes Jerdon (synonymy by Emery, 1887a: 247, etc.); hence gracilipes first available replacement name for longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122 (Bolton, 1995b: 67).]
- Mayr, 1867a: 73 (q.).
- Combination in Prenolepis: Mayr, 1862: 698;
- combination in Plagiolepis: Mayr, 1867a: 73;
- combination in Anoplolepis: Bolton, 1995b: 67.
- Junior synonym of longipes: Emery, 1887a: 247; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Mayr, 1895: 149; Forel, 1899c: 124; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 101; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933; Emery, 1925b: 17; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 444; Baltazar, 1966: 266; Kempf, 1970a: 30; Kempf, 1972a: 22; Snelling, R.R. & Hunt, 1976: 114.
- Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 22; Smith, F. 1859a: 136; Smith, F. 1860a: 68; Mayr, 1862: 698; Roger, 1863b: 10; Mayr, 1863: 451; Mayr, 1865: 50; Mayr, 1867a: 73 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 305; Mayr, 1872: 144; Mayr, 1876: 78; Emery, 1883: 147; Rothney, 1889: 373; Mayr, 1893: 197; Bolton, 1995b: 67; Zhou, 2001b: 174; Wetterer, 2002: 129; Blard, et al. 2003: 129; Bolton, 2003: 267; Imai, et al. 2003: 82; Wetterer & Vargo, 2003: 417; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 13; Wetterer, 2005: 77; Wetterer, 2006: 415; Don, 2007: 201; Clouse, 2007b: 223; Framenau & Thomas, 2008: 61; Terayama, 2009: 206; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 6; Collingwood, et al. 2011: 448; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 36; Ran & Zhou, 2011: 66; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 463; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 27; Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 43; Sarnat, et al. 2013: 69; Borowiec, L. 2014: 8; Ramage, 2014: 156; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 23; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 26; Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 29; Khachonpisitsak, et al. 2020: 39; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2022: 56; Wang, W.Y., Soh, et al. 2022: 35.
- Senior synonym of trifasciata: Mayr, 1867a: 73; Mayr, 1872: 144; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Bolton, 1995b: 67; Zhou, 2001b: 174.
- Distribution [tramp species]
- Afrotropical: Tanzania (Zanzibar).
- Austral: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.
- Malagasy: Mauritius, Réunion, Rogrigues I., Seychelles.
- Malesian: Brunei, Christmas I., Cocos-Keeling Is, Cook Is, Fiji Is, French Polynesia, Hawaii Is, Indonesia (Aru, Irian Jaya, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Line Is, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Marianna Is, Marshall Is, Micronesia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan), Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Is, Tokelau Is, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna Is.
- Neotropical: Chile, Mexico.
- Oriental: Cambodia, China, India (+ Andaman Is, Nicobar Is), Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
- Palaearctic: Greece, Portugal (Azores), Turkey, United Arab Emirates.
- [Note: distribution based on Wetterer, 2005: 77.]
- longipes. Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122 (w.) INDIA (no state data).
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
- Type-locality: India: (no further data), “found in all the forests of India” (T.C. Jerdon).
- Type-depository: unknown (no material known to exist).
- [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854b: 105.]
- [Junior primary homonym of Formica longipes Latreille, 1802c: 233 (Emery, 1921a: 25).]
- Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 132 (l.); Imai, et al. 1984: 68 (k.).
- Combination in Oecophylla: Roger, 1863b: 10;
- combination in Plagiolepis: Emery, 1887a: 247;
- combination in Plagiolepis (Anoplolepis): Santschi, 1914b: 123;
- combination in Anoplolepis (Anoplolepis): Emery, 1925b: 17; Santschi, 1926a: 13.
- Junior synonym of Oecophylla smaragdina: Smith, F. 1857a: 53; Mayr, 1872: 144; Forel, 1885b: 176.
- Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 19; Mayr, 1863: 417; Roger, 1863b: 10; Smith, F. 1871a: 304; Emery, 1887a: 247; Emery, 1888a: 530; Emery, 1889b: 510; André, 1892b: 51; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Emery, 1893e: 194; Emery, 1893f: 250; Emery, 1893g: 267; Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Forel, 1895a: 49; Emery, 1895c: 334; Emery, 1895k: 476; Mayr, 1897: 432; Emery, 1897d: 573; Forel, 1899c: 124; Emery, 1900d: 697; Emery, 1901f: 121; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1901b: 24; Dahl, 1901: 12; Rothney, 1903: 99; Bingham, 1903: 320; Forel, 1903d: 407; Forel, 1905c: 24; Forel, 1907e: 18; Forel, 1908a: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1908c: 166; Forel, 1909d: 229; Wheeler, W.M. 1909d: 336, 342; Forel, 1910d: 127; Yano, 1910: 421; Emery, 1911b: 532; Forel, 1911b: 207; Forel, 1912a: 72; Forel, 1912d: 109; Stitz, 1912: 510; Wheeler, W.M. 1912a: 46; Forel, 1913f: 197; Forel, 1913k: 100; Wheeler, W.M. 1913e: 237; Viehmeyer, 1914a: 114; Emery, 1914f: 420; Forel, 1915a: 34; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 145; Santschi, 1919a: 326; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 101; Mann, 1919: 366; Santschi, 1920h: 172; Mann, 1921: 474; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933, 1036; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1924b: 253; Santschi, 1924c: 112; Emery, 1925b: 17; Stitz, 1925: 123; Mann, 1925b: 6; Mukerjee & Ribeiro, 1925: 208; Stärcke, 1926: 118 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 46; Wheeler, W.M. 1927d: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 100; Santschi, 1928a: 53; Santschi, 1928c: 70; Cheesman & Crawley, 1928: 523; Wheeler, W.M. 1928c: 31; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 57; Karavaiev, 1930a: 213; Mukerjee, 1930: 157; Menozzi, 1930a: 3; Stärcke, 1930: 376; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 74; Wheeler, W.M. 1932c: 162; Menozzi, 1932d: 9; Wheeler, W.M. 1932d: 18; Wheeler, W.M. 1933a: 63; Wheeler, W.M. 1933f: 144; Wheeler, W.M. 1934a: 178; Donisthorpe, 1935: 634; Karavaiev, 1935a: 109; Goetsch & Menozzi, 1935: 99; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 37; Wheeler, W.M. 1936f: 15; Wheeler, W.M. 1937a: 24; Teranishi, 1940: 59; Yasumatsu, 1940a: 69; Donisthorpe, 1942d: 457; Donisthorpe, 1946e: 32; Donisthorpe, 1949b: 501; Donisthorpe, 1950a: 340; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 213; Wilson, 1962c: 18; Baltazar, 1966: 266; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 84; Taylor, 1967b: 1094; Kempf, 1970a: 30; Kempf, 1972a: 22; Baker, 1976: 253; Snelling, R.R. & Hunt, 1976: 96; Taylor, 1976a: 87; Haines & Haines, 1978: 109; Onoyama, 1980: 199; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 108; Taylor, 1987a: 8; Rao & Veeresh, 1991: 261; Morisita, et al. 1991: 18; Dlussky, 1994: 55; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 132; Dorow, 1996a: 84; Tiwari, 1999: 82; Mathew & Tiwari, 2000: 348; Lin & Wu, 2003: 62.
- Senior synonym of gracilipes: Emery, 1887a: 247; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Mayr, 1895: 149; Forel, 1899c: 124; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 101; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933, Emery, 1925b: 17; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 444; Baltazar, 1966: 266; Kempf, 1970a: 30; Kempf, 1972a: 22.
- Replacement name: Formica gracilipes Smith, F. 1857a: 55.
- [Note: gracilipes Smith, F. oldest junior synonym of longipes Jerdon (synonymy by Emery, 1887a: 247, confirmed by examination of syntypic workers; hence gracilipes first available replacement name (Bolton, 1995b: 67).]
- trifasciata. Formica trifasciata Smith, F. 1858b: 27 (q.) INDONESIA (Java).
- Type-material: holotype (?) queen.
- [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Java (no collector’s name).
- Type-depository: unknown (“Coll. East India House”).
- Combination in Camponotus: Roger, 1863b: 3.
- Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 421; Roger, 1863b: 3; Smith, F. 1871a: 306.
- Junior synonym of longipes: Pergande, 1894: 163; Forel, 1894c: 415; Forel, 1899c: 124; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 102; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 933; Emery, 1925b: 17.
- Junior synonym of gracilipes: Mayr, 1867a: 73; Mayr, 1872: 144; Dalla Torre, 1893: 173; Bolton, 1995b: 67.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Moderately large: HL: 0.889-1.024 (mean 0.959); HW: 0.579-0.667 (mean 0.633); SL: 1.820-2.030 (mean 1.897); EL: 0.222-0.270 (mean 0.245); ML: 1.64-1.84; MW: 0.48-0.59. Color. Head, mesosoma, petiolar node, antennae and legs yellow, often anterior half of head lighter yellow colored than posterior half, occasionally antennal scape slightly infuscate, gaster mostly yellowish brown to brown, anterior slope of first tergite usually yellow, paler than rest of tergites. Head. Elongate, 1.5-1.6 times as long as wide, in front of eyes parallelsided, behind eyes regularly rounded, occipital margin convex. Clypeus with diffused microreticulation but shiny, slightly trapezoidal, its anterior margin convex, sides convergent posterad, posterior margin concave in the middle, mostly without appressed hairs, anterior margin with a row of 5-6 long setae and few short setae, close to base a pair of long erected setae, the longest anterior seta with length 0.206. Head with diffused microreticulation, shiny, mostly without appressed pubescence only on genaand sides of head with short and sparse hairs, interantennal and interocular area with three pairs of long erected setae, ocellar area with a pair of long erected setae and sometimes with 1-2 additional short setae, gena lacking erected setae, ventral side of head lacking erected setae. Scape very long, 3.0- 3.1 times longer than width of head, very thin, only slightly widened from base to apex, its surface microreticulate but shiny, with short and sparse appressed pubescence. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 2.9-3.0 times as long as wide, second segment as long as first and shorter than third, the rest of funicular segments more than three times longer than broad. Eyes big, elongate oval, 0.26 length of head. Mandibles long, without striation. Mesosoma. Elongate, in dorsal view distinctly constricted in the middle, 3.0-3.4 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally with diffused microreticulation, without appressed pubescence, shiny. In lateral view pronotum and mesonotum almost flat, propodeum regularly convex, mesonotal groove moderately deep. Mesosomal dorsum lacking erected setae except a single long setae behind propodeal spiracle. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale in form of high node, on top with shallow longitudinal impression, in lateral view rounded apically. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, tergites with diffused microreticulation sometimes tending to form transverse sculpture, surface shiny, covered with short and sparse appressed pubescence, distance between hairs several times longer than length of hairs. First gastral tergite only with few very long erected setae close to posterior margin, subsequent tergites also with a row of very long setae close to posterior margin and usually with a pair of long setae centrally. Legs. Very long and slim, covered with short and sparse appressed to slightly decumbent hairs, without setae, inner margin of tibiae lacking row of thorns.
Type Material
- Formica gracilipes Smith, 1857: Syntype, 2 workers, Singapore, Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
- Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: Syntype, workers, India.
The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):
Formica gracilipes
Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Sing. 30.” Also specimens det. as gracilipes from “Aru” and “N” (= New Guinea).
Karyotype
- See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.
- Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
- n = 17, 2n = 34 (India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Sarawak) (Goni et al., 1982; Tjan et al., 1986; Imai et al., 1983; Imai et al., 1984; Imai et al., 1985) (as Anoplolepis longipes).
References
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- Pages using DynamicPageList3 parser function
- Common Name
- Supercolonies
- Highly invasive
- North subtropical
- Tropical
- FlightMonth
- Aphid Associate
- Host of Aphis gossypii
- Host of Pentalonia nigronervosa
- Butterfly Associate
- Host of Lampides boeticus
- Cricket Associate
- Host of Myrmecophilus albicinctus
- Host of Myrmecophilus antilucanus
- Host of Myrmecophilus dubius
- Host of Myrmecophilus hebardi
- Host of Myrmecophilus mayaealberti
- Host of Myrmecophilus pallidithorax
- Host of Myrmecophilus quadrispina
- Host of Myrmophilellus pilipes
- Tiger beetle Associate
- Host of Cicindela duponti
- Karyotype
- Species
- Extant species
- Formicidae
- Formicinae
- Plagiolepidini
- Anoplolepis
- Anoplolepis gracilipes
- Formicinae species
- Plagiolepidini species
- Anoplolepis species
- Ssr