.jpg){kind=logo}
Petalomyrmex phylax
| Petalomyrmex phylax | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Formicinae |
| Tribe: | Plagiolepidini |
| Genus: | Petalomyrmex |
| Species: | P. phylax |
| Binomial name | |
| Petalomyrmex phylax Snelling, R.R., 1979
| |
An obligate ant-plant mutualist that is associated with the coastal-rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa africana africana.
| At a Glance | • Facultatively polygynous |
Identification
Snelling (1979) - WORKER: Monomorphic: head cordate; antenna nine-segmented, without distinct apical club; ocelli near top of head. FEMALE: Antenna ten-segmented; head cordate, as broad as to broader than long; frontal carinae separated by more than their length; openings of propodeal spiracle and metapleural gland circular, latter with a few long guard hairs. MALE: Antenna ten-segmented; eye large, occupying most of side of head; ocelli normal; frontal carinae obsolete; pygostyles absent; mandible six-toothed.
This monomorphic genus is closely allied to Aphomomyrmex. The strongly cordate head of the worker will separate Petalomyrmex from Aphomomyrmex and related genera. Petalomrymex workers and females differ from those of Aphomomyrmex by the reduced palpal segmentation and the worker caste is monomorphic rather than polymorphic. The strong dorso-ventral flattening of the mesosoma of the Petalomyrmex female and male is unusual and distinctive; it is reminiscent of the bizarre females of the Neotropical subgenus Myrmostenus of Camponotus and of certain species of Myrmelachista.
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 7.167188° to 2.566666667°.
| North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Cameroun (type locality).
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
| Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
|
Estimated Abundance
| Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
|
Biology
This ant has been the subject of numerous studies (Guame 1997, Guame et al. 1997, Guame and Mckey 1999) examining relationship between Petalomyrmex phylax, its mutualist host plant Leonardoxa africana africana and a second ant species, Cataulacus mckeyi, that also uses domatia of the host plant for its nests. See the Leonardoxa africana webpage for details about plant characteristics that are important to the ants it hosts.
Petalomyrmex phylax is able to reduce herbivory on its host plants, which in turn provides nectar and swollen, hollow internodes for ant nesting. Workers are active on the plants 24 hours a day, being particularly attentive to the plant's vulnerable young leaves. The ants are most active on the nectar-producing older leaves during the early afternoon when these leaves are producing nectar. The percentage of plants occupied by this ant species can be as high as %75. Leonardoxa africana africana produces a prostoma (a small unlignified portion of the tip of the domatia where ants create an entrance hole) with dimensions that are large enough to allow for the entry of queens of its mutualist ant partner but prevents other, larger ant species from exploiting the domatia.
Some populations of this species contain only single-queened colonies while others have colonies where supernumerary queens are accepted (as per Dalecky et al. 2002, citing Guame 1997).
Genetics
Genetic polymorphism in two populations of this species were studied by Dalecky et al. 2002. They showed there was high within-population variation in many of the microsatellite loci examined.
Life History Traits
- Queen number: monogynous; secondarily polygynous (Dalecky et al. 2002, citing Guame 1997)
- Queen type: winged
- Male type: winged
- Colony type: polydomous (mature nests occur in domatia of the colony's host tree)
- Nest site: arboreal cavity (domatia of the host tree, Leonardoxa africana)
- Diet class: omnivore
- Foraging stratum: arboreal
- Activity time: continuous (constant patrolling of their host tree)
- Diet: generalist predator; sugar feeder
Castes
Worker
Images from AntWeb
   
| |
| Worker. Specimen code casent0101211. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland. |
   
| |
| Paratype of Petalomyrmex phylax. Worker. Specimen code casent0104918. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA. |
   
| |
| Paratype of Petalomyrmex phylax. Worker. Specimen code casent0178507. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
   
| |
| Paratype of Petalomyrmex phylax. Worker. Specimen code casent0178509. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
   
| |
| Worker. Specimen code casent0178510. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
   
| |
| Worker. Specimen code casent0178512. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
Queen
Images from AntWeb
   
| |
| Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0178513. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
    
| |
| Paratype of Petalomyrmex phylax. Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0178508. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
Male
Images from AntWeb
     
| |
| Male (alate). Specimen code casent0178511. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- phylax. Petalomyrmex phylax Snelling, R.R. 1979b: 5, figs. 1-7, (w.q.m.) CAMEROUN. Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1980: 544 (l.). See also: McKey, 1984: 81.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Holotype. HL 0.55 mm; HW 0.56 mm; CI 1 02; SL 0.38 mm; SI 68; EL 0.13 mm; OI 23; PW 0.36 mm; WL 0. 68 mm; TL 2.36 mm.
Head broadest near upper margin of eyes, strongly cordate in frontal view, width at mandibular base 0.61 x HW. Eye flattened, in frontal view not interrupting lateral head margin; OMD 1 4 x EL. Scape stout, not attaining occipital corner; flagellum gradually swollen, flagellomeres 2-5 broader than long, 6-7 about as long as broad, 8 almost twice longer than broad.
Mesosoma robust, PW 0.53 x WL. Pronotum, from above, about 1.75 wider than long; posterior margin concave. Mesonotum not fused to pronotum, a little wider than long; weakly convex in profile, sloping from pronotal margin to metanotum; mesometanotal suture impressed dorsally, absent on pleura. Metanotum, from above, short, broader posteriorly, sides slightly raised; metanotal-propodeal suture impressed dorsally and on upper third of side; metanotal spiracle absent. Propodeum, from above, broadened posteriorly; spiracular atrium fully visible, large; in profile, basal face convex and rounded into oblique, much longer posterior face, spiracle a little below juncture of faces.
Scale of petiole thick in profile, margins nearly parallel below level of spiracle, sharply convergent above to acute apex; spiracle at about midpoint; in posterior view, margins parallel below spiracle, convergent above, crest narrow and broadly emarginate; from above, about twice wider than long.
Gaster rather broad, a little longer than mesosoma in dorsal view.
Integument smooth and shiny, without conspicuous coarse punctures except on clypeus and mandible.
Body and appendages with abundant erect hairs of very varied length, longest hairs on occiput and mesosomal dorsum exceeding EL. No obvious appressed pubescence.
Reddish yellow, occiput and gaster brownish; mandibular teeth dark reddish.
Paratypes: HL 0.47-0.55 mm; HW 0.49-0.59 mm; CI 100-109; SL 0.33-0.38 mm; SI 64-72; EL 0. 12-0. 14 mm; OI 23-28; PW 0.31-0.37 mm; WL 0.59-0.71 mm; TL 1.78-2.46 mm (54 measured).
Queen
Paratypes. HL 0.90-1.08 mm; HW 0.90-1.08 mm; CI 99-107; SL 0.31-0.37 mm; SI 56-60; EL 0.58-0.62 mm; OI 32-36; PW 1.03-1.23 mm; WL 1.81-2.10 mm; Wing length 4.6-6.0 mm (10 measured).
Head shape similar to that of worker, but eyes more bulging and interrupting side margin of head in frontal view; occipital margin, in frontal view, broadly concave; ocelli slightly below occipital margin, interocellar distance about twice diameter of anterior ocellus, ocellocular distance almost four times diameter of anterior ocellus. Head, in profile, strongly flattened, about 2.7 x longer than thick. OMD 0.55-0. 68 times EL.
Mesosoma greatly flattened, angled about 45° at anterior margin of scutellum; thickness at metanotum about 0.36 x length from anterior margin of tegula to apex of metasternal lobe. Propodeal spiracle on posterior face, atrium large, circular.
Scale of petiole, in profile, low, thick, spiracle near summit; crest broadly, shallowly concave in posterior view; from above, about twice wider than long.
Gaster about as long as combined head and mesosoma, elongate-ovoid, three basal terga almost parallel-sided in dorsal view.
Pilosity about as described for worker, but hairs more abundant on cephalic dorsum and with conspicuous long hairs on gena (short, sparse hairs on gena of worker).
Color as in worker. Wings medium brown, veins and stigma dark brown.
Male
Allotype. HL 0.62 mm; HW 0.65 mm; CI 106; SL 0.44 mm; SI 66; EL 0.32 mm; OI 52; PW 0.85 mm; WL 1.45 mm; Wing length 4.2 mm.
Head somewhat flattened, eye large and strongly bulging in frontal view, OMD 0.2 x EL. Head margins strongly convergent above eye level, abruptly rounded onto nearly flat occiput. Interocellar distance and ocellocular distance about twice diameter of anterior ocellus.
Mesosoma flattened and angled about as in female, thickness at metanotum about 0.47 x length from anterior margin of tegula to apex of metasternal lobe.
Integument smooth and shiny, without conspicuous punctures.
Pilosity about as in female and worker, but cephalic hairs relatively a little shorter.
Color yellowish; occipital area and margins of gastric terga brownish. Wing light brownish, stigma medium brown, veins yellowish brown.
Paratypes. HL 0.59 mm; HW 0.62 mm; CI 104; SL 0.45 mm; SI 73; EL 0.32 mm; OI 54; PW 0.83-0.85 mm; SL 1.29-1.39 mm; Wing length 4. 2 mm (2 measured).
Type Material
Holotype worker, allotype male, 394 worker, 19 female, 4 male paratypes: CAMEROON: near Lac Tissongo, Douala-Edea Reserve (lat. 3°29'N, long. 9°50'E), about 5 km S of Sanaga River, about 15 km E of Mouanko, 15 July 1976 (D. McKey). Holotype, allotype and most paratypes in Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History; paratypes also in The Natural History Museum, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève, Museum of Comparative Zoology and collections of D. McKey and G.C. & J. Wheeler.
Etymology
Phylax (Gr., guardian), appropriate to this ant which protects leaves of the host plant, Leonardoxa africana
References
- Brouat, C., N. Garcia, C. Andary, and D. McKey. 2001. Plant lock and ant key: pairwise coevolution of an exclusion filter in an ant-plant mutualism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences. 268:2131-2141.
- Bulter, I. 2020. Hybridization in ants. Ph.D. thesis, Rockefeller University.
- Cantone S. 2017. Winged Ants, The Male, Dichotomous key to genera of winged male ants in the World, Behavioral ecology of mating flight (self-published).
- Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
- Dalecky, A., G. Debout, G. Mondor, J. Y. Rasplus, and A. Estoup. 2002. PCR primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci in the facultatively polygynous plant-ant Petalomyrmex phylax (Formicidae). Molecular Ecology Notes. 2(4):404-407. doi:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00254.x
- Del Toro, I., Robbons, R.R., Pelini, S.L. 2012. The little things that run the world revisited: a review of ant-mediated ecosystem services and disservices (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 17: 133-146.
- Gaume, L. 1997. Mutualisme, parasitisme, et évolution des symbioses plantes-forumis: le cas de Leonardoxa (Légumineuse) et de ses fourmis associées. PhD thesis, Ecole Nationale Superiéure d'Agronomie de Montpellier.
- Gaume, L. and D. McKey. 1999. An ant-plant mutualism and its host-specific parasite: activity rhythms, young leaf patrolling, and effects on herbivores of two specialist plant-ant inhabing the same mymecophyte. Oikos. 84:130-144. doi:10.2307/3546873
- Gaume, L., D. McKey, and M. C. Anstett. 1997. Benefits conferred by "timid" ants: active anti-herbivore protection of the rainforest tree Leonaradoxa africana by the minute ant Petalomyrmex phylax. Oecologia. 112(2):209-216. doi:10.1007/s004420050302
- McKey, D. 1984. Interaction of the ant-plant Leonardoxa africana (Caesalpiniaceae) with its obligate inhabitants in a rainforest in Cameroun. Biotropica 16:81-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2387840
- Meunier, L.; Dalecky, A.; Berticat, C.; Gaume, L.; McKey, D. 1999. Worker size variation and the evolution of an ant-plant mutualism: comparative morphometrics of workers of two closely related plant-ants, Petalomyrmex phylax and Aphomomyrmex afer (Formicinae). Insectes Soc. 46: 171-178 (page 171, morphology)
- Snelling, R. R. 1979b. Aphomomyrmex and a related new genus of arboreal African ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Contr. Sci. (Los Angel.) 316: 1-8 (page 5, figs. 1-7 worker, queen, male described)
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1980. Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae, Myrmicinae and Formicinae. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106: 527-545 (page 544, larva described)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection