Camponotus ligniperda

AntWiki: The Ants --- Online
Camponotus ligniperda
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Camponotus
Species: C. ligniperda
Binomial name
Camponotus ligniperda
(Latreille, 1802)

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 profile 1.jpg

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Subspecies
Synonyms

This is a common species present throughout Europe as well as the Caucasus and Asia Minor. Its distribution is generally more southern than that of Camponotus herculeanus (Czechowski et al. 2002). It inhabits mostly mixed and deciduous forests, but can also be found in open habitats. Nests are built mostly in dead trees or wood stumps (Marko et al., 2009). In Greece, this species is known only from mountains of mainland provinces except Thrace, and was also noted from Ionian Islands. It prefers coniferous forests and rocky alpine pastures. Nests were observed in a decaying fir trunk (Borowiec & Salata, 2021).


Photo Gallery

  • Workers. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Worker. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Camponotus ligniperda, full-face. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Major worker. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Worker of Camponotus ligniperda. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Queen of Camponotus ligniperda. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Camponotus ligniperda alate queen. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Camponotus ligniperda queen and worker. Photo by Michal Kukla.

Identification

Collingwood (1979) - Alitrunk bright yellowish red to red; pubescence is short and sparse, usually absent on medial dorsal surfaces of the first and second gaster tergites. Length: 6-14 mm.

This species is similar in all castes to Camponotus herculeanus but distinguished by the brighter colour and more shining gaster.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Central Spain to West Russia, Sicily to Central Sweden (Collingwood 1979).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 66° to 23.299°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (type locality), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Habitat

Borowiec and Salata (2022): Camponotus ligniperda is generally a mountain arboricolous species, it prefers sunny places inside mountain forests. Records from many forest types, but most are from coniferous forests. Occasionally found in mountain pastures with shrubs. Most records are from an altitude above 1000 m up to 1720 m, the lowest locality comes from Cephalonia island, from fir forest at the altitude 540 m.

Biology

Collingwood (1979) - This species is characteristically found in stony banks and along the sun exposed borders of woodland, either nesting under stones or in dry stumps. It is an aggressive ant biting freely and will sometimes attack other Camponotus or Formica colonies. The larger workers bite their opponents clean through the alitrunk or crush their heads with their strong mandibles. A more xerothermic species than Camponotus herculeanus its habits are otherwise similar.

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Foraging workers are most often found on tree trunks, on litter or on rocks. Nests were located in living and dead wood.

Flight Period

X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Aphaenogaster subterranea (a xenobiont) in Hungary (Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Pine forest. Under stone.).
  • This species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (a pathogen) (Shrestha et al., 2017).
  • This species is a host for the fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila (a pathogen) (based on a photo by Michal Kukla, fungal identification by João Araújo).
  • Likely killed by the fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Likely killed by the fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Likely killed by the fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila. Photo by Michal Kukla.
  • Camponotus ligniperda queen likely killed by the parasitic fungus Desmidiospora myrmecophila. Photo by Michal Kukla.

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173649 head 1.jpgCamponotus ligniperda casent0173649 profile 1.jpgCamponotus ligniperda casent0173649 dorsal 1.jpgCamponotus ligniperda casent0173649 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173649. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Camponotus ligniperda casent0173174 head 1.jpgCamponotus ligniperda casent0173174 profile 1.jpgCamponotus ligniperda casent0173174 dorsal 1.jpgCamponotus ligniperda casent0173174 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0173174. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • ligniperda. Formica ligniperda Latreille, 1802c: 88, pl. 1, fig. 1 (s.w.q.m.) FRANCE.
    • Type-material: neotype media worker (by designation of Seifert, 2019a: 8).
    • Type-locality: neotype France: FRA, 45.3600°N, 1.9444°E, Vitrac-sur Montane 1.8 km. S/550, 28.viii.2008 (C. Galkowski).
    • [Notes (i): Seifert adds that 2 other workers were retrieved from the same nest as the neotype; (ii) original type-data: syntype major and minor workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated); type-locality: France: vic. Brive (P.A. Latreille); type-depository: MNHN (all specimens apparently lost).]
    • Type-depository: SMNG (neotype).
    • [Misspelled as higniperda by Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1066; misspelled as ligniperedus by Radchenko, 1997a: 557.]
    • Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953e: 187 (l.); Hauschteck, 1961: 221 (k.).
    • Combination in Camponotus: Mayr, 1861: 36 (in key);
    • combination in C. (Camponotus): Forel, 1914a: 266.
    • Junior synonym of herculeanus: Fabricius, 1804: 396; Brullé, 1833: 326; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 209.
    • Subspecies of herculeanus: Forel, 1874: 39 (in key); Emery, 1878a: viii (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 447; Forel, 1879a: 58; Mayr, 1886d: 420; Cresson, 1887: 256; Lameere, 1892: 62; Forel, 1892i: 306; Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 233 (footnote); Emery, 1893i: 674; Emery, 1896d: 372 (in list); Ruzsky, 1903b: 301; Ruzsky, 1905b: 223; Wheeler, W.M. 1905f: 402; Wheeler, W.M. 1906b: 22; Wheeler, W.M. 1906c: 325; Wasmann, 1906: 111; Emery, 1908a: 185; Wheeler, W.M. 1908f: 625; Bondroit, 1910: 487; Yano, 1910: 422; Wheeler, W.M. 1910d: 340; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 571; Forel, 1914a: 266; Forel, 1915d: 68 (in key); Emery, 1916b: 225; Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 601; Wheeler, W.M. 1917a: 557; Wheeler, W.M. 1917i: 465; Escherich, 1917: 330 (in key); Menozzi, 1918: 87; Nadig, 1918: 339; Soudek, 1922: 95; Finzi, 1923: 4; Schkaff, 1925: 275; Stärcke, 1926: 119 (in key); Karavaiev, 1927c: 275 (in key); Karavaiev, 1929b: 211; Karavaiev, 1930b: 147; Soudek, 1931: 19; Gösswald, 1932: 19; Arnol'di, 1933b: 602 (in key); Zimmermann, 1935: 58; Cole, 1936a: 39; Teranishi, 1940: 25; Wesson, L.G. & Wesson, R.G. 1940: 103; Ruzsky, 1946: 69; Azuma, 1951: 88; Pisarski, 1961a: 156; Bernard, 1967: 340 (in key).
    • Status as species: Walckenaer, 1802: 159; Gravenhorst, 1807: 286; Lamarck, 1817: 95; Stephens, 1829: 356; Losana, 1834: 311; Schilling, 1839: 53; Nylander, 1846a: 898; Nylander, 1846b: 1045; Lucas, H. 1849: 302; Foerster, 1850a: 11; Schenck, 1852: 20; Mayr, 1855: 304 (redescription); Nylander, 1856b: 55; Gredler, 1858: 3; Smith, F. 1858b: 10; Mayr, 1861: 36 (in key); Meinert, 1861: 310; Mayr, 1863: 399; Roger, 1863b: 1; Walker, 1871: 9; Dours, 1873: 164; Smith, F. 1874: 402; Forel, 1874: 39; André, 1874: 176 (in key); Emery, 1878b: 44; Mayr, 1879: 645; André, 1882a: 142 (in key); Forel, 1886e: clxvii; Provancher, 1887: 228 (in key); Forel, 1889: 255; Nasonov, 1889: 10; Emery, 1892b: 161; Dalla Torre, 1893: 239; Ruzsky, 1896: 68; Forel, 1899c: 130; Forel, 1902b: 180; Ruzsky, 1902d: 5; Forel, 1909c: 105; Bondroit, 1912: 352; Stitz, 1914: 95; Bondroit, 1918: 69; Emery, 1920b: 255; Menozzi, 1922c: 143; Müller, 1923a: 73; Müller, 1923b: 159; Emery, 1925b: 73; Betrem, 1926: 216; Donisthorpe, 1927a: 8; Menozzi, 1927b: 92; Lomnicki, 1928: 10; Grandi, 1935: 102; Karavaiev, 1936: 181 (redescription); Stitz, 1939: 237; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 111 (in key); Röszler, 1942a: 54; Holgersen, 1942: 11; Holgersen, 1943b: 174 (in key); Holgersen, 1944: 179; van Boven, 1947: 181 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1066; Röszler, 1950: 210; Röszler, 1951: 92; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 222; Consani & Zangheri, 1952: 43; Ceballos, 1956: 313; Baroni Urbani, 1964c: 163; Arnol’di, 1967: 1822; Kutter, 1968a: 60; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 81; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 176; Collingwood, 1971: 163; Banert & Pisarski, 1972: 352; Pisarski, 1975: 29; van Boven, 1977: 133; Kutter, 1977c: 205; Collingwood, 1978: 91 (in key); Collingwood, 1979: 91; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 58; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 283 (in key); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 68; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 108; Douwes, 1995: 92; Poldi, et al. 1995: 7; Radchenko, 1996b: 1202 (in key); Espadaler, 1997b: 27; Radchenko, 1997a: 557; Gallé, et al. 1998: 216; Czechowski, et al. 2002: 96; Karaman, M.G. & Karaman, 2003: 47; Csösz, & Markó, 2005: 228; Karaman, G.S. & Karaman, 2005: 58; Bračko, 2006: 146; Markó, Sipos, et al. 2006: 66; Petrov, 2006: 109 (in key); Bračko, 2007: 19; Seifert, 2007: 263; Werner & Wiezik, 2007: 143; Zryanin & Zryanina, 2007: 232; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowsky, 2009: 479; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 44; Boer, 2010: 18; Csösz, et al. 2011: 58; Karaman, M.G. 2011b: 71; Legakis, 2011: 31; Ran & Zhou, 2011: 68; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 479; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 242; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 29; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 7; Karaman, C. & Aktaç, 2013: 52 (in key); Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2013: 352; Borowiec, L. 2014: 36 (see note in bibliography); Bračko, et al. 2014: 18; Lebas, et al. 2016: 128; Radchenko, 2016: 330; Steiner, et al. 2017: 7; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 43; Seifert, 2018: 257; Werner, et al. 2018: 6; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2022: 61.
    • [Note: Seifert, 2019a: 1, reports herculeanus × ligniperda worker hybrids.]
    • Senior synonym of herculeanoligniperdus: Yasumatsu & Brown, 1951: 31; Pisarski, 1961a: 156; Bolton, 1995b: 108; Czechowski, et al. 2002: 96; Czechowski, et al. 2012: 242; Radchenko, 2016: 330.
    • Senior synonym of obsoleta: Emery, 1892b: 161; Emery, 1925b: 74; Karavaiev, 1936: 181; Bolton, 1995b: 108; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowsky, 2009: 479; Radchenko, 2016: 330.
    • Distribution: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (+ Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.
    • [Note: distribution based on Borowiec, L. 2014: 36.]
    • Current subspecies: nominal plus nigrescens.
  • obsoleta. Formica obsoleta Christ, 1791: 509, pl. 60, fig. 5 (q.) GERMANY.
    • Type-material: holotype queen.
    • Type-locality: Germany: (no further data) (J.L. Christ).
    • Type-depository: unknown.
    • [Note: Christ, J.L. is not mentioned in Horn & Kahle, 1935, 1937.]
    • [Unresolved junior primary homonym of obsoleta Linnaeus, 1758: 580 (Bolton, 1995b: 114).]
    • Junior synonym of ligniperda: Emery, 1892b: 161; Emery, 1925b: 74; Karavaiev, 1936: 181; Bolton, 1995b: 114; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowsky, 2009: 479; Radchenko, 2016: 330.

Type Material

Seifert, 2019: Latreille spent unusually much space arguing about “la torture pour les reconnoitre” of the two huge red-breasted ant species named, at that time, Formica ligniperda and Formica herculeana. There is one statement in the description that suggests non-synonymy of his ant with Camponotus herculeanus: “L’abdomen est...noir, luisant, avec le devant du premier anneau d’un rouge sanguin,...” (The abdomen is black, shining, with the anterior part of the first ring bloodred). This wording does not clearly quantify how large the red surface in front of the first gaster segment really was, but Latreille most probably meant a larger patch of a lighter red that is typical for Camponotus ligniperda (Seifert 1989, 2018). This vague indication gets some support from the climatic and geographic conditions at the type locality Brivela-Gaillarde (45.17°N, 1.53°E, 115 m), the surroundings of which hardly exceed an elevation of 500 m. If we subtract 1.0 °C of global warming from the current climate data of Brive, the mean air temperature from 1 May to 31 August should have been 17.6 °C around the year 1800; this value decreases to 15.0 °C at elevations of 500 m, and the annual precipitation was about 700 mm. These data are within the optimum of the climate niche of C. ligniperda, but represent more marginal conditions within the niche of C. herculeanus (Seifert 1989, 2017, 2018). Accordingly, we may expect C. herculeanus to have been much rarer or absent in this region during Latreille’s time.

Whatever interpretation is given, there is no definite proof which ant Latreille really meant and investigation of type specimens is required. However, according to a message from J. Casevitz-Weulersse of 13 June 2008, there are no specimens in the collection of Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris that could be considered as types. To finally settle the identity of Camponotus ligniperda, a neotype is fixed herewith at a medium-sized worker labelled “FRA: 45.3600°N, 1.9444°E/Vitrac-sur-Montane 1.8 km S/550 m, leg. Galkowski 2008.08.28” and “Neotype Camponotus ligniperda (Latr. 1802) des B. Seifert 2018”. This specimen was collected with two other workers from a nest found 38 km NE of Brive-la-Gaillarde and is stored in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz.

Taxonomic Notes

Seifert (2019) found a low-level of hybridisation between C. ligniperda and Camponotus herculeanus. The frequency of hybridization between the two species is estimated for Central Europe as 0.2–1.0%. This low ratio indicates strong reproductive barriers considering syntopic occurrence at about 10% of the observation sites, a nearly complete overlap of swarming times and basically equal meteorological conditions to release swarming. Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Latreille 1802 88.png
Latreille 1802 89.png
Latreille 1802 90.png
Latreille 1802 91.png
Latreille 1802 92.png
Latreille 1802 93.png
Latreille 1802 94.png
Latreille 1802 95.png

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Large to very large, polymorphic; minor workers HL: 1.940-2.183 (mean 2.037); HW: 1.520-1.817 (mean 1.669); SL: 1.980-2.133 (mean 2.043); EL: 0.480-0.563 (mean 0.515); ML: 2.94-3.23; MW: 1.26-1.51. Color. Head black, mandibles reddish brown to brown, sometimes also clypeus and anterior part of gena reddish brown to brown, antennal scapi brown, funicle yellowish brown to dark brown, mesosoma and petiolar scale reddish, occasionally sides of mesosoma and upper half of petiole indistinctly infuscated by brown spots with diffused borders, in melanistic specimens mesosoma mostly brown to black with reddish brown spots, gaster mostly dark brown to black, anterior face of first tergite with yellowish brown to reddish brown spot, often this pale spot occupies also anterior part of dorsal surface of the first tergite, anterior margin of second and third tergite often reddish brown thus transparent white posterior margin is placed on paler background then surface of tergites appears transversely yellow striped, coxa and femora reddish, tibiae reddish brown and tarsi mostly brown, in pale forms whole legs yellowish red, in dark forms whole tibiae and tarsi brown. Head. 1.2-1.3 times longer than wide, sides in front of eyes straight, softly converging anterad, behind eyes regularly rounded, posterior margin also rounded. Clypeus pentagonal, transverse, its anterior margin convex with slightly crenulate anterior margin, on sides clypeal margin deeply emarginate and forms with gena obtuse angulation protruding anterad, sides of clypeus strongly convergent posterad, straight, posterior margin straight but in the middle emarginate by frontal triangle, whole surface distinctly microreticulated, surface slightly shiny, covered with sparse and short, hardly visible appressed hairs, anterior margin in the middle with 6 very long setae, on sides with few short additional setae and between anterior long setae with very short seta, central plate with pair of long setae anterolaterally and a pair of long setae close to frontal triangle. Head distinctly microreticulate, from slightly shiny to slightly dull, the sculpture in posterior 1/3 length of head tends to form transverse striation, covered with sparse and short appressed pubescence, appears partly unhaired, frons along sides with a row of 2-3 long erected setae, vertex with 2-4 very long , occipitum, gena and sides of head lacking erected setae, ventral side of head with 2-4 moderately long to long erected setae. Scape elongate, thin, 1.2-1.3 times as long as width of head, slightly, regularly widened from base to apex, its surface microreticulate but shiny, with short and sparse appressed pubescence. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 2.7 times as long as wide and 1.4-1.5 times as long as second segment, third segment slightly longer than second, the rest of funicular segments distinctly longer than broad. Eyes large, elongate oval, 0.25 length of head. Mandibles stout, diffusely microreticulate and elongate punctate, surface shiny. Mesosoma. Elongate, 2.1-2.4 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally distinctly microreticulated, sculpture on sides of mesosoma tends to form longitudinal and oblique striation, surface shiny. In lateral view dorsum form regular arch, without mesonotal groove, propodeum broadly rounded. Surface of pronotal dorsum and mesonotum with short and scarce, hardly visible depressed hairs, lateral sides mostly unhaired, pronotum with 0-4, mesonotum 0-3, propodeum 2-6 very long erected setae, number of erected setae increases with the size of the ant. Waist and gaster. Petiolein form of broad, thick scale with convex anterior and flat posterior face, apex regularly rounded; surface with distinct transverse striation covered with short and sparse appressed hairs, apical crest with 6-12 very long erected setae. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, tergites with transverse microstriation, interspaces between the fine transverse microstriation without or with diffused additional microsculpture thus surface of gaster dorsally and laterally appears indistinctly shiny, covered with short and scarce appressed hairs not covering background of tergites, average length of 7 pubescence hairs from the central area of the dorsal plane of first tergite 0.047-0.072 mm; all tergites with several very long erected setae. Legs. Moderately long and thin, hind femora shorter than mesosoma, surface of legs covered with sparse appressed to slightly decumbent hairs, inner margin of tibiae apically with row of thorns. Ventral surface of fore femora with up to two long erected setae. Major workers: HL: 2.967-3.183 (mean 3.096); HW: 3.100-3.466 (mean 3.271); SL: 2.466-2.533 (mean 2.511); EL: 0.651-0.682 (mean 0.669); ML: 4.15-4.27; MW: 2.08-2.26. In body color and sculpture similar to minor workers but surface duller than in minor workers . Head stouter, 0.9-1.0 times as long as wide, anterior margin of clypeus distinctly crenulate, central plate of clypeus sometimes with additional 2-4 short erected setae, frontal area of head and vertex with more numerous erected setae, but occipital part lacking erected setae, gular area with more than 10 short to long erected setae. Scape proportionally shorter, 0.7-0.8 times as long as width of head. Eyes proportionally smaller, 0.22 length of head. Propodeum in profile forms almost straight obtuse angle. Setation of all mesosomal parts more numerous, pronotum with up to 10, mesonotum to 6 and propodeum to 12 setae, petiolar crest with 12-16 long setae. Ventral surface of fore femora with 1-3 long erected setae.

Karyotype

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • n = 14, 2n = 28 (Switzerland) (Hauschteck, 1961; Hauschteck-Jungen & Jungen, 1983).

Etymology

Seifert, 2019: Two Latin spellings of the ant which Latreille had also named in French “fourmi rongé-bois” have been in use by various authors over the last 60 years: Camponotus ligniperda and C. ligniperdus. This disparity causes confusion (but is in reality not a very important issue because it does not lead to confusion with other Camponotus species). The latter spelling assumes that “ligniperda” is a female adjective attached to the female noun Formica and has to change its ending to “-us” when the species is transferred to the masculine genus Camponotus. The other spelling assumes that Latreille used “ligniperda” as a noun in apposition, which remains unchanged in combination with a genus name of any gender (§ 31.2.1. and § 31.2.2. of ICZN). This interpretation as a noun (meaning “wood destroyer”) was clearly expressed by Kutter (1977) and I consistently followed this usage throughout the last 40 years. Indirect conclusions on Latreille’s naming intention, considering the vernacular compound word “rongé-bois”, appear problematic as I received different proposals by native French speakers. The deciding point in this debate is that “ligniperda” is no accidental linguistic fault—this word really exists as a Latin noun and Pierre André Latreille, as a Latin-educated catholic priest, and Heinrich Kutter, as an old-school pharmacist educated in the 1920s, should have known this. To have this view confirmed, I asked the distinguished Latin expert Prof. Thomas Baier from the Institute of Classical Philology of the University of Würzburg. He fully concurred. This is what he wrote in a letter of 15 July 2013: “.... assessing your problem according to the rules of classical Latin, ligniperda would be a noun, which always is written ligniperda in connection with masculine and feminine, thus not being adapted in its suffix—just as you have assumed. A parallel form is parricida (murderer of relatives). Johann von Schwaben, who killed his uncle Albrecht von Schwaben around 1300, is known since then in the history books (and in Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell) as “Johannes parricida”. What applies to Swabian dukes also applies to ants, si parva licet componere magnis...”.

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Agosti, D. and C.A. Collingwood. 1987. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) and a key to the worker caste. I. Synonymic list. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 51-62
  • Andoni V. 1977. Kontribut mbi Himenopteret e familjes Formicidae te vendit tone. Buletini I Shkencave te Natyres 31(2): 93-101.
  • AntArea. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://antarea.fr/fourmi/
  • Antarea (Personal Communication - Rumsais Blatrix- 27 April 2018)
  • Antarea (at www.antarea.fr on June 11th 2017)
  • Antonova V., and L. Penev. 2008. Classification of assemblages of ants in the green areas in Sofia City. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 60(2): 103-110.
  • ArtDatabanken Bugs (via GBIG)
  • Asociacion Iberica de Mirmecologia. 2011. List of species collected during the Taxomara Lisboa 2011. Iberomyrmex 3: 30-31.
  • Assing V. 1989. Die Ameisenfauna (Hym.: Formicidae) nordwestdeutscher Calluna-Heiden. Drosera 89: 49-62.
  • Baroni Urbani C., and C. A. Collingwood. 1977. The zoogeography of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Northern Europe. Acta Zoologica Fennica 152: 1-34.
  • Baroni Urbani, C.. "Formiche dell'Italia appenninica (Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia, III)." Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 12 (1964): 149-172.
  • Barrett K. E. 1967. Ants in South Brittany. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 79:112-116.
  • Barrett K. E. J. 1968. Ants in western France. Entomologist 101: 153-155.
  • Barrett K. E. J. 1970. Ants in France, 1968-69. Entomologist 103: 270-274.
  • Baugnee J. Y. 2003. Camponotus piceus (Leach, 1825), fourmi nouvelle pour la faune belge decouverte dans le parc naturel Viroin-Hermeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin S. R. B. E./K. B. V. E. 139: 219-225.
  • Bernadou A., X. Espadaler, A. Le Goff, and V. Fourcassie. 2015. Ant community organization along elevational gradients in a temperate ecosystem. Insect. Soc. 62:59–71
  • Bernadou, A., G. Latil, V. Fourcassié, and X. Espadaler. "Les formigues de la Vall del Madriu-Perafita-Claror : diversitat i distribució." Hàbitats, 13 (2006): 10-21.
  • Bezdecka P., and K. Bezdeckova. 2012. Updated list of the ants of the Czech Republic. Pp 7-12. Bezd??ka P. & Bezd??ková K. (eds) 2012: Blanok?ídlí v ?eských zemích a na Slovensku 8, Chaloupky, 1.-3. ?ervna 2012, sborník abstrakt? z konference. – MVJ Jihlava, 37 pp.
  • Bezdeckova K., and P. Bezdecka. 2008. The ants of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. Acta rerum naturalium 5: 243–252.
  • Bezdeckova K., and P. Bezdecka. 2009. Nejvetsi polykalicka kolonie Formica foreli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) y Ceské republice. Acta rerum naturalium 7: 121–126.
  • Blatrix R., C. Lebas, C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, P. Pimenta, and D. Morichon. 2016. Vegetation cover and elevation drive diversity and composition of ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a Mediterranean ecosystem. – Myrmecological News 22: 119-127.
  • Boer P. 2019. Species list of the Netherlands. Accessed on January 22 2019 at http://www.nlmieren.nl/websitepages/specieslist.html
  • Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. Van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. Lijst van mieren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) van Belgie en Nederland, hun Nederlandse namen en hun voorkomen. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 63: 54-58.
  • Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. Lijst van mieren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) van Belgie en Nederland, hun Nederlandse namen en hun voorkomen. Entomologische Berichten 63(3): 54-57.
  • Boer P., W. Dekoninck, A. J. van Loon, and F. Vankerkhoven. 2003. List of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Belgium and The Netherlands, their status and Dutch vernacular names. Entomologische Berichten 63 (3): 54-58.
  • Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
  • Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2012. Ants of Greece - Checklist, comments and new faunistic data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus 23(4): 461-563.
  • Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2013. Ants of Greece – additions and corrections (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 24(3-4): 335-401.
  • Borowiec L., and S. Salata. 2017. Ants of the Peloponnese, Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Polish Journal of Entomology 86: 193-236.
  • Boven J. K. A. 1947. Liste de détermination des principales espèces de fourmis belges (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 83: 163-190.
  • Boven J. van 1949. Notes sur la faune des Hautes-Fagnes en Belgique. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 85: 135-143.
  • Bracko G. 2007. Checklist of the ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natura Sloveniae 9: 15-24
  • Bracko G., H. C. Wagner, A. Schulz, E. Gioahim, J. Maticic, and A. Tratnik. 2014. New investigation and a revised checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Republic of Macedonia. North-Western Journal of Zoology 10(1): 10-24.
  • Bracko, G. 2006. Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 14(2): 131-156.
  • Bracko, G.. "Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Croatia." Acta Entomologica Slovenica Vol 14 st (2006): 131-156.
  • Bujan J., A. Brigic, Z. Sedlar, and R. Sostaric. 2015. Progressive vegetation succession of fen habitats promotes the lack of habitat specialist ants. Insectes Sociaux 62: 415-422.
  • Carniel A. 1998. Ricerche sulla mirmecofauna delle Prealpi Orobiche (Lombardia) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Atti. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Morbegno 9: 29-39.
  • Casevitz-Weulersse J., and C. Galkowski. 2009. Liste actualisee des Fourmis de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 114: 475-510.
  • Casevitz-Weulersse J., and M. Prost. 1991. Fourmis de la Côte-d'Or présentes dans les collections du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Dijon. Bulletin Scientifique de Bourgogne 44: 53-72.
  • Cherix D., and S. Higashi. 1979. Distribution verticale des fourmis dans le Jura vaudois et recensement prelimaire des bourdons (Hymenoptera, Formicidae et Apidae). Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 356(74): 315-324.
  • Colindre L. 2016. Les fourmis en Picardie: bilan des decouvertes et redecouvertes 2015 (Hymenoptera/ Formicidae). Entomologiste Picard 28: 8-10.
  • Colindre L. 2017. Richess et utilite du cortege de fourmis en foret d'Ermenonville, Oise, Region Hauts-de-France. Association des Entomologistes de Picardie. 19 pages.
  • Collingwood C. A. 1956. Ant hunting in France. Entomologist 89: 106-108.
  • Collingwood C. A. 1971. A synopsis of the Formicidae of north Europe. Entomologist 104: 150-176
  • Collingwood C.A. 1959. Scandinavian Ants. Entomol. Rec. 71: 78-83
  • Collingwood C.A. 1961. Ants in Finland. Entomol. Rec. 73: 190-195
  • Collingwood, C. A. 1974. A revised list of Norwegian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 21: 31-35.
  • Collingwood, C. A., and I. H. H. Yarrow. "A survey of Iberian Formicidae." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 44 (1969): 53-101.
  • Collingwood, C. A.. "The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark." Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8 (1979): 1-174.
  • Consani M., and P. Zangheri. 1952. Fauna di Romagna. Imenotteri - Formicidi. Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 31: 38-48.
  • Csosz S., B. Marko, K. Kiss, A. Tartally, and L. Galle. 2002. The ant fauna of the Ferto-Hansag National Park (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Mahunka, S. (Ed.): The fauna of the Fert?-Hanság National Park. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 617-629.
  • Csősz S. and Markó, B. 2005. European ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the ant collection of the Natural History Museum of Sibiu (Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben), Romania II. Subfamily Formicinae. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 97: 225-240.
  • Csősz S., B. Markó, and L. Gallé. 2001. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Stana Valley (Romania): Evaluation of the effectiveness of a myrmecological survey. – Entomologica Romanica 6 : 121-126.
  • Csősz S., B. Markó, and L. Gallé. 2011. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7: 55-62.
  • Czechowski W., A. Radchenko, W. Czechowska and K. Vepsäläinen. 2012. The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. Fauna Poloniae 4. Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 1-496 pp
  • Dauber, J., J. Bengtsson and L. Lenoir. 2006. Evaluating Effects of Habitat Loss and Land-Use Continuity on Ant Species Richness in Seminatural Grassland Remnants. Conservation Biology 20(4):1150-1160
  • De Stefani T. 1889. Miscellanea imenotterologica sicula. Nat. Sicil. 8: 140-145.
  • Dekoninck W., and A. Pauly. 2002. Camponotus vagus Scopoli, 1763 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) a new ant species for Belgium? Bull. Soc. R. Belge Entomol. 138: 29-30.
  • Della Santa E. 1994. Guide pour l'identification des principales espèces de fourmis de Suisse. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 3: 1-124.
  • Della Santa E. 1995. Fourmis de Provence. Faune Provence 16: 5-37.
  • Donisthorpe, H.. "A first instalment of the ants of Turkey." Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12)3 (1950): 1057-1067.
  • Du Merle P. 1978. Les peuplements de fourmis et les peuplements d'acridiens du Mont Ventoux II. - Les peuplements de fourmis. Terre Vie 32(1): 161-218.
  • Dubovikoff D. A., and Z. M. Yusupov. 2018. Family Formicidae - Ants. In Belokobylskij S. A. and A. S. Lelej: Annotated catalogue of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Proceedingss of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 6: 197-210.
  • Dvorak, L., P. BOGUSCH, I. MALENOVSKÝ, P. BEZDÌÈKA, K. BEZDÌÈKOVÁ, K. HOLÝ, P. LIŠKA, J. MACEK, L. ROLLER, M. RÍHA et al. "Hymenoptera of Hády Hill, near the city of Brno (Czech Republic), collected during the Third Czech-Slovak Hymenoptera meeting." Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 93 (2008): 53-92.
  • Emery C. 1916. Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47: 79-275.
  • Emery, C.. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte seconda. Formiche dell'Europa e delle regioni limitrofe in Africa e in Asia." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 12 (1878): 43-59.
  • Entomological Society of Latvia. 2003. http://leb.daba.lv/Formicidae.htm (Accessed on December 1st 2013).
  • Espadaler X., X. Roig, K. Gómez, and F. García. 2011. Formigues de les Planes de Son i mata de València (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Treballs de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural 16: 609-627.
  • Espadaler, X., and C. Ascaso. "Adición a las hormigas del Montseny (Barcelona)." Orsis 5 (1990): 141-147.
  • Espadaler, X.. "Contribución al conocimiento de los formícidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) del Pirineo catalán." Tesis Universida (1979): 285 pp.
  • Fiedler, K., F. Kuhlmann, B. C. Schlick-Steiner, F. M. Steiner and G. Gebauer. 2007. Stable N-isotope signatures of central European ants – assessing positions in a trophic gradient. Insectes Sociaux 54(4):393-402.
  • Forel, A.. "Ameisen aus den Sporaden, den Cykladen und Griechenland, gesammelt 1887 von Herrn von Oertzen." Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 32 (1889): 255-265.
  • Forel, A.. "Nouvelles fourmis de Grèce récoltées par M. E. von Oertzen." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 30 (1886): clix-clxviii.
  • Franch, J., and X. Espadaler. "Ants as colonizing agents of pine stumps in San Juan de la Peña (Huesca, Spain)." Vie et Milieu 38 (1988): 149-154.
  • Francois J. 1958. Contribution a l'etude ecologique des Formicides (Insectes, Hymenopteres) de la region Dijonnaise. Travaux du laboratoire de Zoologie et de la Station Aquicole Grimaldi de la Faculte des Sciences de Dijon 25, 39 pages.
  • GRETIA. 2017. Bilan annuel de l'enquete sur la repartition des fourmis armoricaines. 23 pages.
  • Gadeau de Kerville H. 1922. Materiaux pour la Faune des Hymenopteres de la Normandie. Bull. Soc. Amis Sc. Nat. Rouen 1916-1921, 1922: 217-225.
  • Galle L. 1993. Data to the ant fauna of the Bukk (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natural history of the national parks of Hungary 7: 445-448.
  • Galle L. 1997. Contribution to the ant fauna of Slovenia with special reference to the submediterranean and eudinaric regions. Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean studies 11: 209-214.
  • Gallé L., B. Markó, K. Kiss, E. Kovács, H. Dürgő, K. Kőváry, and S. Csősz. 2005. Ant fauna of Tisza river basin (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). — In: Gallé, L. (szerk.): Vegetation and Fauna of Tisza River Basin I. Tiscia Monograph Series 7; Szeged, pp. 149-197.
  • Garcia Garcia F. 2017. Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Camponotus ligniperdus (Latreille, 1802) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Galicia (NW Iberia). Iberomyrmex 9: 45-47.
  • Gaspar C. 1968. Les fourmis de la Drome et des Basses-Alpes, en France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturaliste can. 95: 747-766.
  • Gaspare Charles. 1965. Étude myrmécologique d'une région naturelle de Belgique: la Famenne Survey des Fourmis de la Région (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Institut agronomique de l'Etat a' Gembloux. 32(4): 427-434.
  • Giacalone I., and M. Moretti. 2001. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) dei castagneti al Sud delle Alpi (ticino, Svizzera). Bollettino della Societa ticinese di Scienze naturali 89(1-2): 51-60.
  • Glaser F. 2009. Die Ameisen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Amtlicher Lehrmittelverlag, Vaduz, 2009 (Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein; Bd. 26).
  • Glaser F., A. Freitag, and H. Martz. 2012. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Münstertal (Val Müstair) – a hot spot of regional species richness between Italy and Switzerland. Gredleriana 12: 273 - 284.
  • Goetsch, W.. "Beiträge zur Biologie spanischer Ameisen." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 18 (1942): 175-241.
  • González Martín J. D., and X. Espadaler. 2011. Formicidos del País Vasco (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Nuevas aportaciones. Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia 11(1): 109-122.
  • Gouraud C. 2015. Bilan de l’année 2014 : Atlas des fourmis de Loire-Atlantique (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Atlas des Formicidae de Loire-Atlantique, compte rendu de la première année d’étude (2014)
  • Grandi G. 1935. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XV. Boll. R. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Studi Bologna 8: 27-121.
  • Groc S., J. H. C. Delabie, R. Cereghino, J. Orivel, F. Jaladeau, J. Grangier, C. S. F. Mariano, and A. Dejean. 2007. Ant species diversity in the ‘Grands Causses’ (Aveyron, France): In search of sampling methods adapted to temperate climates. C. R. Biologies 330: 913–922.
  • Guénard B., and R. R. Dunn. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558: 1-77.
  • Hauschteck-Jungen E., and H. Jungen. 1983. Ant chromosomes. II. Karyotypes of western palearctic species. Insectes Soc. 30: 149-164.
  • Holgersen H. 1942. Ants of northern Norway (Hym., Form.). Tromso Mus. Årsh. 63(2): 1-34.
  • Holgersen H. 1943. Ant studies in Rogaland (south-western Norway). Avhandlingar utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1943(7): 1-75.
  • Holgersen H. 1943. Insecta, ex Sibiria meridionali et Mongolia, in itinere Orjan Olsen 1914 collecta. C. Hymenoptera. 1. Formicidae. D. Hemiptera. 1. Homoptera cicadina. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 6: 162-163.
  • Holgersen H. 1944. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84: 165-203.
  • Holgersen H. 1944. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84: 165-518.
  • Hosoishi, S., S. Yamane and K. Ogata. 2010. Subterranean species of the ant genus Crematogaster in Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 13:345-350.
  • Hua Li-zhong. 2006. List of Chinese insects Vol. IV. Pages 262-273. Sun Yat-sen university Press, Guangzhou. 539 pages.
  • Hågvar S. 2005. Altitudinal zonation of ants (Formicidae) in a steep fjord landscape in Sogndal, Western Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 52: 3-12.
  • IZIKO South Africa Museum Collection
  • Ihnatiuk O. A., and S. V. Stukalyuk. 2015. Degradation changes in the structure of multispecies associations of ants in urbanized areas. Russian Journal of Ecology 46(1): 109–115.
  • Jensen T. F., and Nielsen M. G. 1982. En status over udbredelsen af myreslaegten Camponotus i Danmark (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser 49: 113-116.
  • Karaman M. G. 2009. An introduction to the ant fauna of Macedonia (Balkan Peninsula), a check list (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Natura Montenegrina 8(3): 151-162.
  • Karaman M. G. 2011. A catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Montenegro. Podgorica: Catalogues 3, Volume 2, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, 140 pp.
  • Kim B.J. 1986. A systematic study of ants in Island Ullungdo of Korea on the basis of external fine features. The journal of Natural Science 5(2): 84-94.
  • Kofler A. 1995. Nachtrag zur Ameisenfauna Osttirols (Tirol, Österreich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 1: 14-25.
  • Korlevic, A.. "Prilozi fauni hrvatskih opnokrilaca." Glasn. Hrv. Narav. Dr. 5 (1890): 189-250.
  • Kratochvíl J., V. Novák, and J. Snoflák. 1944. Mohelno. Soubor práci venoványch studiu vyznamne památky prírodní. 5. Hymenoptera - Aculeata. Formicidae - Apidae - Vespidae. Arch. Svazu Ochr. Prír. Domov. Moravé 6: 1-155.
  • Kvamme T. 1982. Atlas of the Formicidae of Norway (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Insecta Norvegiae 2: 1-56.
  • Lameere A. 1892. Note sur les fourmis de la Belgique. Annales dr la Société Entomologique de Belgique 36: 61-69.
  • Lapeva-Gjonova, L., V. Antonova, A. G. Radchenko, and M. Atanasova. "Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria." ZooKeys 62 (2010): 1-124.
  • Lebas C., C. Galkowski, P. Wegnez, X. Espadaler, and R. Blatrix. 2015. The exceptional diversity of ants on mount Coronat (Pyrénées-Orientales), and Temnothorax gredosi(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) new to France. R.A.R.E., T. XXIV (1): 24 – 33
  • Legakis A. 1983. The Zoological Museum of the University of Athens 2. The collection of ants from Greece. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 11(1): 85-87.
  • Legakis Collection Database
  • Lenoir L. 2009. Ant Species Composition and Richness in Different Types of Semi Natural Grasslands. Russian Journal of Ecology 40(7): 471-476.
  • Lomnicki J. 1928. Spis mrówek Lwowa i okolicy. Ksiegi Pamiatkowej (Lecia Gimn. IV Jana Dlugosza Lwowie) 50: 1-10.
  • Lorinczi G. 2011. Density and spatial pattern of nests in sub-Mediterranean ground-dwelling ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Community Ecology 12(1): 51-57.
  • Maavara V. 1953. Ants of Estonian SSR. ABIKS loodusevaatlejale 10: 1-44.
  • Majzlan O., and P. Devan. 2009. Selected insect groups (Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Raphidioptera) of the Rokoš Massif (Strážovské vrchy Mts.). Rosalia (Nitra), 20, p. 63–70.
  • Markó B., A. Ionescu-Hirsch, and A. Szász-Len. 2009. Genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Romania: distribution and identification key to the worker caste. Entomologica Romanica 14: 29-41.
  • Markó B., B. Sipos, S. Csősz, K. Kiss, I. Boros, and L. Gallé. 2006. A comprehensive list of the ants of Romania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9: 65-76.
  • Menozzi C. 1918. Primo contributo alla conoscenza della fauna mirmecologica del Modenese. Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena. (5)4: 81-88.
  • Menozzi C. 1922. Nota complementare per la distinzione specifica dei Camponotus herculeanus L. e ligniperda Latr. (Hym.-Formic.). Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 54: 141-145.
  • Meyer M., C. Braunert, R. Gerend, and I. Schrankel. 2003. Résultats de l'excursion annuelle du groupe de travail entomologique de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 103: 103-120.
  • Moscaliuc L. 2008. Notes on the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Rarau mountain. Analele Facult??ii de Biologie, Univ A.I. Cuza Ia?i 54: 53-55.
  • Müller, G.. "Le formiche della Venezia Guilia e della Dalmazia." Bollettino della Società Adriatica di Scienze Naturali in Trieste 28 (1923): 11-180.
  • Neumeyer R., and B. Seifert. 2005. Commented check list of free living ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species of Switzerland. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 78: 1-17.
  • Nielsen M. G. 2011. A check list of Danish ants and proposed common names. Ent. Meddr. 79: 13-18.
  • Nylander, W.. "Synopsis des Formicides de France et d'Algérie." Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie (4)5 (1856): 51-109.
  • Paraschivescu D. 1972. Fauna mirmecologica din zonele saline ale Romaniei. Studii si Cercetari de Biologie. Seria Zoologie 24: 489-495.
  • Paraschivescu D. 1978. Elemente balcanice in mirmecofauna R. S. Romania. Nymphaea 6: 463- 474.
  • Pekar, S. 2004. Predatory Behavior of Two European Ant-Eating Spiders (Araneae, Zodariidae). Journal of Arachnology 32(1): 31-41
  • Petrov I. Z., B. Petrov, D. Milicic, T. Karan-Znidarsic. 2007. Contribution to the Myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of East and South Serbia. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 59(3): 295-299.
  • Petrov I. Z., and C. A. Collingwood. 1992. Survey of the myrmecofauna (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) of Yugoslavia. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 44: 79-91.
  • Piers H. 1922. List of a small collection of ants (Formicidae) obtained in Queen's County, Nova Scotia, by the late Walter H. Prest. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 15(4), 169-173.
  • Pisarski B. 1961. Studien über die polnischen Arten der Gattung Camponotus Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 19: 147-207.
  • Poldi B., M. Mei, and F. Rigato. 1995. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Vol 102. Checklist delle specie della fauna Italiana: 1-10.
  • Pusvaskyte O. 1979. Myrmecofauna of the Lituanian SSR. Acta Entomologica Lituanica 4: 99-105.
  • Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1989. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Val Gesso (alpi Marittime) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 7(2): 427-442.
  • Rigato F., and R. Sciaky. 1991. The myrmecofauna of the Gesso Valley (Maritime Alps) (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology and Evolution Special Issue 1: 87-89.
  • Röszler P. 1950. Die Ameisenwelt des Nagy Pietrosz, 2305 m (Ungarn) und Umgebung. Zool. Anz. 145: 210-225.
  • Salata S. 2014. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the National Park of the Stołowe Mts. Przyroda Sudetow 17: 161-172.
  • Salata S., and L Borowiec. 2017. Species of Tetramorium semilaeve complex from Balkans and western Turkey, with description of two new species of (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 62:279–313.
  • Salata S., and L. Borowiec. 2018. Taxonomic and faunistic notes on Greek ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 27: 1-51.
  • Schar S., G Talavera, X. Espadaler, J. D. Rana, A. A. Andersen, S. P. Cover, and R. Vila. 2018. Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans-Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae. Journal of Biogeography 00: 1-12.
  • Schlick-Steiner B. C., and F. M. Steiner. 1999. Faunistisch-ökologische Untersuchungen an den freilebenden Ameisen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Wiens. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 3: 9-53.
  • Seifert B. 2019. Hybridization in the European carpenter ants Camponotus herculeanus and C. ligniperda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-019-00693-0
  • Siberian Zoological Museum. Website available at http://szmn.sbras.ru/old/Hymenop/Formicid.htm. Accessed on January 27th 2014.
  • Sonnenburg H. 2005. Die Ameisenfauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Niedersachsens und Bremens. Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 7: 377-441.
  • Soulie J. 1962. Fourmis des Hautes-Pyrenees. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 97: 35-37.
  • Steffek J., and M. Wiezik. 2008. Exploited peatbog and associated mollusk and ant assemblages: still a reasonable protection? Naturae Tutela 12: 15-19.
  • Steiner F. M., S. Schödl, and B. C. Schlick-Steiner. 2002. Liste der Ameisen Österreichs (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Stand Oktober 2002. Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik 3: 17-25.
  • Stukalyuk S. V. 2015. Structure of the ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the broad-leaved forests of Kiev. Entomological Review 95(3): 370–387.
  • Stumper R. 1953. Etudes myrmecologiques. XI. Fourmis luxembourgeoises. Bulletin Soc. Nat. luxemb. 57: 122-135.
  • Suñer i Escriche, David. "Contribució al coneixement mirmecologic de Gavarres, Montgrí, Guilleríes i la Serralada Transversal." Tesis Doctoral Universida (1991): 577 pp.
  • Tausan I. 2010. Notes on the ant fauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Rodna Mountains National Park and it's surroundings (Transylvania-Maramures, Romania). Transylv. Rev. Syst. Ecol. Res. 9: 159-166.
  • Tausan I. 2016. First record of Camponotus lateralis (Olivier, 1792)(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dobrogea (Romania). Brukenthal. Acta Musei, 11: 443-446.
  • Tausan I., M. M. Jerpel, I. R. Puscasu, C. Sadeanu, R. E. Brutatu, L. A. Radutiu, and V. Giurescu. 2012. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Sibiu County (Transylvania, Romania). Brukenthal. Acta Musei 7(3): 499-520.
  • Tolg, F., and J. Fahringer. "Beitrag zur Dipteren- und Hymenopterenfauna Bosniens der Herzegowina und Dalmatiens, II." Mitt. Naturw. Ver. Univ. Wien 9 (1911): 23-28.
  • Vagalinski B., and A. Lapeva-Gjonova. 2012. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Plana Mountain (Bulgaria). Historia naturalis bulgarica 20: 87-101.
  • Vele A., J. Holisa, J. Tragnerova. 2015. Ant succession on burned areas in forested landscape: a case study from the Bohemian Switzerland National Forest. Zpravy Lesnickeho Vyzkumu 60(1): 47-52.
  • Vogrin, V.. "Prilog fauni Hymenoptera - Aculeata Jugoslavije." Zast. Bilja 31(suppl.) (1955): 1-74.
  • Wegnez P. 2014. Premières captures de Lasius distinguendus Emery, 1916 et de Temnothorax albipennis (Curtis, 1854) au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 150 (2014) : 168-171.
  • Wegnez P. 2017. Découverte de Myrmica lobicornis Nylander, 1846 et Lasius jensi Seifert, 1982, deux nouvelles espèces pour le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 153: 46-49.
  • Wegnez P. 2018. Premières decouvertes de Myrmica bibikoffi Kutter, 1963 et de Ponera testacea Emery, 1895, au Luxembourg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 154: 263–272.
  • Wegnez P., and A. Ronk. 2017. Découverte de Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) et signalement de quelques autres espèces rares de fourmis au Luxembourg (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois 119 : 153–159.
  • Wegnez P., and F. Mourey. 2016. Formica uralensis Ruzsky, 1895 une espèce encore présente en France mais pour combien de temps ? (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 152: 72-80.
  • Wegnez P., and M. Fichaux. 2015. Liste actualisee des especes de fourmis repertoriees au Grand-Duche de Luxembourg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société royale belge d’Entomologie 151: 150-165
  • Wiezick M. 2008. Ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of forest-steppe habitats at southern and South-Western slopes of Plesivecka a Planina plateau at Slovensky Kras Karst. Natura Carpatica 49: 85-94.
  • Wiezik M. 2006. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formiciadae) of the Sitno National Nature Reserve (Štiavnické vrchy Protected Landscape Area). Naturae Tutela 10: 73-77.
  • Wiezik M., A. Wiezikova, and J. Murin. 2008. Ant assemblages at horná orava peatbogs. Naturae Tutela 12: 55-60.
  • Wiezik M., A. Wiezikova, and M. Svitok. 2010. Effects of secondary succession in abandoned grassland on the activity of ground-foraging ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 74: 153-160
  • Wieziková A. 2008. Epigaeic activity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at hemerobic gradient: arable land – green forage – permanent grassland. Acta Facultatis Ecologiae 18: 69-76.
  • Xia Yongjuan, and Zheng Zhemin. 1997. A survey of Formicidae form Xinjiang. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University 25(2): 64-66.
  • Zryanin V. A., and T. A. Zryanina. 2007. New data on the ant fauna Hymenoptera, Formicidae in the middle Volga River Basin. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127(2): 226-240.