Kalathomyrmex emeryi

Kalathomyrmex emeryi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Kalathomyrmex
Species:	K. emeryi
Binomial name
Kalathomyrmex emeryi (Forel, 1907) Specimen Label
Synonyms
Mycetophylax bolivari Weber, 1948 Mycetophylax emeryi hubrichi Santschi, 1925 Mycetophylax emeryi weiseri Santschi, 1929 Mycetophylax glaber Weber, 1948 Mycetophylax hummelincki Weber, 1948 Myrmicocrypta emeryi arenicola Forel, 1912 Myrmicocrypta emeryi argentina Santschi, 1916 Myrmicocrypta emeryi fortis Forel, 1912 Myrmicocrypta emeryi gallardoi Santschi, 1922

This enigmatic species, the only member of its genus, creates soil nests that are able to withstand long periods of inundation.

At a Glance

• Fungus Grower

Identification

As the only member of its genus, the following means of separating the genus from other ant genera is sufficient for identifying this species:

The here described monotypic genus Kalathomyrmex; with Kalathomyrmex emeryi as the type species, presents the following exclusive set of characters: subquadrate head shape; reduced arched frontal lobes; subtriangular mandibles with five teeth; triangular clypeus with latero-posterior margins strongly produced forwards over the lateral wings of the clypeus as rounded ridges, resulting in two large circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate, junction of antennal insertion area and clypeus with long setae, forming a psammophore (apparently non-homologous with the Paramycetophylax psammophore and a putative synapomorphy for Kalathomyrmex); lack of a median clypeal seta (otherwise universal in Attini); noticeably slender body; and median dorsal conical protuberance in the posterior area of the mesonotum. Also, in contrast to the species of Mycetophylax as accepted here, the species of Paramycetophylax and Kalathomyrmex females share a morphological character state of the postpetiole with a large posterior impression, almost dividing it into two lobes. (Klingenberg and Brandao 2009)

Distribution

Kalathomyrmex emeryi is distributed all over cis-Andean South American.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 2.87° to -40.421°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (type locality), Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Biology

Explore Fungus Growing  For additional details see Fungus growing ants. A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source. These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius). The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3. Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category): Nest Construction A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests. some Crematogaster some Lasius Lower Agriculture Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae. some Apterostigma Cyatta (1 species) some Cyphomyrmex Kalathomyrmex (1 species) Mycocepurus (6 species) Myrmicocrypta (31 species) Mycetarotes (4 species) Mycetosoritis (2 species) Mycetophylax (21 species) Paramycetophylax (1 species) Xerolitor (1 species) Coral Fungus Agriculture Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae. some Apterostigma Yeast Agriculture Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi. some Cyphomyrmex Generalized Higher Agriculture Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi. Mycetomoellerius (31 species) Paratrachymyrmex (9 species) Sericomyrmex (11 species) Trachymyrmex (9 species) Leaf-Cutter Agriculture A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus. Acromyrmex (56 species) Amoimyrmex (3 species) Atta (20 species) Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

Information on the biology of this species is scant. As mentioned above, Bucher (1974) described the nest architecture of Paramycetophylax bruchi and K. emeryi; both species inhabit sandy soil and prefer places devoid of vegetation. We confirmed this observation for K. emeryi, as we found this species nesting at the beaches of the Rio Negro (AM), Brazil. The nests are quite common at the sandy beaches of the river and can be easily located. In the Amazonian rainy season, the nests become covered by water for months. This observation has been confirmed by Dr. M. Verhaagh in Peru (pers. comm.), who found a K. emeryi nest nearby a river bank covered by high water for several days; when the river returned to its normal water level, the ants reopened the entrance and came out of the nest. According to Bucher (1974), the fungus chambers are located from 60 to 100 cm deep, but can be found deeper due to temperature changes during the year. For the fungus substrate, the species forages for feces of other insects, mainly of Lepidoptera. The ants showed their highest activity during the night. However, we observed K. emeryi in frantic activity during the day in several instances, even with relatively high temperatures and under full sun exposure. (Klingenberg & Brandão 2009)

Life History Traits

• Mean colony size: 100 (Greer et al., 2021)
• Compound colony type: not parasitic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
• Diet class: herbivore (Greer et al., 2021)
• Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0178534. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Queen

.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0178536. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MCZ, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• emeryi. Myrmicocrypta emeryi Forel, 1907f: 144 (w.) COLOMBIA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Colombia: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, between Dibulla and San Antonio, 1896 (A. Forel).
  • Type-depositories: MCSN, MHNG.
  • Forel, 1912e: 189 (q.m.).
  • Combination in Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax): Emery, 1913b: 251; Emery, 1924d: 343;
  • combination in Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax): Santschi, 1916e: 383;
  • combination in Mycetophylax: Santschi, 1925e: 163;
  • combination in Kalathomyrmex: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Status as species: Forel, 1912e: 189; Santschi, 1922b: 358 (in key); Emery, 1924d: 343; Kusnezov, 1953b: 338; Weber, 1958d: 263; Kempf, 1972a: 145; Bolton, 1995b: 268; Wild, 2007b: 33; Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22 (redescription); Bezděčková, et al. 2015: 117; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 854.
  • Senior synonym of arenicola: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Senior synonym of argentina: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Senior synonym of bolivari: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Senior synonym of fortis: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Senior synonym of gallardoi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Senior synonym of glaber: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 23.
  • Senior synonym of hubrichi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 23.
  • Senior synonym of hummelincki: Weber, 1958d: 263; Kempf, 1972a: 145; Bolton, 1995b: 269; Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
  • Senior synonym of weiseri: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 23.
  • Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.
• arenicola. Myrmicocrypta emeryi var. arenicola Forel, 1912e: 189 (w.q.) ARGENTINA (Catamarca).
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated).
  • Type-locality: Argentina: Huasan, 1300 m. (C. Bruch).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • [Misspelled as arenaria by Santschi, 1933e: 118.]
  • Combination in Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax): Santschi, 1922b: 355;
  • combination in Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax): Emery, 1924d: 343;
  • combination in Mycetophylax: Kempf, 1972a: 146.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Forel, 1913l: 236; Bruch, 1914: 217; Gallardo, 1916d: 320; Santschi, 1922b: 355; Bruch, 1923: 200; Emery, 1924d: 343; Santschi, 1929d: 303; Santschi, 1931e: 278; Santschi, 1933e: 118; Kempf, 1972a: 146; Bolton, 1995b: 268.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
• argentina. Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax) emeryi var. argentina Santschi, 1916e: 383 (w.) ARGENTINA (Santiago del Estero, Buenos Aires).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-localities: Argentina: Santiago del Estero, Rio Salado (Wagner), Argentina: Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana (C. Bruch).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • Combination in Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax): Emery, 1924d: 343;
  • combination in Mycetophylax: Kempf, 1972a: 146.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Gallardo, 1919b: 245; Santschi, 1922b: 355; Emery, 1924d: 343; Kempf, 1972a: 146; Bolton, 1995b: 268.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
• bolivari. Mycetophylax bolivari Weber, 1948b: 84 (w.) VENEZUELA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “several”).
  • Type-locality: Venezuela: Anzoategui State, llanos 17 km. N Soledad, across Orinoco River from Ciudad Bolivar, 27.i.1935 (N.A. Weber).
  • Type-depositories: AMNH, MCZC.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Weber, 1958d: 263; Kempf, 1972a: 146; Bolton, 1995b: 268.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
• fortis. Myrmicocrypta emeryi var. fortis Forel, 1912e: 189 (w.) ARGENTINA (Catamarca).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Argentina: Huasan, 1300 m. (C. Bruch).
  • Type-depositories: MHNG, MNHU.
  • Combination in Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax): Santschi, 1922b: 355;
  • combination in Cyphomyrmex (Mycetophylax): Emery, 1924d: 343;
  • combination in Mycetophylax: Kempf, 1972a: 146.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Bruch, 1914: 217; Gallardo, 1916d: 320; Santschi, 1922b: 355; Emery, 1924d: 343; Santschi, 1929d: 303; Kempf, 1972a: 146; Brandão, 1991: 358; Bolton, 1995b: 268.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
• gallardoi. Myrmicocrypta (Mycetophylax) emeryi st. gallardoi Santschi, 1922b: 354 (w.) ARGENTINA (Buenos Aires).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Argentina: Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana (C. Bruch).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • Combination in Mycetophylax: Kempf, 1972a: 146.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Kempf, 1972a: 146; Zolessi, et al. 1988: 5; Brandão, 1991: 357; Bolton, 1995b: 269.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
• glaber. Mycetophylax glaber Weber, 1948b: 85 (w.) BOLIVIA.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Bolivia: Tumupasa (W.M. Mann).
  • Type-depository: MCZC.
  • Status as species: Kempf, 1972a: 146; Bolton, 1995b: 269.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 23.
• hubrichi. Mycetophylax emeryi st. hubrichi Santschi, 1925e: 163, fig. 6 (w.) ARGENTINA (Santa Fe).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Argentina: Santa Fe, Rosario (Hubrich).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Kempf, 1972a: 146; Bolton, 1995b: 269.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 23.
• hummelincki. Mycetophylax hummelincki Weber, 1948b: 84 (w.) VENEZUELA.
  • Type-material: 3 syntype workers.
  • Type-locality: Venezuela: Stat. 121, Cabo Blanco, W La Guaira, 20 m., 19.viii.1936 (P.W. Hummelinck).
  • Type-depositories: AMNH, MCZC.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Weber, 1958d: 263; Kempf, 1972a: 145; Bolton, 1995b: 269; Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 22.
• weiseri. Mycetophylax emeryi st. weiseri Santschi, 1929d: 303 (w.) ARGENTINA (Catamarca).
  • Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
  • Type-locality: Argentina: Catamarca, Corral Quemado (Weiser).
  • Type-depository: NHMB.
  • Subspecies of emeryi: Kempf, 1972a: 146; Bolton, 1995b: 269.
  • Junior synonym of emeryi: Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009: 23.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Klingenberg & Brandão, 2009:

Worker

Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 76): IOD 0.49-0.83; HL 0.54-0.83; CI 85-106; SL 0.48-0.8; SI 84-112; ML 0.23-0.48; MI 34-77; WL 0.70-1.26; PrW 0.26-0.60; PL 0.16-0.30; PPL 0.19-0.35; GL 0.57-0.92; FL 0.52-0.98; TL 2.42-4.03.

Color in general yellowish to reddish-brown, some specimens may be darker. Apex of funiculus, clypeus, and masticatory border of mandibles, head vertex, postpetiole, gaster and femora brownish. Mandibles and tarsi yellowish; rest of the body light reddish brown. Under optical scope, body sculpture densely punctuated with exception of lateral parts of pronotum, where the sculpture is more superficial. Mandible disc shiny with piliferous punctuations. Mesosoma covered by a fine layer of “dirt”, visible only in SEM images in a way that the sculpture of the integument is “reprinted” in the dirt-layer. Whole body covered by shiny whitish to golden appressed hairs. Long, flexuous hairs covering the mandibles and gular face.

Head shape quadrate (see CI). Mandibles with five teeth, apical tooth larger, followed by smaller second and third teeth. After the diastema a small fourth tooth followed by a small denticule. Anterior margin of clypeus gently concave. In lateral view, clypeus triangular. In frontal view latero-posterior margin of clypeus strongly produced forwards over the lateral wings of the clypeus, as rounded trenchant ridges, resulting in two large flat circular areas where the antennal scapes articulate. Median portion of clypeus attains posteriorly the posterior level of the antennal insertions in a generally straight sometimes rounded suture, followed by a small impressed triangular frontal area. A shallowly impressed median line running from the frontal area to the vertex. Frontal lobes reduced, barely covering the antennal insertions, their maximum expansion less than a fourth of a longitudinal median head axis and the lateral margins of head, ending posteriorly at the level of the posterior margin of compound eyes. Lateral carinae bordering the internal margins of the compound eyes, fading out a little after their posterior margins. Compound eyes set slightly before the middle of the head, at maximum width with ten ommatidia and at maximum length with 14 ommatidia. Vertexal margin straight, but occasionally with a median impression. Antennae with flattened scapes, surpassing the posterolateral corners of the head when laid back over the head capsule. First funicular segment as long as the second and the third together. Apical end of funiculus with a three segmented club, only a little wider than the other funicular segments. Ventral face of head flat.

Mesosoma. Pronotum without tubercles or distinct protuberances, lateral pronotal margins rounded, without spines or angles. Occasionally the pronotum bearing a blunt obliquely directed spine (specimens from Paraguay and Argentina). Dorsal face of mesonotum evenly rounded, in side view, followed by a small depression and a conical low protuberance. Anepisternum clearly divided from the mesonotum by a carina. In lateral view, basal face of propodeum slightly convex anteriorly, meeting the concave declivous face and about one half shorter than basal face. Propodeal spiracle opening in an angle of 45° in relation to the main body axis. Propodeum with a pair of divergent, short, blunt obtuse angles, directed obliquely upwards. In dorsal view, petiole straight, wider at three fourths of its length, with a vestigially developed ventral process. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subtriangular, with a large impression at posterior margin, forming two distinct lobes, heart-shaped and dorsoventrally flattened.

Gaster smooth, without protuberances or carinae.

Queen

Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 10): IOD 0.54-0.64; HL 0.56-0.63; CI 90-107; SL 0.5-0.56; SI 83-100; ML 0.26-0.34; MI 43-61; WL 0.94-1.02; PL 0.16-0.24; PPL 0.2-0.24; GL 0.84-0.98; TL 3.01-3.36.

Color, pilosity and main morphological traits of head, propodeal spiracle, petiole, postpetiole and gaster similar as in the conspecific workers. Mandible with five teeth, apical tooth bigger than all the others, followed by smaller second and third triangular teeth; fourth tooth triangular and smaller than the second and third, followed by a small denticle. Compound eyes with 15 ommatidia at maximum width and 17 ommatidia at maximum length. Posterior portion of head with three ocelli, the median superficially impressed at frons. The apical funicular segment as long as the three anterior together.

Mesosoma in lateral view with dorsally flattened scutum, in lateral view, dorsum of scutum starts at the anterior third of the pronotum. In dorsal view anterior margin and posterior margin round, the last ending in a carina. Parapsidial lines shallowly impressed. Prescutum reduced, represented only by triangular axillae; scutum-scutellar sulcus deeply impressed. Scutellum subquadrate, anterior third wider than posterior portion, posteriorly rounded. Metanotum reduced, appearing only as small, flattened disc in dorsal view. Katepisternum rectangular; anepisternum only half the size of the katepisternum, subquadrate, and both separated by a distinct groove, ending posteriorly in a carina. Propodeum with a small blunt obliquely upwards directed spine.

Male

Range of measurements (in mm) and indices of examined specimens (N = 10): IOD 0.21-0.34; HL 0.24-0.34; CI 88-100; SL 0.32-0.42; SI 110-152; ML 0.13-0.18; MI 38-53; WL 0.76-0.92; PL 0.10-0.18; PPL 0.12-0.20; GL 0.68-0.82; TL 2.31-2.58.

Color brownish to dark brown. Anterior half of mandibles, funiculus, labrum, legs and apex of gaster light yellow. Under optical scope, body densely punctuated, with exception of shiny gaster, where sculpture is more superficial. Whole body covered by golden, shiny, appressed hairs. Head shape quadrate (see CI). Mandibles with three multidenticulate teeth, apical tooth longer than the others, followed by a smaller second triangular tooth and a denticle, better visible with SEM images. Anterior margin of clypeus straight. Clypeus with a psammophore composed by four setae arising from the meeting of the clypeus and the anteclypeus. Psammophore hairs fine and stiff as long as the length of the two apical segments of funiculus, reaching the apex of the mandibles. In frontal view, clypeus bulging, its posterior margin not forming a trenchant ridge. Frontal lobes reduced, covering only half of the antennal insertions, ending posteriorly at the level of the anterior margin of compound eyes. Lateral carinae marginate the compound eyes anteriorly. Compound eyes set at anterior part of head, at maximum width with 19 ommatidia and at maximum length with 23 ommatidia. Vertexal margin with a median longitudinal impression, resulting from the bulging of the lateral ocelli, posterolateral corners of head rounded. Antennae 13-segmented, scapes rounded, surpassing the posterolateral corners of the head by the length of the three apical segments of the funiculus. First funicular segment with the same length of the second. Funiculus with a three segmented club. The apical funicular segment as long as the two anterior together. Ventral face of head flat.

Mesosoma in dorsal view with rounded scutum, almost covering the whole pronotum. Major width of scutum at tegula. Parapsidial lines distinct and in parallel to the main body axis. Axillae subtriangular and scutum-scutellar sulcus deeply impressed. Scutellum subquadrate to subtriangular, wider anteriorly than posteriorly, posterior margin rounded. Katepisternum subquadrate with inferior margin rounded; anepisternum subtriangular. Apex of procoxa fail to attain the anterior margin of katepisternum level. Propodeum basal face occasionally slightly concave, meeting the declivous face in rounded angles. In lateral view, petiole triangular, node rounded dorsally, ventrally straight. In dorsal view, petiole with a shallowly and wide median impression. Postpetiole much wider posteriorly, heart-shaped; ventrally with a vestigial anteromedian denticle. Gaster elongated.

Legs long and filamentous.

References

• Albuquerque, E., Prado, L., Andrade-Silva, J., Siqueira, E., Sampaio, K., Alves, D., Brandão, C., Andrade, P., Feitosa, R., Koch, E., Delabie, J., Fernandes, I., Baccaro, F., Souza, J., Almeida, R., Silva, R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001, 1–83 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1).
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Hanisch, P.E., Sosa-Calvo, J., Schultz, T.R. 2022. The last piece of the puzzle? Phylogenetic position and natural history of the monotypic fungus-farming ant genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini). Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1): 11:1-17 (doi:10.1093/isd/ixab029).
• Klingenberg, C., Brandão, C.R.F. 2009. Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat. and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. Zootaxa 2052: 1-31 (doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.2052.1.1).
• Ulysséa, M.A., Brandão, C.R.F. 2013. Ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of northeastern Brazil: a compilation from field surveys in Bahia and literature records. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 57, 217–224 (doi:10.1590/s0085-56262013005000002).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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