Nomamyrmex esenbeckii

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Nomamyrmex esenbeckii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Dorylinae
Genus: Nomamyrmex
Species: N. esenbeckii
Binomial name
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii
(Westwood, 1842)

Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010790 profile 1.jpg

Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010790 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms
At a Glance • Ergatoid queen  

Photo Gallery

  • An Acromyrmex nest being raided by Nomamyrmex esenbeckii. The Acromyrmex worker defended itself, but was unsuccessful. Still, even the heavily armoured predators can get wounded, and the worker in the picture is already missing a part of its hind-leg. Photo by Phil Hoenle.

Identification

Watkins (1977) - N. esenbecki. Workers: postoccipital sulcus distinct; dorsum of petiole with longitudinal rugae. Males: median border of head behind ocellar peduncle with a narrow lamella; first gastric tergite usually with longitudinal rugae; width of, blade of stipes about one-half its length; volsella blunt, gradually tapered or snout-shaped.

N. esenbecki s. str. Workers: transversely keeled posterior margin of mesonotum usually straight or slightly convex in the middle; anterior corners of postpetiole prominent and abruptly rounded causing the postpetiole to appear subquadrate with an anterior face as broad or broader than the petiole; entire body usually dark reddish brown with gaster sometimes slightly lighter. The mesonotal keel is occasionally slightly concave, but usually not in all specimens in a series. The posterior edge of the propodeum is often only slightly indented between the propodeal “teeth,” but a few specimens may be deeply indented (dorsal view). Males: setae on fifth gastric tergite broadly separated along the midline (i.e., the separation is about one half the width of the tergite near its base; distal portion of volsella distinctly snout-shaped, but the “snout” varies somewhat in detail.

N. esenbecki crassicornis. Workers: transversely keeled posterior margin of mesonotum usually straight or slightly convex in the middle; anterior corners of the postpetiole not prominent with the sides gradually curving inward to the anterior face which is slightly narrower than the petiole causing the postpetiole to appear trapezoidal; gaster usually yellowish brown, remainder of body reddish brown. A few workers from Panama have slightly concave mesonotal keels; however, these workers have postpetioles and yellowish brown gasters typical for crassicornis. Males: setae on fifth gastric tergite not distinctly separated along the midline; longitudinal rugae distinct on the second gastric tergite; apex of volsella slightly enlarged and rounded. The entire posterior half of the fifth tergite is usually covered with long thick setae; however, some specimens from Panama have the setae along the midline more confined to the posterior border and these setae are shorter than the more lateral setae. The distal portion of the volsella is slightly upturned with a gradually rounded apex in specimens from Panama, almost straight with a bluntly rounded apex in specimens from Trinidad, and somewhat more downturned in specimens from Peru.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 28.3325° to -34.85°.

     
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States (type locality).
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (type locality), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico (type locality), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

Jack Longino: Nomamyrmex esenbeckii forages in columns during the day; I do not know if they forage at night. The workers are robust and their columns very conspicuous. In Costa Rica this species is uncommon relative to several species of Eciton and Labidus.

Nomamyrmex esenbeckii appears to be a specialist raider of Atta colonies (Swartz 1998 and included references). Swartz reviewed the earlier literature, in which workers reported Nomamyrmex raids on Atta colonies in Mexico and various sites in Brazil. She also observed and carefully documented a raid on an Atta cephalotes colony in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica.

During work in Corcovado National Park in the early 1980's, I saw this species twice with prey and three times in the process of raiding ant colonies. Four of these observations involved attines. I observed Atta brood as prey in one column, and Acromyrmex brood as prey in another. I observed two attacks on mature Atta cephalotes colonies. Both these raids were observed mid-morning. In the first instance, Nomamyrmex were entering through a collapsed Atta chamber in the middle of a trail, taking away brood. I saw very little response on the Atta's part. There were two dead soldiers near the raiding column. In the second case, Atta workers were abundant on the surface of their mound, and had brought piles of brood to the surface of the largest, most active mounds. Nomamyrmex columns were carrying adult Atta soldiers and brood down into Atta nest entrances, suggesting a largely subterranean raid. I observed one raid on a Pheidole nest.

Jack Longino: I have once observed this species with prey. A column was entering and issuing from fissures in a trail, carrying abundant larvae and pupae of Atta, including pupae of fairly large workers.

Kjetil Aasen, a student working at La Selva Biological Station during the summer of 1997, made the following observation of a Nomamyrmex raid on Atta cephalotes:

On the evening on my last day at La Selva, I went to take a look at the Atta cephalotes colony between the bridge and the library and I was surprised to find a fierce battle in progress. It was dark and it was raining and thousands of Atta soldiers and Nomamyrmex esenbeckii were fighting in the area surrounding the main entrances of the Atta nest. They were all emerging from two closely spaced nest entrances and most of the Nomamyrmex were in the mandibles of some large leafcutter. In most cases, the Nomamyrmex were caught by their antenna, but they still managed to sting Atta, and they seemed to be very good at this because there were many dead or dying leafcutters on the battlefield. I did not see many dead Nomamyrmex.

O'Donnell et al. (2020) report this species foraging both day and night.

Brown & Fenner (1998) report this species conducting raids on the nests of Camponotus cingulatus, Camponotus crassus and Camponotus rufipes at Itatiaia, Brazil.

Association with Other Organisms

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  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Mimopria comes (a parasite) (www.diapriid.org).
  • This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Mimopria barbata (a parasite) (www.diapriid.org).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus infradentatus (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus persecutor (a parasite) (phorid.net) (attacked).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the diapriid wasp Mimopria barbata (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the diapriid wasp Mimopria comes (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Ecitophora breviptera (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Ecitophora sp. (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Ecitoptera concomitans (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Ecitoptera subciliata (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Ecituncula glandularis (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Ecituncula halterata (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Puliciphora borinquenensis (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a associate (details unknown) for the phorid fly Puliciphora sp. (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus infradentatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Apocephalus persecutor (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Cremersia brasiliensis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Cremersia crassispina (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Cremersia pilosa (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Cremersia spinicosta (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Diocophora disparifrons (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Myrmosicarius grandicornis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Myrmosicarius grandicornis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Castes

Primarily wingless queen described by Borgmeier 1958

Images from AntWeb

Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010791 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010791 head 2.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010791 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010791 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010791 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0010791. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010792 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010792 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010792 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0010792 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0010792. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0052318 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0052318 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0052318 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0052318 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0052318. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173517 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173517 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173517 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173517 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173517. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173518 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173518 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173518 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173518 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173518. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173657 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173657 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173657 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0173657 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173657. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178606 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178606 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178606 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178606 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0178606. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MIZA, Maracay, Venezuela.
Nomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178607 head 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178607 profile 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178607 dorsal 1.jpgNomamyrmex esenbeckii casent0178607 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0178607. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by MIZA, Maracay, Venezuela.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • esenbeckii. Labidus esenbeckii Westwood, 1842: 75, pl. 20, fig. 4 (m.) BRAZIL (Goiás).
    • Type-material: holotype male.
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Rio Vendinha, 10.ix.1828, in the evening (W. Burchell).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Combination in Eciton (Labidus): Emery, 1890b: 39; Santschi, 1920d: 364; Creighton, 1950a: 64;
    • combination in E. (Holopone): Santschi, 1925b: 11;
    • combination in E. (Nomamyrmex): Borgmeier, 1936: 56;
    • combination in Nomamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 14.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1859b: 7; Roger, 1863b: 41; Mayr, 1863: 424; Emery, 1890b: 39; Dalla Torre, 1893: 2; Emery, 1894k: 46; Forel, 1895b: 119; Forel, 1899c: 25; Emery, 1900a: 177 (in key); Forel, 1901h: 47; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 409 (redescription); Emery, 1910b: 23; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 562; Forel, 1911c: 288; Mann, 1916: 422; Santschi, 1920d: 364; Borgmeier, 1923: 43; Borgmeier, 1936: 56; Creighton, 1950a: 64; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139 (redescription); Borgmeier, 1958: 201; Kempf, 1970b: 322; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Kempf & Lenko, 1976: 46; Watkins, 1976: 7 (in key); Watkins, 1977a: 204; Watkins, 1982: 215 (in key); Bolton, 1995b: 292; Palacio, 1999: 161 (in key); Wild, 2007b: 26, 43; Branstetter & Sáenz, 2012: 254; Guénard & Economo, 2015: 226; Shattuck & Cover, 2016: 19; Palacio, 2019: 626.
    • Senior synonym of afflictus: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Senior synonym of crassicornis: Wild, 2007b: 43.
    • Senior synonym of crudele: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Senior synonym of fimbriatum: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Senior synonym of hirsutipodex: Wild, 2007b: 43 (by implication).
    • Senior synonym of indomabile: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Senior synonym of interrupta: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Senior synonym of intrepidum: Wild, 2007b: 43 (by implication).
    • Senior synonym of mordax: Shattuck & Cover, 2016: 19.
    • Senior synonym of terrificum: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Senior synonym of wilsoni: Smith, M.R., 1951a: 779; Shattuck & Cover, 2016: 19.
    • Distribution: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, U.S.A., Venezuela.
  • afflictus. Acanthostichus afflictus Gallardo, 1919a: 239, fig. 3 (m.) ARGENTINA (Formosa).
    • Type-material: 2 syntype males.
    • Type-locality: Argentina: Formosa, Rio Pilcomayo, vii.1907, no. 7653 (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: MACN.
    • Combination in Eciton: Emery, 1920a: 60.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
  • crassicornis. Eciton crassicornis Smith, F. 1855c: 163, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2 (w.) BRAZIL (Amazonas).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Villa Nova (H.W. Bates).
    • Type-depository: BMNH.
    • Borgmeier, 1958: 202 (q.).
    • Combination in E. (Labidus): Emery, 1910b: 23;
    • combination in E. (Holopone): Santschi, 1925b: 12;
    • combination in E. (Nomamyrmex): Borgmeier, 1936: 55;
    • combination in Nomamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 16.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 151; Mayr, 1863: 409; Roger, 1863b: 36; Mayr, 1865: 77 (in key); Norton, 1868b: 45; Mayr, 1886b: 115 (in key); Emery, 1890a: 55; Emery, 1890b: 38; Dalla Torre, 1893: 2; Emery, 1894c: 179; Emery, 1894k: 45; Forel, 1895b: 141; Emery, 1896h: 625; Forel, 1899c: 24; Emery, 1900a: 185; Forel, 1901c: 124; Forel, 1906d: 249; Forel, 1908b: 40; Forel, 1908c: 346; Forel, 1908e: 64; Forel, 1909a: 254; Emery, 1910b: 23; Mann, 1916: 422; Wheeler, W.M. 1916d: 324; Luederwaldt, 1918: 37; Santschi, 1920d: 367; Wheeler, W.M. 1922c: 1; Borgmeier, 1923: 42; Wheeler, W.M. 1925a: 2; Santschi, 1929a: 414; Borgmeier, 1936: 55; Borgmeier, 1948b: 460; Creighton, 1950a: 63; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Borgmeier, 1953: 16.
    • Subspecies of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1955: 149 (redescription); Borgmeier, 1958: 202; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Watkins, 1977a: 205; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Wild, 2007b: 43.
    • Material of the unavailable name furiosum referred here by Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164.
  • crudele. Eciton (Holopone) crassicorne subsp. crudele Santschi, 1929a: 414, figs. c, g (w.) PARAGUAY, BOLIVIA.
    • Type-material: holotype worker.
    • Type-locality: Paraguay: (no further data) (Fiebrig).
    • [Note: Santschi also includes non-type material from Bolivia: Caranditi (Lizer & Deletang).]
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Subspecies of crassicorne: Santschi, 1929f: 85.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
  • fimbriatum. Eciton (Labidus) fimbriatum Santschi, 1920d: 363, figs. 1, 2 (m.) FRENCH GUIANA.
    • Type-material: 8 paratype males.
    • Type-locality: French Guiana: St Jean du Maroni (Le Moult).
    • Type-depositories: MNHN, NHMB.
    • Status as species: Eidmann, 1936a: 29.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
  • hirsutipodex. Eciton (Labidus) esenbecki st. hirsutipodex Santschi, 1920d: 364, fig. 2a (m.) MEXICO (Yucatan).
    • Type-material: holotype male.
    • Type-locality: Mexico: Merida (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Junior synonym of crassicornis: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Wild, 2007b: 43 (by implication).
  • indomabile. Eciton (Holopone) crassicorne var. indomabile Santschi, 1930e: 82 (w.) BRAZIL (Pernambuco).
    • Type-material: 19 syntype workers.
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Pernambuco, Olinda (Reichensperger).
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Subspecies of crassicornis: Santschi, 1931c: 270.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
  • interrupta. Eciton fimbriatum var. interrupta Santschi, 1923c: 249 (m.) BRAZIL (Minas Gerais).
    • Type-material: holotype male.
    • Type-locality: Brazil: Minas Gerais, Piracicabo (Luja).
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
  • intrepidum. Eciton (Holopone) crassicorne var. intrepidum Santschi, 1929a: 414, figs. b, f (w.) VENEZUELA.
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: Venezuela: between Carupano and Cariaco, 1896 (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: unknown.
    • [Note: Baroni Urbani, 1977e: 68-71, does not record the presence of type-material of this taxon in NHMB.]
    • Junior synonym of crassicornis: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Wild, 2007b: 43 (by implication).
  • mordax. Eciton (Holopone) crassicorne st. mordax Santschi, 1929a: 415, figs. d, h (w.) MEXICO (Morelos).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-locality: Mexico: Cuernavaca (A. Forel).
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Watkins, 1977a: 210 (m.).
    • Combination in Nomamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 13.
    • Subspecies of crassicorne: Menozzi, 1935b: 189.
    • Junior synonym of wilsoni: Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 108; Kempf, 1972a: 165; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1329.
    • Subspecies of esenbeckii: Watkins, 1977a: 205; Brandão, 1991: 361; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Shattuck & Cover, 2016: 19.
  • terrificum. Eciton (Holopone) fimbriatum var. terrificum Santschi, 1930e: 82 (m.) BRAZIL (no state data).
    • Type-material: holotype male.
    • Type-locality: Brazil: (no further data), 23.ix.1929 (Reichensperger).
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1953: 14; Borgmeier, 1955: 139; Kempf, 1972a: 164; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
  • wilsoni. Eciton (Labidus) esenbecki st. wilsoni Santschi, 1920d: 366 (m.) U.S.A. (Texas).
    • Type-material: holotype male.
    • Type-locality: U.S.A.: Texas, Las Borragas, nr Brownsville, vi. (C. Schaeffer).
    • Type-depository: BMNY.
    • [Note: holotype may now be in AMNH, or if retained by Wheeler, in MCZC.]
    • Combination in E. (Nomamyrmex): Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779;
    • combination in Nomamyrmex: Borgmeier, 1953: 13.
    • Subspecies of esenbeckii: Borgmeier, 1955: 147; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 108; Kempf, 1972a: 165; Watkins, 1977a: 205; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1329; Watkins, 1985: 481; Bolton, 1995b: 292.
    • Junior synonym of esenbeckii: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 779; Shattuck & Cover, 2016: 19.

Type Material

Description

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Baroni Urbani C. 1977. Katalog der Typen von Formicidae (Hymenoptera) der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Basel (2. Teil). Mitt. Entomol. Ges. Basel (n.s.) 27: 61-102.
  • Basset Y., L. Cizek, P. Cuenoud, R. K. Didham, F. Guilhaumon, O. Missa, V. Novotny, F. Odegaards, T. Roslin, J. Schmidl et al. 2012. Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science 338(6113): 1481-1484.
  • Borgmeier T. 1923. Catalogo systematico e synonymico das formigas do Brasil. 1 parte. Subfam. Dorylinae, Cerapachyinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae. Archivos do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro) 24: 33-103.
  • Borgmeier T. 1953. Vorarbeiten zu einer Revision der neotropischen Wanderameisen. Studia Entomologica 2: 1-51.
  • Borgmeier T. 1955. Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region. Studia Entomologica 3: 1-720.
  • Borgmeier T. 1957. Die Maxillar- und Labialtaster der neotropischen Dorylinen (Hym. Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 17: 387-394.
  • Brandao, C.R.F. 1991. Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 35: 319-412.
  • Branstetter M. G. and L. Sáenz. 2012. Las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Guatemala. Pp. 221-268 in: Cano E. B. and J. C. Schuster. (eds.) 2012. Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Volumen 2. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, iv + 328 pp
  • Brown W. L. Jr. 1960. The release of alarm and attack behavior in some New World army ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 66: 25-27.
  • Castano-Meneses, G., M. Vasquez-Bolanos, J. L. Navarrete-Heredia, G. A. Quiroz-Rocha, and I. Alcala-Martinez. 2015. Avances de Formicidae de Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
  • Cuezzo, F. 1998. Formicidae. Chapter 42 in Morrone J.J., and S. Coscaron (dirs) Biodiversidad de artropodos argentinos: una perspectiva biotaxonomica Ediciones Sur, La Plata. Pages 452-462.
  • Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
  • Davidson, D.W. 2005. Ecological stoichiometry of ants in a New World rain forest. Oecologia 142:221-231
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