Anoplolepis gracilipes

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Anoplolepis gracilipes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Plagiolepidini
Genus: Anoplolepis
Species: A. gracilipes
Binomial name
Anoplolepis gracilipes
(Smith, F., 1857)

Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0125111 profile 1.jpg

Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0125111 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms


Common Name
Yellow crazy ant
Language: English
Longlegged Ant
Language: English
Ashinaga-ki-ari
Language: Japanese

The Yellow Crazy Ant has the dubious distinction of being among the 100 worst invasive species in the world (IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group). Its distribution has been expanded by human commerce, so that it is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. It is a well-known pest species, because it protects aphids and coccids which injure tropical crops. In this role it has been rated a secondary agricultural pest (Reimer et. al., 1990, etc.).

At a Glance • Supercolonies  • Highly invasive  

Identification

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 28.08333333° to -8.5°.

   
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Afrotropical Region: United Arab Emirates.
Australasian Region: Australia, New Caledonia.
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Krakatau Islands, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Guinea, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore (type locality), Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Islands.
Malagasy Region: Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles.
Neotropical Region: Chile, Mexico.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Nicobar Island, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam.
Palaearctic Region: China, Greece, Japan, Türkiye.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Biology

Bertelsmeier et al. (2015) examined elements of interspecific aggression between this species and several other highly invasive ants. In laboratory assays Anoplolepis gracilipes was adept at avoiding aggressive interactions. When confronted by workers of other invasive ant species A. gracilipes either acted indifferently or moved away.

Milar et al. (2017) found in an experimental test, simulating being threatened with entrapment in sand (as might happen if falling in an ant lion pit or if subjected to a collapse of a ground nest), that this species did not exhibit rescue behaviour. This was in agreement with their hypothesis that species that do not face entrapment situations would not show such a response. Anoplolepis gracilipes natural occur in open areas with less friable soils.

Anoplolepis gracilipes, together with Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina, is one of the most common ant species which tends honeydew-producing hemipterans in Indonesia. Fanani et al. (2020) examined the influence of these species on the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi, a species used to control the invasive cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). They found that when ants were absent the average time spent foraging by individual parasitoids was significantly longer (27.39 minutes) compared to when ants were present (2.47- 4.68 minutes). As a result, parasitoids spent less time in finding hosts and a longer time in handling hosts. This resulted in more oviposition activities and a 2-3 fold increase in parasitism and the number of wasps that emerged from their hosts.

Flight Period

X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Other Insects

  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Aphis gossypii (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This species is a mutualist for the aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa (a trophobiont) (Idechiil et al., 2007; Saddiqui et al., 2019).
  • This ant has been observed tending larvae of Lampides boeticus (Obregon et al. 2015).

The following myrmecophilous crickets are known to be associated with this species (Hsu et al., 2020):

  • Myrmecophilus albicinctus
  • Myrmecophilus antilucanus
  • Myrmecophilus dubius
  • Myrmecophilus hebardi
  • Myrmecophilus mayaealberti
  • Myrmecophilus pallidithorax
  • Myrmecophilus quadrispina
  • Myrmophilellus pilipes

This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela duponti (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0064816 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0064816. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0188536 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0188536. Photographer Erin Prado, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0172799 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0172799. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 head 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 dorsal 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 dorsal 3.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102951 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Anoplolepis gracilipesWorker. Specimen code casent0102951. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 profile 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0102965 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0102965. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.
Anoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 head 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 head 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 profile 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 dorsal 1.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 dorsal 2.jpgAnoplolepis gracilipes casent0103001 label 1.jpg
Syntype of Anoplolepis gracilipesWorker. Specimen code casent0103001. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • longipes. Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122 (w.) INDIA. Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953c: 132 (l.); Imai, Brown, et al. 1984: 68 (k.). Combination in Plagiolepis: Emery, 1887a: 247; in Plagiolepis (Anoplolepis): Santschi, 1914b: 123; in Anoplolepis: Emery, 1925b: 17. [Junior primary homonym of Formica longipes Latreille, 1802c: 233 (now in Pheidole).] Replacement name: Formica gracilipes Smith, F. 1857a: 55. [Note: this name is the oldest available junior synonym of longipes Jerdon (synonymy by Emery, 1887a: 247; confirmed by examination of syntypic workers), and hence is first available replacement name: Bolton, 1995b: 67.] See also: Baker, 1976: 253; Haines & Haines, 1978: 109; Rao & Veeresh, 1991: 261.
  • gracilipes. Formica gracilipes Smith, F. 1857a: 55 (w.) SINGAPORE. Mayr, 1867a: 73 (q.). Combination in Prenolepis: Mayr, 1862: 698; in Plagiolepis: Mayr, 1867a: 73; in Anoplolepis: Bolton, 1995b: 67. Senior synonym of trifasciata: Mayr, 1867a: 73. Junior synonym of longipes Jerdon: Emery, 1887a: 247; hence first available replacement name for Formica longipes Jerdon, 1851: 122, designated by Bolton, 1995b: 67. [Junior primary homonym of Formice longipes Latreille, 1802c: 233 (now in Pheidole).]
  • trifasciata. Formica trifasciata Smith, F. 1858b: 27 (q.) INDONESIA (Java). Junior synonym of gracilipes: Mayr, 1867a: 73.

Type Material

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Formica gracilipes

Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Sing. 30.” Also specimens det. as gracilipes from “Aru” and “N” (= New Guinea).

Description

Karyotype

  • n = 17, 2n = 34 (India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Sarawak) (Goni et al., 1982; Tjan et al., 1986; Imai et al., 1983; Imai et al., 1984; Imai et al., 1985) (as Anoplolepis longipes).

References

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