Identification resources for Afrotropical Ants

AntWiki: The Ants --- Online

The Arabian Peninsula is excluded fron this analysis, and species and genera cited only from this area are not incuded here. The genera cited only from this area are Aphaenogaster, Emeryopone and Iridomyrmex

Comoros is also excluded, as its fauna is more consistent with the Malagasy region. The genera cited only from this area are Eutetramorium, Ooceraea

Related information:

Keys to Genera

Acropyga

ID status is very good for this genus, mainly due to the works by LaPolla (2004) [1], and LaPolla and Fisher (2005)[2]

Antwiki keys are updated and cover all the species for the region

Keys to Species

Aenictogiton

Males and workers (Borowiec, 2016) are known for this genus. There are seven valid species, all Afrotropical. The taxonomy can be regarded as unsatisfactory since it was never revised after the initial species descriptions. There are no keys available.


Aenictus

Gomez (2022) revises the genus for the Afrotropical region Afrotropical Aenictus summary

Keys to Species

Agraulomyrmex

Prins (1983)[3] described the genus and the two species belonging to it. No new species have been added since then.


Anillomyrma

Fisher & Bolton(2016)[4] cite two undescribed species from Tanzania and South Africa.


Ankylomyrma

Monospecific genus: Ankylomyrma coronacantha

Anochetus

Brown (1978)[5] revision is valid, and no new species has been added since then.

Antwiki keys are updated and cover all the species for the region

Keys to Species

Anoplolepis

Prins (1982) [6] partially revises the genus for South Africa, but the genus as a whole is in need of a revision indeed.

A list of all the Afrotropical species with images Afrotropical species with images is available


Aphomomyrmex

Monospecific genus: Aphomomyrmex afer

Apomyrma

Single species genus Apomyrma stygia

Asphinctopone

Hawkes (2010)[7] modified Bolton & Fisher (2008)[8] and covers all species for this genus

Antwiki key is based on that reference

Keys to Species

Atopomyrmex

Species identification can be easily performed with the species key from Bolton (1981)[9] and the diagnostic notes in Snelling (1992)[10], who described a third species.


Axinidris

Snelling (2007) [11] revision is valid, and no new species has been added since then.

Antwiki keys are updated and cover all the species for the region

Keys to Species

Baracidris

Fernandez (2003)[12] contains a key to the valid species described.

Antwiki key is based on that reference

Keys to Species

Boloponera

Two known species, revised in Hawkes (2018)[13]

Keys to Species

Bondroitia

Only two species are known. The three castes of Bondroitia lujae are described, but the worker of Bondroitia saharensis remains unknown.

Bolton (1987) [14] revises the genus.


Bothroponera

Joma & MacKay (2015)[15] defines the Afrotropical species, creating three complexes:

  • pumicosa complex: Joma & MacKay (2015)
  • sulcata complex: Joma & MacKay (2017)[16]
  • talpa complex: Joma & MacKay (2020)[17]

Wheeler (1922)[18] is still interesting although the key is outdated and misses more than half the species and subspecies present in the Afrotropical Region.

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Brachymyrmex

One species has been recorded for the Afrotropical Region as Brachymyrmex cordemoyi, although its identification needs to be confirmed.

Brachyponera

Although no key is available for the afrotropical species, identification should be quite straightforward as only one introduced species (Brachyponera sennaarensis) and two subspecies (Brachyponera sennaarensis decolor, Brachyponera sennaarensis ruginota) have been cited for the region.


Calyptomyrmex

Revision of the the Afrotropical species by Bolton (1981)[19] is still valid as no new species has been cited for the region.

Keys to Species

Camponotus

This genus is in dire need of a profound revision, and the Afrotropical region is no exception to the rule. There are more than 250 described currently valid forms, but this number will increase probably by the dozens in the future. Some lists have been created in Antwiki to navigate the Camponotus mess:

There are no recent valid keys, except for some minor species group (Robertson & Zachariades, 1997 [20]) and a key to subgenera by Emery (1925)


Keys to Species

Cardiocondyla

Key in Rigato (2002) [21] offers ID for the Afrotropical Cardiocondyla except for Cardiocondyla zoserka, known from the queen caste only, and Cardiocondyla venustula. See also Seifert (2003)[22]

Antwiki key is based on that reference

Keys to Species

Carebara

There's ongoing work for the Afrotropical region, and some revisionary studies are being published as Fischer et al (2014)[23] for the C. polita species group or Fischer et al (2015)[24] for the Afrotropical C. phragmotica species group.

The page Carebara_species_groups is of the maximum interest for the Afrotropical fauna as it summarizes Afrotropical species groups

Other revisionary studies deal with genera now synonymyzed with Carebara

Keys to Species

Cataglyphis

Four species and four subspecies have been reported for the region. There's no recent review for the Afrotropical Region


Cataulacus

Bolton (1982) [31] revises the Afrotropical species. No new species have been described since then.

Antwiki key is based in this revision and covers all the Afrotropical species

Keys to Species

Centromyrmex

Bolton & Fisher (2008)[32] revise this genus. No new species have been added to the Afrotropical region since then.

Antwiki key is based in that reference and covers all the Afrotropical species

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Crematogaster

Extremely diverse genus in the Afrotropical region, with more than 300 described species and subspecies. No revision is available and its status is even messier than Camponotus


Cyphoidris

Bolton (1981)[33] revises the genus. No species have been described since then

Antwiki keys are based on this reference, are valid and cover all the species for the Afrotropical Region.

Keys to Species

Dicroaspis

The genus revision by Bolton (1981)[34] is still valid as no new species has described.

Antwiki key is based on that reference

Keys to Species

Diplomorium

One species recorded for the Afrotropical Region: Diplomorium longipenne

Discothyrea

Hita-Garcia et al. 2019 [35] revise the genus in the Afrotropical region


Keys to Species

Dolioponera

Monospecific genus: Dolioponera fustigera

Dorylus

The taxonomy of this genus is in very poor state, and no reliable keys to species are available.

A list of the taxons described and images available can be found here

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Eburopone

One species described for the Afrotropical region: Eburopone wroughtoni Forel, 1910

Ecphorella

Monospecific genus: Ecphorella wellmani

Erromyrma

Monospecific genus: Erromyrma latinodis

Euponera

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region


Feroponera

Monospecific genus: Feroponera ferox

Fisheropone

Two species present, with no revision available

Hagensia

Arnold (1951) [36] revises the genus.

Keys to Species

Hypoponera

Bolton & Fisher (2011) [37] revise the genus for the Afrotropical region. No new species has been described since then.

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Lepisiota

Complex genus, with more than 70 species and subspecies described. No revision is available

A comprehensive list of valid species with type images in Afrotropical Lepisiota types


Leptanilla

Baroni Urbani (1977)[38] offers a key that covers the Afrotropical species known from workers (Leptanilla boltoni). The other two species (Leptanilla africana and Leptanilla australis) are known only from males


Leptogenys

Bolton (1975)[39] revises the genus for the Afrotropical and Malagasy regions. No new species has been described since then.

Keys to Species

Linepithema

One species recorded for the Afrotropical Region: Linepithema humile

Lioponera

All the Afrotropical species have been transferred from Cerapachys (Borowiec 2016)[40].

Brown (1975)[41] revises the Afrotropical species as part of Cerapachys.

Antwiki key includes all the Afrotropical species except the three described only for males: Lioponera decorsei, Lioponera nigra, Lioponera similis


Keys to Species

Loboponera

Bolton & Brown (2002)[42] revises the genus and Fisher (2006)[43] adds the species Loboponera nobiliae

Antiwiki key covers all the species for the genus

Keys to Species

Megaponera

One species (Megaponera analis) and four subspecies (Megaponera analis crassicornis, Megaponera analis rapax, Megaponera analis subpilosa, Megaponera analis termitivora) are cited for the Afrotropical region.

No revision is available for the genus in the Afrotropical region, and the only key available is Santschi (1930)[44] as Megaloponera


Melissotarsus

Bolton (1982) [45] revises the Afrotropical species.

Antwiki key is based on that reference, and does not cover Melissotarsus insularis from Comoros Islands

Keys to Species

Meranoplus

Revision of the the Afrotropical species by Bolton (1981)[46] is still valid as no new species has been cited for the region.

Keys to Species

Mesoponera

No revision is available for the genus in the Afrotropical region. Santschi (1935) [47] revises the Afrotropical species, and Bernard (1953) [48] offers a key for the subgenus Xyphopelta.

The following is a preliminary key that should be used with caution:

Keys to Species

Messor

Bolton (1982) [49] revises the Afrotropical species.

This key is dated but can be useful for identifying many Messor specimens collected in the Afrotropical region, covering all the species cited (excluding Arabian Peninsula), except Messor ferreri decribed by Collingwood in 1993, and Messor incisus and Messor ruginodis whose types are lost.

Antwiki key is based in this revision and covers all the Afrotropical species

Keys to Species

Metapone

Genus revised worlwide by Taylor & Alpert (2016)[50]. One species present in the Afrotropical region Metapone africana Taylor & Alpert 2016


Microdaceton

Genus revised in Bolton (2000)[51]. No new species has been described since then

Keys to Species

Monomorium

No new species has been decribed since Bolton (1987)[52], who revises the genus for the Afrotropics.

Antwiki key is based on that reference.

Keys to Species

Myrmicaria

Diverse genus, with round 50 species and subspecies described for this region.

No revision is available for the genus in the Afrotropical region


Mystrium

Only one species is found in the African continent: Mystrium silvestrii, and two more for the Comoros Islands


Nesomyrmex

Hita garcia et al (2016)[53] revises the genus, defining four species groups and revising one of them.

The South African species were revised by Mbanyana & Robertson(2008)[54]

Antwiki key mixes both references offering a complete key for all the Afrotropical species.

Keys to Species

Nylanderia

Lapolla, Hawks & Fischer (2011)[55] revision is valid, and no new species has been added since then.

Antwiki keys are updated and cover all the species for the region

Keys to Species

Ocymyrmex

Bolton & Marsh (1989)[56] revision is valid, and no new species has been added since then.

Antwiki keys are updated and cover all the species for the region

Keys to Species

Odontomachus

Brown 1976 [57] revises the genus. His key is modified to include the introduced species Odontomachus simillimus.

Antwiki key covers the three reported species for the Afrotropical Region


Keys to Species

Ochetellus

One introduced species present Ochetellus glaber


Oecophylla

One species present (Oecophylla longinoda) with seven subspecies. There's no recent revision available for the genus.


Ophthalmopone

No revision is available for this region


Paltothyreus

One species present (Paltothyreus tarsatus) with six subspecies described. There's no recent revision available for the genus.


Paraparatrechina

Lapolla & Fisher (2014) [58] revise the genus for the Afrotropical and Malagasy regions.

Antwiki key is based on that reference and covers all the species present.

Keys to Species

Parasyscia

All the Afrotropical species have been recently transferred from Cerapachys (Borowiec 2016)[59]

Brown (1975)[60] revises the Afrotropical species as part of Cerapachys.

Antwiki key includes the Afrotropical species except those belonging to the cribrinodis group

Keys to Species

Paratrechina

LaPolla & Fisher (2014)[61] revises the genus.

Antwiki key is based on that reference and covers all the species for the Afrotropical region.

Keys to Species

Parvaponera

One widespread species present (Parvaponera darwinii) with one subspecies (Parvaponera darwinii africana).


Petalomyrmex

Monospecific genus: Petalomyrmex phylax

Pheidole

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region. A list of Afrotropical Pheidole by species group following Fischer et al (2012)[62] can be found HERE

Fischer et al (2012)also offer a revision of the pulchella group, updated with a new species in Gomez et al (2022)

Keys to Species

Phrynoponera

The key to workers given below is based on the genus revision by Bolton & Fisher 2008 Bolton, B. and B. L. Fisher. 2008. The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler. Zootaxa. 1892:35-52

Keys to Species

Plagiolepis

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region


Platythyrea

Brown (1975)[63] revises the genus, covering all the species for the region but Platythyrea matopoensis known only from sexuals and Platythyrea viehmeyeri.

Keys to Species

Plectroctena

Bolton & Brown (2002)[64] revises the genus and Fisher (2006)[65] adds the species Plectroctena thaui

Antiwiki key covers all the species for the genus

Keys to Species

Polyrhachis

Rigato (2016)[66] revises the genus. Antwiki valid key is based on that reference.

The key appearing in the former revision by Bolton (1973)[67] is conserved as OUTDATED

Keys to Species

Ponera

The key present in Taylor (1967)[68] covers the three species reported for the Afrotropical Region

Keys to Species

Prionopelta

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region. This page contains the images for all the Afrotropical species


Pristomyrmex

Wang (2003)[69] revises the genus.

Antwiki key is based on that reference and covers all the Afrotropical species

Keys to Species

Probolomyrmex

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region. This page contains the images for all the Afrotropical species


Proceratium

Baroni Urbani & de Andrade (2003)[70] revise the genus. Hita Garcia et al (2014)[71] revises the genus in the Afrotropical region.

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Promyopias

Monospecific genus: Promyopias silvestrii

Psalidomyrmex

Bolton & Brown (2002)[72] revises the genus and the keys are valid as no new species has been added since then

Keys to Species

Ravavy

One undescribed species from South Africa

Santschiella

Monospecific genus: Santschiella kohli

Simopone

Bolton & Fisher (2012) [73] revises the genus, offering a key to all the species in the Afrotropical Region

Keys to Species

Solenopsis

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region


Stigmatomma

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region, but separation beteween the two species belonging to this genus after Yoshimura & Fisher (2012)[74] is offered in the Antwiki key

Keys to Species

Streblognathus

The genus was revised by Robertson (2002)[75]. No species have been described since then

Antwiki key is based on that reference

Keys to Species

Strumigenys

Bolton (2000)[76] revises the tribe in a worldwide basis.

There are two keys available for the afrotropical region, one for the species treated as Strumigenys in the revision, and other for the species treated as Pyramica and transferred to Strumigenys after the revision

Keys to Species

Syllophopsis

This genus was formerly part of Monomorium, and as such was revised for the Afrotropics by Bolton (1987)[77].

The hildebrandti group is revised for the Afrotropics by Sharaf& Aldawood (2013) [78]

Keys to Species

Tapinolepis

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region


Tapinoma

No revision is available for the Afrotropical region


Technomyrmex

Bolton (2007)[79] revises the genus and offers a key for the Afrotropical region


Keys to Species

Temnothorax

Prebus (2015)[80] revision is valid, and no new species has been added since then.

Antwiki keys are updated and cover all the species for the region

Keys to Species

Terataner

Bolton (1981)[81] revises the genus. No species have been described since then.

Antwiki keys are based on this reference, are valid and cover all the species for the Afrotropical Region.

Keys to Species

Tetramorium

Hyperdiverse genus which has now more than 250 described species, but future revisions will rise this number up to 500. The works by Bolton (1976)[82], (1980)[83] and (1985)[84] are still valid fo identifying the afrotropical species, but recent revisions are adding new species constantly.

A provisional list of the species groups and species complexes can be found here:

The key to species groups is based on Bolton 1980[85] adding the decem group following Hita & Fisher (2014)[86]. Due to the constant revisionary work, this key is being updated to reflect the list cited above, and must be handled with care.

The species groups are detailed here:

And the current state of each group in Antwiki is as follows:

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Tetraponera

This key is based on Ward (2022) [87]. This one includes former partial revisions as Ward (2006) [88] where he defined the species groups for the Afrotropical region and revised the ambigua group.

Keys to Subg./Sp. Groups

Keys to Species

Trichomyrmex

This genus was formerly part of Monomorium, and as such was revised for the Afrotropics by Bolton (1987)[89].


Keys to Species

Vicinopone

Monospecific genus: Vicinopone conciliatrix

Wasmannia

One species recorded for the Afrotropical Region: Wasmannia auropunctata

Xymmer

Monospecific genus: Xymmer muticus

Zasphinctus

Hita García et al (2017)[90] revise the genus adding three new species described from workers, besides the two Afrotropical species transferred from Sphinctomyrmex (Borowiec 2016)[91] and known only from males.


Keys to Species

References

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  1. ↑ LaPolla, J.S. 2004a. Acropyga of the world. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 33 (3): 1-130.
  2. ↑ LaPolla, J.S. & Fisher, B.L. 2005. A remarkable new species of Acropyga from Gabon, with a key to the Afrotropical species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (4) 56: 601-605.
  3. ↑ Prins, A. J. 1983. A new ant genus from southern Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 94: 1-11.
  4. ↑ Fisher, B. L.; Bolton, B. 2016. Ants of Africa and Madagascar, a guide to the genus. University of California Press. 503pp.
  5. ↑ Brown, W. L., Jr. 1978c. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section B. Genus Anochetus and bibliography. Stud. Entomol. 20: 549-638.
  6. ↑ Prins, A. J. 1982. Review of Anoplolepis with reference to male genitalia, and notes on Acropyga (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 89: 215-247.
  7. ↑ Hawkes, P.G. 2010. A new species of Asphinctopone from Tanzania. Zootaxa 2480: 27-36.
  8. ↑ BOLTON, B. & FISHER, B.L. 2008a. The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi. Zootaxa 1827: 53-61.
  9. ↑ Bolton, B. 1981b. A revision of six minor genera of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43: 245-307.
  10. ↑ Snelling, R. R. 1992a. Two unusual new myrmicine ants from Cameroon (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.) 99: 95-101.
  11. ↑ Snelling, R. R. 2007. A review of the arboreal Afrotropical ant genus Axinidris. Pages 551-579 in Snelling, R. R., B. L. Fisher and P. S. Ward. Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E.O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 80, PDF
  12. ↑ Fernández, F. 2003b. Revision of the myrmicinae ants of the Adelomyrmex genus-group. Zootaxa 361: 1-52. [19.xi.2003.]
  13. ↑ Hawkes, P. G. 2018 A new species of Boloponera from Sekhukhuneland, South Africa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)ZooKeys 798: 23–44. [[doi:10.3897/zookeys.798.28606]
  14. ↑ Bolton, B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 54: 263-452
  15. ↑ Joma, A.M.A. & Mackay, W.P. 2015. Revision of the African ants of the Bothroponera pumicosa species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Sociobiology 62: 538-563 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v62i4.845).
  16. ↑ Joma, A.M.A. & Mackay, W.P. 2015. Revision of the African ants of the Bothroponera sulcata species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 143: 7-71
  17. ↑ Joma, A.M.A., Mackay, W.P. 2020. Revision of the African ants of the Bothroponera talpa species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 146: 355-408. (doi:10.3157/061.146.0206)
  18. ↑ Wheeler, W. M. 1922b. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. II. The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 39-269.
  19. ↑ Bolton, B. 1981a. A revision of the ant genera Meranoplus F. Smith, Dicroaspis Emery and Calyptomyrmex Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 42: 43-81
  20. ↑ Robertson, H. G.; Zachariades, C. 1997. Revision of the Camponotus fulvopilosus (De Geer) species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Afr. Entomol. 5: 1-18.
  21. ↑ Rigato, F. 2002. Three new Afrotropical Cardiocondyla Emery, with a revised key to the workers (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 134: 167-173.
  22. ↑ * Seifert, B. 2003a. The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - a taxonomic revision of the C. elegans, C. bulgarica, C. batesii, C. nuda, C. shuckardi, C. stambuloffii, C. wroughtonii, C. emeryi, and C. minutior species groups. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. B. Bot. Zool. 104(B): 203-338.
  23. ↑ Fischer, G.; Azorsa, F.; Fisher, B. L. 2014. The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara, establishment and revision of the C. polita species group. ZooKeys 438:57-112.
  24. ↑ Fischer, G.; zorsa, F.; Hita Garcia, F.; Mikheyev, A.; Economo, E. 2015. Two new phragmotic ant species from Africa: morphology and next-generation sequencing solve a caste association problem in the genus Carebara Westwood. ZooKeys 525:77–105.
  25. ↑ Weber, N. A. 1952a. Studies on African Myrmicinae, I (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 1548: 1-32.
  26. ↑ Santschi, F. 1913e. Clé dichotomique des Oligomyrmex africains (Hym. Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1913: 459-460.
  27. ↑ Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139pp.
  28. ↑ Santschi, F. 1913e. Clé dichotomique des Oligomyrmex africains (Hym. Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1913: 459-460.
  29. ↑ Weber, N. A. 1950a. The African species of the genus Oligomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 1442: 1-19.
  30. ↑ Bolton, B.; Belshaw, R. 1993. Taxonomy and biology of the supposedly lestobiotic ant genus Paedalgus (Hym.: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology. 18: 181-189.
  31. ↑ Bolton, B. 1982. Afrotropical species of the myrmecine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus, Messor and Cataulacus (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 46: 307-370.
  32. ↑ Bolton, B. and B. L. Fisher. 2008. Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1929: 1-37
  33. ↑ Bolton, B. 1981b. A revision of six minor genera of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43: 245-307.
  34. ↑ Bolton, B. 1981a. A revision of the ant genera Meranoplus F. Smith, Dicroaspis Emery and Calyptomyrmex Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 42: 43-81
  35. ↑ [[ Hita-Garcia, F., Lieberman, Z., Audisio, T.L., Liu, C., Economo, E.P. 2019. Revision of the highly specialized ant genus Discothyrea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropics with x-ray microtomography and 3D cybertaxonomy. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3(6): 5; 1–84 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixz015]]
  36. ↑ Arnold, G. 1951. The genus Hagensia Forel (Formicidae). J. Entomol. Soc. South. Afr. 14: 53-56
  37. ↑ Bolton, B. & Fisher, B.L. 2011. Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi. Zootaxa 2843: 1-118
  38. ↑ Baroni Urbani, C. 1977c. Materiali per una revisione della sottofamiglia Leptanillinae Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomol. Basil. 2: 427-488
  39. ↑ Bolton, B. 1975a. A revision of the ant genus Leptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian region with a review of the Malagasy species. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 31: 235-305.
  40. ↑ Borowiec, M.L. 2016. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 608: 1-280 (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.608.9427)
  41. ↑ Brown, W. L., Jr. 1975. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agric. (Ithaca N. Y.) 5(1 1: 1-115]
  42. ↑ *Bolton, B.; Brown, W. L., Jr.. 2002. Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Entomol. Ser. 71: 1-18.
  43. ↑ * Fisher, B.L. 2006. Boloponera vicans gen. n. and sp. n. and two new species of the Plectroctena genus group. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 111-118.
  44. ↑ Santschi, F. 1930b. Résultats de la Mission scientifique suisse en Angola, 1928-1929. Formicides de l'Angola. Rev. Suisse Zool. 37: 53-81.
  45. ↑ Bolton, B. 1982. Afrotropical species of the myrmecine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus, Messor and Cataulacus (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 46: 307-370.
  46. ↑ Bolton, B. 1981a. A revision of the ant genera Meranoplus F. Smith, Dicroaspis Emery and Calyptomyrmex Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 42: 43-81
  47. ↑ Santschi, F. 1935a. Fourmis du Musée du Congo Belge. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27: 254-285 PDF
  48. ↑ Bernard, F. 1953b [1952]. La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hyménoptères Formicidae. Mém. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire 19: 165-270.
  49. ↑ Bolton, B. 1982. Afrotropical species of the myrmecine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus, Messor and Cataulacus (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 46: 307-370.
  50. ↑ *Taylor, R. W.; Alpert, G. D. 2016. The myrmicine ant genus Metapone Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a global taxonomic review with descriptions of twelve new species. Zootaxa 4105(6):501-545. [2016-04-27]
  51. ↑ Bolton, B. 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 65:1-1028
  52. ↑ Bolton, B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 54: 263-452
  53. ↑ *Hita Garcia F., Mbanyana N., Audisio T.L. & Alpert G.D. 2017. Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique. European Journal of Taxonomy 258: 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.258
  54. ↑ Mbanyana, N. and Robertson, H.G. 2008. Review of the ant genus Nesomyrmex in southern Africa. African Natural History 4: 35-55
  55. ↑ LaPolla, J.S., Hawkes, P.G. & Fisher, B.L. (2011) Monograph of Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World, Part I: Nylanderia in the Afrotropics. Zootaxa 3110: 10–36.
  56. ↑ Bolton, B.; Marsh, A. C. 1989. The Afrotropical thermophilic ant genus Ocymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 2 23: 1267-1308.
  57. ↑ Brown, W. L., Jr. 1976c. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. Part VI. Ponerinae, tribe Ponerini, subtribe Odontomachiti. Section A. Introduction, subtribal characters. Genus Odontomachus. Studia Entomologica 19:67-171.
  58. ↑ LaPolla, J.S. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. Two new Paraparatrechina (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) species from the Seychelles, with notes on the hypogaeic weissi species-group. ZooKeys 414, 139–155 (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.414.7542)
  59. ↑ Borowiec, M.L. 2016. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 608: 1-280 (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.608.9427)
  60. ↑ Brown, W. L., Jr. 1975. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agric. (Ithaca N. Y.) 5(1 1: 1-115]
  61. ↑ *LaPolla, J.S. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. Then there were five: a reexamination of the ant genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 422, 35–48 (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.422.7779)
  62. ↑ Fischer, G., Hita Garcia, F. & Peters, M.K. 2012. Taxonomy of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region: definition of species groups and systematic revision of the Pheidole pulchella group. Zootaxa 3232: 1-43.
  63. ↑ Brown, W. L., Jr. 1975. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agric. (Ithaca N. Y.) 5(1 1: 1-115]
  64. ↑ *Bolton, B.; Brown, W. L., Jr.. 2002. Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Entomol. Ser. 71: 1-18.
  65. ↑ * Fisher, B.L. 2006. Boloponera vicans gen. n. and sp. n. and two new species of the Plectroctena genus group. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 111-118.
  66. ↑ Rigato, F. 2016. The ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith in sub-Saharan Africa, with descriptions of ten new species. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 4088: 1–50.
  67. ↑ Bolton, B. 1973b. The ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith in the Ethiopian region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 28: 283-369.
  68. ↑ Taylor, R. W. 1967a. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pac. Insects Monogr. 13: 1-112.
  69. ↑ Wang, M. 2003. A Monographic Revision of the Ant Genus Pristomyrmex (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 157(6): 383-542.
  70. ↑ Baroni Urbani, C., de Andrade, M.L. (2003) The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Monografie, 36, 1–492.
  71. ↑ Hita Garcia, F.; Hawkes, P. G.; Alpert, G. D. 2014. Taxonomy of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region with a revision of the P. arnoldi clade and description of four new species. ZooKeys 447:47–86.
  72. ↑ *Bolton, B.; Brown, W. L., Jr.. 2002. Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Entomol. Ser. 71: 1-18.
  73. ↑ *Bolton, B. & Fisher, B.L. 2012. Taxonomy of the cerapachyine ant genera Simopone Forel, Vicinopone gen. n. and Tanipone gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa. 3283:1–101.
  74. ↑ Yoshimura, M., Fisher, B.L. 2012. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae, with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer. PloS ONE 7(3): e33325 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033325).
  75. ↑ Robertson, H. G. 2002b. Revision of the ant genus Streblognathus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa 97: 1-16.
  76. ↑ Bolton, B. 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 65:1-1028
  77. ↑ Bolton, B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 54: 263-452
  78. ↑ [10.4289/0013-8797.115.1.75|Sharaf, M.R. & Aldawood, A.S. 2013. First occurrence of the Monomorium hildebrandti-Group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in the Arabian Peninsula, with Description of a new species M. kondratieffi n. sp. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 115(1):75-84]
  79. ↑ Bolton, B. 2007B. Taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus Technomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker caste. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 35(1):1-150
  80. ↑ Prebus, M. 2015. Palearctic elements in the old world tropics: a taxonomic revision of the ant genus Temnothorax Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) for the Afrotropical biogeographical region. ZooKeys, 483, 23–57 (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.483.9111).
  81. ↑ Bolton, B. 1981b. A revision of six minor genera of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 43: 245-307.
  82. ↑ Bolton, B. 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology. 34: 281-379.
  83. ↑ Bolton, B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 40: 193-384.
  84. ↑ Bolton, B. 1985. The ant genus Triglyphothrix Forel a synonym of Tetramorium Mayr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History. 19: 243-248.
  85. ↑ Bolton, B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 40: 193-384.
  86. ↑ Hita Garcia, F.; Fisher, B. L. 2014a. The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae): synonymisation of Decamorium Forel under Tetramorium, and taxonomic revision of the T. decem species group. ZooKeys 411:67-103. [2014-05-28]
  87. ↑ Ward, P. S. 2022. The ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region: taxonomic review and key to species. Zootaxa 5102 (1): 001–070. DOI: 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.5102.1.1
  88. ↑ Ward, P. S. 2006. The ant genus Tetraponera in the Afrotropical region: synopsis of species groups and revision of the T. ambigua-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8:119-130.
  89. ↑ Bolton, B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 54: 263-452
  90. ↑ Hita Garcia, F., Fischer, G., Liu, C., Audisio, T. L., Economo, E. P. 2017. Next-generation morphological character discovery and evaluation: an X-ray micro-CT enhanced revision of the ant genus Zasphinctus Wheeler (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae) in the Afrotropics. ZooKeys 693, 33–93 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.693.13012).
  91. ↑ Borowiec, M.L. 2016. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 608: 1-280 (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.608.9427)]
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