Solenopsis fugax

Solenopsis fugax
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Solenopsidini
Genus:	Solenopsis
Species:	S. fugax
Binomial name
Solenopsis fugax (Latreille, 1798) Specimen labels
Subspecies
Solenopsis fugax emesa Tohmé, H. & Tohmé, G., 1980 Solenopsis fugax karaki Tohmé, H. & Tohmé, G., 1980 Solenopsis fugax tisiphone Santschi, 1934
Synonyms
Diplorhoptrum avium Bernard, 1978 Diplorhoptrum delta Bernard, 1978 Diplorhoptrum insulare Bernard, 1978 Diplorhoptrum pilosum Bernard, 1978 Myrmica flavidula Nylander, 1849 Solenopsis balachowskyi Bernard, 1959 Solenopsis duboscqui Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis emeryi banyulensis Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis fugax furtiva Santschi, 1934 Solenopsis fugax kasalinensis Emery, 1909 Solenopsis fugax orientalis Ruzsky, 1905 Solenopsis fugax pontica Santschi, 1934 Solenopsis fugax scythica Santschi, 1934 Solenopsis laevithorax Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis monticola Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis nicaeensis Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis orbula latroides Ruzsky, 1905 Solenopsis provincialis Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis pygmaea Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis richardi Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis robusta Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis rugosa Bernard, 1950 Solenopsis tertialis Ettershank, 1966

The taxonomy of this and related taxa needs to be fully revised (Rigato & Toni, 2011). Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran in a Caspian moist littoral area.

The status of most European species of the genus Solenopsis requires extensive revision. Galkowski et al. (2010) redescribed Solenopsis fugax and suggested that four distinct species groups occur in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Samples examined by Borowiec et al. (2022) from Lemnos and Samothraki, characterized by short and sparse hairs on the mesosoma and small gynes, belong to the Solenopsis lusitanica group as proposed by Galkowski et al. (2010).

Photo Gallery

• 

  The thief ant Solenopsis fugax stealing Tapinoma brood. Thief ants rob brood from many different ants, and are able to deter them with nasty alkaloid poison, in this case 2-butyl-5-heptylpyrrolidine. Photo by Phil Honle.

Identification

Yellow to brownish yellow; sides of head slightly curved. Body and appendages with numerous hairs, head and alitrunk distinctly punctulate but shining. Projecting clypeal teeth short but distinct. Length 1.5-3 mm (Collingwood 1979).

Distribution

Species widespread in Europe; it has been reported also from NW Africa, Anatolia and Central Asia (Rigato & Toni, 2011).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 57.656056° to 32.249974°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, China, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France (type locality), Georgia (type locality), Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan (type locality), Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (type locality), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Biology

Collingwood (1979) - This species lives in populous colonies often deep in the ground or under large stones and is seldom seen above ground. It is often associated with larger Formica and Lasius species predating on their brood, but nests also occur in isolation. It is mainly predatory and carnivorous but has also been recorded attending root aphids. This ant is aggressive and despite its small size will attack other ants and sting fiercely. Queens and males are very large relative to the workers and are found in August and September with flights occurring on warm days in September.

Flight Period

							X	X
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

• Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.

 Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Association with Other Organisms

 Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• This species is a associate (details unknown) for the diapriid wasp Solenopsia imitatrix (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
• This species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a pathogen) in Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Poland, France, Croatia (Krk), Switzerland (Holldobler, 1929; Holldobler, 1933; Buschinger & Winter, 1983; Buschinger et al., 2004; Csosz et al., 2012; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012).
• This species is a host for the nematode Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") (a parasite) in Germany (Gosswald, 1930; Laciny, 2021).
• This species is a host for the nematode Mermix (a parasite) in Germany (Gosswald, 1929; Laciny, 2021).

Castes

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173182. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• fugax. Formica fugax Latreille, 1798: 46 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: neotype queen (by designation of Galkowski, et al. 2010: 153).
  • Type-locality: neotype France: 45.0517°N, 1.5372°E, Nespoules-Faugère, 330 m., 25.viii.2008-1 (C. Galkowski).
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 153, also nominate 20 workers, 4 queens, 5 males as “paraneotypes”, a category without status in nomenclature.]
  • Type-depository: MNHN (neotype).
  • Hauschteck, 1961: 221 (k.); Santschi, 1910e: 649 (gynandromorph).
  • Combination in Myrmica: Latreille, 1809: 131; Leach, 1815: 147; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 184;
  • combination in Diplorhoptrum: Mayr, 1855: 450; Mayr, 1861: 73 (in key); Baroni Urbani, 1968a: 63; Kutter, 1977c: 102; Bernard, 1978a: 574; Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 539; Collingwood, 1979: 64; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 168;
  • combination in Solenopsis: Mayr, 1862: 751; Mayr, 1863: 453; Roger, 1863b: 32; Emery, 1909a: 30; Emery, 1922e: 201; Bernard, 1967: 182; Bolton, 1987: 285; Bolton, 1995b: 387.
  • Status as species: Latreille, 1802c: 265; Walckenaer, 1802: 167; Latreille, 1809: 131; Leach, 1815: 147; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 184; Schilling, 1839: 56; Schenck, 1852: 107; Mayr, 1855: 450 (redescription); Smith, F. 1855b: 127; Nylander, 1856b: 99; Gredler, 1858: 28; Smith, F. 1858a: 283; Smith, F. 1858b: 122; Mayr, 1861: 73 (in key). Mayr, 1862: 751; Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 453; Emery, 1869b: 22; Mayr, 1870b: 996 (in key); Smith, F. 1871b: 4; Dours, 1873: 170; Forel, 1874: 69 (in key); André, 1874: 200 (in key); Mayr, 1877: 19; Emery, 1878b: 58; Emery & Forel, 1879: 464; Saunders, E. 1880: 221; Mayr, 1880: 39; André, 1881b: 76; André, 1883b: 388 (in key); White, W.F. 1884: 267; Forel, 1886e: clxviii; Cresson, 1887: 262; Forel, 1889: 257; Nasonov, 1889: 39; Saunders, E. 1890: 205; Emery, 1891b: 13; Lameere, 1892: 68; Dalla Torre, 1893: 75; Medina, 1893: 105; Forel, 1894d: 21; Wasmann, 1894: 162; Ruzsky, 1896: 73; Saunders, E. 1896: 41; Ruzsky, 1902d: 31; Ruzsky, 1903b: 308; Forel, 1904b: 372; Ruzsky, 1905b: 507; Forel, 1906c: 190; Wasmann, 1906: 117 (in key); Emery, 1909a: 30; Bondroit, 1910: 498; Karavaiev, 1910b: 49; Santschi, 1910e: 649; Yano, 1910: 419; Forel, 1911d: 339; Forel, 1911e: 268; Ito, T. 1914: 41; Stitz, 1914: 74; Emery, 1914d: 157; Forel, 1915d: 37 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915d: 102; Emery, 1916b: 165; Escherich, 1917: 325; Bondroit, 1918: 144; Menozzi, 1921: 27; Emery, 1922e: 201; Menozzi, 1922b: 327; Soudek, 1922: 25; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1923: 253; Müller, 1923b: 77; Finzi, 1923: 4; Finzi, 1924a: 13; Emery, 1924c: 165; Santschi, 1925g: 348; Schkaff, 1925: 275; Soudek, 1925b: 16; Donisthorpe, 1926a: 8; Karavaiev, 1926c: 163; Menozzi, 1926b: 182; Betrem, 1926: 218; Stärcke, 1926: 84 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1927b: 110; Karavaiev, 1927a: 290; Karavaiev, 1927c: 263 (in key); Karavaiev, 1927d: 335; Kutter, 1927: 99; Lomnicki, 1928: 6; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b: 43; Wheeler, W.M. 1929f: 7; Finzi, 1930d: 314; Karavaiev, 1930b: 145; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Cori & Finzi, 1931: 238; Soudek, 1931: 7; Gösswald, 1932: 68; Arnol'di, 1933b: 597 (in key); Finzi, 1933: 164; Menozzi, 1933b: 67; Santschi, 1934e: 582; Karavaiev, 1934: 122 (redescription); Grandi, 1935: 100; Zimmermann, 1935: 27; Santschi, 1936c: 202; Santschi, 1939c: 6; Teranishi, 1940: 12; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 83 (in key); Röszler, 1942a: 52; van Boven, 1947: 172 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1061; Bernard, 1950a: 14; Röszler, 1951: 90; Azuma, 1951: 87; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 167; Consani & Zangheri, 1952: 41; Ceballos, 1956: 305; Collingwood, 1961a: 64; Baroni Urbani, 1964b: 52; Ettershank, 1966: 140; Bernard, 1967: 182 (redescription); Pisarski, 1967: 400; Baroni Urbani, 1968a: 63; Kutter, 1968a: 59; Baroni Urbani, 1969a: 332; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 67; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 85; Collingwood, 1971: 159; Banert & Pisarski, 1972: 349; Baroni Urbani, 1974: 233; Bolton & Collingwood, 1975: 3 (in key); Pisarski, 1975: 17; Tarbinsky, 1976: 80; Aktaç, 1977: 122; Kutter, 1977c: 102; van Boven, 1977: 85; Bernard, 1978a: 574 (in key); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 539 (in key); Collingwood, 1978: 82 (in key); Collingwood, 1979: 64; Onoyama, 1980: 198; Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Bolton, 1987: 285; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 55; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 273 (in key); Kugler, J. 1988: 258; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 241; Le Moli & Rosi, 1991: 31; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 168; Arakelian, 1994: 49; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Douwes, 1995: 88; Poldi, et al. 1995: 4; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 18 (in key); Gallé, et al. 1998: 215; Czechowski, et al. 2002: 60; Markó & Csösz, 2002: 115; Karaman, M.G. & Karaman, 2003: 42; Karaman, G.S. & Karaman, 2005: 56; Bračko, 2006: 140; Markó, Sipos, et al. 2006: 70; Petrov, 2006: 95 (in key); Schultz, R. et al. 2006: 203; Bračko, 2007: 18; Seifert, 2007: 216; Radchenko, 2007: 33; Werner & Wiezik, 2007: 140; Zryanin & Zryanina, 2007: 232; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 141; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492-493; Vonshak, et al. 2009: 44; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 19; Boer, 2010: 63; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 153 (redescription); Csösz, et al. 2011: 57; Karaman, M.G. 2011b: 52; Legakis, 2011: 15; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 534; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 166; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 53; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 24; Borowiec, L. 2014: 154 (see note in bibliography); Bračko, et al. 2014: 15; Tohmé, G. & Tohmé, 2014: 136; Lebas, et al. 2016: 334; Radchenko, 2016: 180; Steiner, et al. 2017: 16; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 48; Seifert, 2018: 182; Werner, et al. 2018: 7; Bračko, 2019: 172.
  • Senior synonym of avium: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of balachowskyi: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 161; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of banyulensis: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of delta: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of duboscqui: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of flavidula: Mayr, 1855: 450; Smith, F. 1855b: 127; Nylander, 1856b: 99; Smith, F. 1858a: 282; Smith, F. 1858b: 122; Mayr, 1863: 453; Roger, 1863b: 32; Smith, F. 1871b: 4; Dours, 1873: 170; André, 1874: 204 (in list); Forel, 1874: 100 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 464; Dalla Torre, 1893: 75; Ruzsky, 1905b: 507; Forel, 1915d: 37 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915d: 102; Emery, 1922e: 202; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 110; Karavaiev, 1934: 122; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Radchenko, 2007: 33; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of furtiva: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of insulare: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of kasalinensis: Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 242; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of laevithorax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of latroides: Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 141; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of monticola: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of nicaeensis: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of orientalis: Karavaiev, 1910b: 49; Emery, 1922e: 202; Karavaiev, 1934: 122; Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 242; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Schultz, R. et al. 2006: 203; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 141; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of pilosum: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of pontica: Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of provincialis: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 162; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of pygmaea: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of richardi: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 162; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of robusta: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of rugosa: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of scythica: Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Senior synonym of tertialis: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
  • Distribution: Albania, Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia, Britain, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France (+ Corsica), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy (+ Sardinia, Sicily), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (+ Balearics), Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine.
  • [Note: distribution based on Borowiec, L. 2014: 154.]
  • Current subspecies: nominal plus cypridis, emesa, furtiva, karaki, tisiphone.
• avium. Diplorhoptrum avium Bernard, 1978a: 568, fig. 15 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 33 syntype workers, 6 syntype queens, 4 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157, record 37 workers, 6 queens, 6 males.]
  • Type-locality: France: Réserve de Camargue, 9.ix.1974 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Combination in Solenopsis: Bolton, 1995b: 386.
  • Status as species: Bolton, 1995b: 386; Borowiec, L. 2014: 152 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• balachowskyi. Solenopsis balachowskyi Bernard, 1959: 346, fig. 3 (w.q.m.) FRANCE (Hyères Is: Port-Cros I.).
  • Type-material: 26 syntype workers, 3 syntype queens, 1 syntype male.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157, record 10 workers, 3 queens, 1 male, all dated 8.viii.1949.]
  • Type-locality: 10 workers, 3 queens, 1 male France: Var, Hyères Is, Port-Cros I., nr fort de la Vigie, st. 7, 150 m., 8.viii.1949 (F. Bernard), 16 workers Port-Cros I., “various stations on the island (2, 3, 5)” (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 139; Bernard, 1967: 182 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 560; Bolton, 1995b: 386; Borowiec, L. 2014: 152 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 161; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• banyulensis. Solenopsis emeryi subsp. banyulensis Bernard, 1950a: 10 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 24+ syntype workers, 4 syntype queens, 5 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157, record 5 workers, 2 queens, 1 male, all dated viii.1941.]
  • Type-locality: 14 workers, 4 queens, 1 male France: Pyrénées Orientales, Banyuls, slope between col de Cerris and coast road, 70 m., 27.viii.1941 (F. Bernard), 10 workers, 4 males Banyuls, slope below route de Cerbère, S Cap Rederis, 40 m., 27.viii.1941 (F. Bernard), “numerous workers” Banyuls, summit nr Madeloc Tower, 500 m., v.1941 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Ettershank, 1966: 140 (error).
  • Status as species: Bernard, 1959: 349; Bernard, 1967: 177 (redescription); Kutter, 1968a: 59; Bernard, 1978a: 556; Bolton, 1995b: 386; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Karaman, M.G. 2011b: 51 (error); Borowiec, L. 2014: 152 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• delta. Diplorhoptrum delta Bernard, 1978a: 565, figs. 4C, 8, 13 (w.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 220 syntype workers, 34 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157, record 44 workers, 4 males.]
  • Type-locality: France: Tourvieille, 13 km. N Saintes Maries de la Mer, 15.ix.1973 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Combination in Solenopsis: Bolton, 1995b: 387.
  • Status as species: Bolton, 1995b: 387; Borowiec, L. 2014: 153 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• duboscqui. Solenopsis duboscqui Bernard, 1950a: 10, figs. 2, 9 (w.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 14+ syntype workers, 9 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157, record 8 workers, 4 males, all dated ix.1941.]
  • Type-locality: 9 workers, 4 males France: Pyrénées Orientales, Banyuls sur Mer, beyond Madeloc Tower, 450 m., ix.1941 (F. Bernard), 5 workers, 5 males S Banyuls, pic Jouan, 400 m., ix.1941 (F. Bernard), “numerous workers” Grotte de Pouade, 170 m., v.1941 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 140; Bernard, 1967: 178 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 574 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 387; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Borowiec, L. 2014: 154 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• flavidula. Myrmica flavidula Nylander, 1849: 43 (w.) RUSSIA (no state data).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Russia: “Rossia meridionali”, River Don (Motschulski).
  • Type-depository: ZMHF.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Mayr, 1855: 450; Smith, F. 1855b: 127; Nylander, 1856b: 99; Smith, F. 1858a: 282; Smith, F. 1858b: 122; Mayr, 1863: 453; Roger, 1863b: 32; Smith, F. 1871b: 4; Dours, 1873: 170; André, 1874: 204 (in list); Forel, 1874: 100 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 464; Dalla Torre, 1893: 75; Ruzsky, 1905b: 507; Forel, 1915d: 37 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915d: 102; Emery, 1922e: 202; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 110; Karavaiev, 1934: 122; Bolton, 1995b: 387; Radchenko, 2007: 33; Radchenko, 2016: 180; Csősz et al., 2023: 202.
• furtiva. Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) fugax var. furtiva Santschi, 1934e: 584 (w.q.m.) FRANCE, SWITZERLAND.
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157, record 13 workers, 4 queens, 2 males.]
  • Type-locality: France: Haute Garonne, Mt Espiaup (= Mt Espinasse), Val Larboust, 1250 m., 3.x.1929 (de Kerville?).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • Subspecies of fugax: Ettershank, 1966: 141; Bolton, 1995b: 387.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 157; Radchenko, 2016: 180; Csősz et al., 2023: 203.
• insulare. Diplorhoptrum insulare Bernard, 1978a: 569 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 800 syntype workers, 12 syntype queens, 2 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 158, could not find any named type-material in MNHN, but mention some suspected candidates.]
  • Type-locality: France: Var, Hyères Is, Port-Cros I., Parc Nat. de Port-Cros, chemin des crêtes, 10 m., slope 15°E (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN (apparently lost or unidentifiable).
  • Combination in Solenopsis: Bolton, 1995b: 388.
  • Status as species: Bolton, 1995b: 388; Borowiec, L. 2014: 155 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• kasalinensis. Solenopsis fugax var. kasalinensis Emery, 1909a: 31.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-localities: Kazakhstan: Kazalinsk, 4.v.1901 (Berg), Mie Tyubek, 3.v.1901 (Berg).
  • Type-depository: ZMUM.
  • [Note: Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109, report the syntypes as lost.]
  • [First available use of Solenopsis fugax subsp. orientalis var. kasalinensis Ruzsky, 1905b: 513 (w.) KAZAKHSTAN; unavailable (infrasubspecific) name.]
  • Subspecies of fugax: Emery, 1922e: 202; Santschi, 1934e: 585; Ettershank, 1966: 141.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 242; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 388; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• laevithorax. Solenopsis laevithorax Bernard, 1950a: 12, figs. (w.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 5 syntype workers, 1 syntype male.
  • [Note: Bernard says other syntypes are stored in alcohol. Galkowski, et al. 2010: 158, record 4 workers, 1 male.]
  • Type-locality: France: Pyrénées Orientales, Banyuls, nr Madeloc Tower, 500 m., ix.1938 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 141; Bernard, 1967: 180 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 574 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 388; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Borowiec, L. 2014: 155 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• latroides. Solenopsis orbula var. latroides Ruzsky, 1905b: 514 (w.) GEORGIA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Geogia: Tiflis region (= Tbilisi), nr Mangliz, 26.vii.1900 (Ruzsky).
  • Type-depository: ZMUM.
  • Subspecies of orbula: Ettershank, 1966: 141 (error).
  • Subspecies of latro: Emery, 1922e: 202; Santschi, 1934e: 568.
  • Status as species: Arnol'di, 1948: 211 (in list).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 388; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 141; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• monticola. Solenopsis monticola Bernard, 1950a: 13, figs. 2, 4, 11 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 5 syntype workers, 1 syntype queen.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 159, record 3 workers, 1 queen.]
  • Type-locality: France: Hautes Pyrénées, Tramezaygues, margin of Neste d’Aure, 900 m., viii.1942 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 142; Bernard, 1967: 180 (redescription); Kutter, 1968a: 59; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 67; Collingwood, 1978: 82 (in key); Bernard, 1978a: 559; Bolton, 1995b: 389; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 18 (in key); Vonshak, et al. 2009: 44; Borowiec, L. 2014: 156 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• nicaeensis. Solenopsis nicaeensis Bernard, 1950a: 11, figs. 2, 5 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 13 syntype workers, 3 syntype queens, 3 syntype males.
  • [Note: Bernard says other syntypes are stored in alcohol. Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160, record only 1 worker, 1 queen, 1 male.]
  • Type-localities: France: Alpes Maritimes, S Peille, 700 m., 27.viii.1941 (F. Bernard), 10 workers, 4 males Banyuls, slope below route de Cerbère, S Cap Rederis, Le Rastel, 700 m., 15.viii.1948 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 142; Bernard, 1967: 179 (redescription); Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 67; Bernard, 1978a: 574 (in key); Collingwood, 1978: 83 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 389; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Borowiec, L. 2014: 157 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 492; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• orientalis. Solenopsis fugax subsp. orientalis Ruzsky, 1905b: 509, figs. 111, 112 (w.q.m.) RUSSIA, UKRAINE, GEORGIA, ARMENIA, KHAZAKHSTAN.
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
  • Type-locality: Khazakhstan: Baskan river valley, Dzungaria Alatau, 13.viii.1902 (Sanozhnikov) (by restriction of Pisarski, 1967: 400).
  • [Note: Ruzsky, 1905b: 511, provides a long list of syntype localities in European Russia, Siberia, Crimea, the Caucasus and “Turkestan”.]
  • Type-depository: ZMUM.
  • Subspecies of fugax: Emery, 1909a: 32 (footnote); Ruzsky, 1946: 70; Pisarski, 1967: 400; Tarbinsky, 1976: 80 (redescription); Arnol’di & Dlussky, 1978: 539 (in key); Dlussky, 1981a: 17.
  • Status as species: Collingwood & Heatwole, 2000: 8.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Karavaiev, 1910b: 49; Emery, 1922e: 202; Karavaiev, 1934: 122; Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 242; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 389; Schultz, R. et al. 2006: 203; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 141; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• pilosum. Diplorhoptrum pilosum Bernard, 1978a: 562, figs. 1, 4D, 9, 15 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: >1500 syntype workers, 5 syntype queens, 6 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 159, record 64 workers, 5 queens, 6 males.]
  • Type-locality: France: N Alpes-Maritimes, E Levens (between Levens and Coaraze), vi.1975, and ix.1975 (males 9.ix.1975) (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Combination in Solenopsis: Bolton, 1995b: 390.
  • Status as species: Bolton, 1995b: 390; Borowiec, L. 2014: 158 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 159; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• pontica. Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) fugax var. pontica Santschi, 1934e: 584, fig. 37 (w.q.m.) UKRAINE (Crimea), ARMENIA, MOLDOVA, ROMANIA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
  • Type-localities: Ukraine: Crimea (Karawaiew), Armenia: Erevan (Mejunoff), Romania: Dobruja, Macin (Montandon), Moldova: Val de Berlad (Montandon).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • Subspecies of fugax: Ettershank, 1966: 143.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985: 221; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 390; Radchenko, 2016: 180; Csősz et al., 2023: 202.
• provincialis. Solenopsis provincialis Bernard, 1950a: 12 (w.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 7 syntype workers.
  • [Note: Bernard says other syntypes are stored in alcohol. Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160, record only 1 worker, “of which only a fragment of the gaster remains”.]
  • Type-locality: France: Var, Boulouris, nr Saint Raphael, v.1941 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 143; Bernard, 1967: 179 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 574 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 390; Borowiec, L. 2014: 158 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 162; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• pygmaea. Solenopsis pygmaea Bernard, 1950a: 15 (w.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 11 syntype workers.
  • [Note: Bernard says other syntypes are stored in alcohol. Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160, record 9 workers.]
  • Type-locality: France: Var, N Saint Raphael, Estérel hills, ca 100 m., x.1941 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Bernard, 1978a: 571 (q.m.).
  • Status as species: Bernard, 1967: 183 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 570 (redescription).
  • [Junior primary homonym of Solenopsis pygmaea Forel, 1901e: 345.]
  • Replacement name: Solenopsis tertialis Ettershank, 1966: 144.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Radchenko, 2016: 180.
• richardi. Solenopsis richardi Bernard, 1950a: 15 (w.) MONACO.
  • Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160, record that only a fragment of the gaster of a single specimen remains.]
  • Type-locality: Monaco: Saint Dévote ravine, 2.vii.1902 (Richard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 143; Bernard, 1967: 184 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 575 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 390; Borowiec, L. 2014: 158 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 162; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• robusta. Solenopsis robusta Bernard, 1950a: 12 (w.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 4 syntype workers.
  • [Note: Bernard says other syntypes are stored in alcohol. Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160, record 12 workers but date them viii.1947, at variance with the published date.]
  • Type-locality: France: Var, Chataigniers de Gonfaron woods, ca 500 m., ix.1946 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 143; Bernard, 1967: 177 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 574 (in key); Collingwood, 1978: 83 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 390; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Borowiec, L. 2014: 158 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• rugosa. Solenopsis rugosa Bernard, 1950a: 14 (w.m.) FRANCE.
  • Type-material: 8 syntype workers, 4 syntype males.
  • [Note: Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160, record 32 workers, 4 males dated iv.1950, which disagrees with the published date (ix.1942); these specimens are certainly not type-material.]
  • Type-locality: France: Pyrénées Orientales, S Banyuls, N face of Pic Jouan, 400 m., ix.1942 (F. Bernard).
  • Type-depository: MNHN.
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 143; Bernard, 1967: 181 (redescription); Bernard, 1978a: 575 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 390; Espadaler, 1997b: 31; Borowiec, L. 2014: 158 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Galkowski, et al. 2010: 160; Radchenko, 2016: 181.
• scythica. Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) fugax var. scythica Santschi, 1934e: 585 (w.) ARMENIA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-localities: Armenia: Alages, and Sedum (Mejunoff).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • [Misspelled as scythia by Ettershank, 1966: 143.]
  • Status as species: Ettershank, 1966: 143.
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Arakelian, 1994: 50; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 109; Bolton, 1995b: 391; Radchenko, 2016: 180; Csősz et al., 2023: 202.
• tertialis. Solenopsis tertialis Ettershank, 1966: 144.
  • Replacement name for Solenopsis pygmaea Bernard, 1950a: 15. [Junior primary homonym of Solenopsis pygmaea Forel, 1901e: 345.]
  • Status as species: Bolton, 1995b: 391; Borowiec, L. 2014: 159 (error).
  • Junior synonym of fugax: Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 493; Radchenko, 2016: 181.

Description

Karyotype

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

 Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• 2n = 22 (Japan) (Imai, 1969).
• n = 11, 2n = 22 (Switzerland) (Hauschteck, 1961).

References

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