Camponotus dalmaticus

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Camponotus dalmaticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Camponotus
Subgenus: Myrmentoma
Species group: lateralis
Species complex: piceus
Species: C. dalmaticus
Binomial name
Camponotus dalmaticus
(Nylander, 1849)

Camponotus dalmaticus casent0080781 profile 1.jpg

Camponotus dalmaticus casent0080781 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Subspecies

This species is distributed almost exclusively in southern Europe, although it can also be found in Switzerland, and occurs as far east as Asia Minor and the Near East (Radchenko 2007). It prefers warm habitats (Marko et al., 2009). This is a common species in Greece and is most often associated with warm borders of deciduous and mixed forests, mediterranean shrubs, and herbs growing along roadsides, as well as from parks in urban areas. Nests are found under stones, in rock crevices, and inside dry and empty stems of large herbs (Borowiec & Salata, 2021).

Identification

Ionescu-Hirsch (2009) - According to Radchenko (1997c), C. dalmaticus belongs to the Camponotus piceus complex of the Camponotus lateralis species group, together with Camponotus abrahami and Camponotus piceus. C. dalmaticus differs from C. abrahami (studied specimens from Lebanon identified by C.A. Collingwood), by the clypeus being incised anteromedially, as opposed to entire, by the presence of a metanotal groove, as opposed to a lack of such, and by a red mesosoma (at least pronotum), as opposed to a completely black mesosoma. It differs from C. piceus by the presence of a single transverse row of erect setae on the junction of the propodeal dorsum with declivity, as opposed to the erect setae scattered all over the propodeal dorsum in the latter species (see also Emery, 1925a). C. dalmaticus has the clypeus incised anteriorly and the arrangement pattern of the propodeal setae similar to Camponotus lateralis and Camponotus rebeccae but it differs from these species in its black head and gaster, whereas C. lateralis and C. rebeccae have the head always paler than the gaster. It further differs from C. rebeccae by its deeply impressed, as opposed to shallow, metanotal groove; a difference especially marked in major workers, by its propodeal dorsum flat or concave posteriorly, as opposed to convex, and by a slightly broader petiolar scale: the ratio of maximum petiolar width to pronotum width = 0.47–0.60 (n = 33), as opposed to 0.41–0.53 (n = 47).

Seifert, 2019: See key. Two major workers are depicted in AntWeb.org under CASENT0179601 (the most frequent color morph) and CASENT0906110 (the rare, entirely black color morph).

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Ionescu-Hirsch (2009) - Mainly in southeastern Europe, although also found in Switzerland, Turkey (Asia Minor), and the Near East (Radchenko, 2007).

Marko et al. (2009) - In Romania this species is known from a single location: Mehadia (Mocsáry 1897) in Caraş-Severin County in southern Romania. The reference material could not be verified. C. dalmaticus has nonetheless clear morphological characters that could hardly allow its misidentification, and it is also present in neighbouring countries. We thus consider it as a likely species for Romania until further evidence is acquired.

Seifert, 2019: The range extends northwest over north Italy to south Switzerland. The northernmost site reported by Kutter (1977) is Ruvigliana near Lugano [46.00°N, 8.99° E, 400 m]. The species is unknown so far from Asia Minor.

This is a northern and western species in Greece, known from all mainland provinces, and Aegean and Ionian islands (Borowiec et al., 2022).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 46.005° to 32.13333333°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Syria, Türkiye.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Habitat

Borowiec and Salata (2022), for Greece - Thermophilous species. Common in deciduous forests, especially oak forests. Dominant ant species on bushes at roadsides inside deciduous forests or on Mediterranean bushes. Less common in pine or fir forests. Noted also from frygana on sea coast, old olive tree plantations, stream valleys with plane trees. Workers often foraging on leafs of Hedera helix entwining olive or fruit trees. Quite common in towns and tourists resorts on herbs, shrubs and walls in garden. Nests under stones or rock walls made of rubble and clay. Most records are from an altitude below 800 m, only in Peloponnese several samples come from an altitude above 1000 m with the highest location in Parnonas Mts. from an altitude of 1370 m.

Biology

Flight Period

X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Castes

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • dalmaticus. Formica dalmatica Nylander, 1849: 37 (s.w.) CROATIA (Lastovo I.).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • [Note: Radchenko, 2007: 37, cites 1w major, 1w minor syntypes ZMHF.]
    • Type-locality: Croatia (“Dalmatia”): Lagosta I. (= Lastovo I.) (C. Zeller).
    • Type-depository: ZMHF.
    • [Misspelled as dalmatinus by Müller, 1923b: 164.]
    • Forel, 1913d: 436 (q.m.).
    • Combination in Camponotus: Mayr, 1863: 399; Roger, 1863b: 1;
    • combination in C. (Orthonotomyrmex): Müller, 1923b: 164;
    • combination in C. (Myrmentoma): Menozzi, 1921: 32; Emery, 1925b: 120;
    • combination in Orthonotomyrmex: Novák & Sadil, 1941: 109 (in key).
    • As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1916b: 226.
    • Junior synonym of lateralis: Mayr, 1855: 322; Nylander, 1856b: 58; Smith, F. 1858b: 12 (first entry, see below); Mayr, 1863: 399; Roger, 1863b: 1; Dours, 1873: 164; André, 1874: 201 (in list); Forel, 1874: 97 (in list).
    • Subspecies of lateralis: Forel, 1874: 40; Emery & Forel, 1879: 449; André, 1882a: 151 (in key); Forel, 1886e: clxvii; Forel, 1892i: 306; Dalla Torre, 1893: 238; Emery, 1896d: 373 (in list); Emery, 1898c: 125; Forel, 1913d: 436; Emery, 1914d: 159; Menozzi, 1921: 32; Müller, 1923b: 164; Emery, 1925a: 69; Emery, 1925b: 120; Ceballos, 1956: 312.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 12 (second entry, see above); Finzi, 1927b: 52 (in key); Finzi, 1930d: 318; Santschi, 1934d: 281; Zimmermann, 1935: 60; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 109 (in key); Kutter, 1963: 130; Kutter, 1968a: 60; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 189; Aktaç, 1977: 126; Kutter, 1977c: 207; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a: 58; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 283 (in key); Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 224; Collingwood, 1993b: 195; Bolton, 1995b: 95; Poldi, et al. 1995: 7; Csösz, & Markó, 2005: 227; Bračko, 2006: 145; Markó, Sipos, et al. 2006: 66; Petrov, 2006: 108 (in key); Bračko, 2007: 19; Radchenko, 2007: 37; Werner & Wiezik, 2007: 156; Vonshak, et al. 2009: 38; Ionescu-Hirsch, 2010: 67; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 42; Karaman, M.G. 2011b: 69; Legakis, 2011: 30; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2012: 474; Kiran & Karaman, 2012: 6; Karaman, C. & Aktaç, 2013: 51 (in key); Borowiec, L. 2014: 29; Bračko, et al. 2014: 18; Tohmé, G. & Tohmé, 2014: 138; Lebas, et al. 2016: 138; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c: 43; Seifert, 2018: 261; Seifert, 2019b: 22; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2022: 80.
    • Distribution: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Israel, Italy (+ Sicily), Lebanon, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey.
    • [Note: distribution based on Borowiec, L. 2014: 29.]
    • Current subspecies: nominal plus rhodius.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Ionescu-Hirsch (2009) - TL = 4.3–6.1, HL = 1.04–1.70, HW = 0.87–1.52, EL = 0.25–0.33, SL = 1.02–1.30, ML = 1.48–2.03, PW = 0.74–1.07, mTbL = 0.81–1.09, hTbL = 1.04–1.50 (n = 15).

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Moderately large, polymorphic; minor worker: HL: 0.920-1.013 (mean 0.946); HW: 0.749-0.854 (mean 0.786); SL: 0.905-1.016 (mean 0.958); EL: 0.230-0.256 (mean 0.241); ML: 1.29-1.48; MW: 0.68-0.74. Color. Very variable in coloration. Head in the dominant darkest form almost completely black with narrowly yellowish to reddish anterior margin of clypeus and gena, often whole clypeus and gena up to insertions of antennae yellowish, reddish to reddish brown, rest of head black, occasionally anterior half of head brown posterior half black, in the palest form whole head yellowish brown to brown but such colored specimens was observed only in 3% of examined materials. Mesosoma usually bicoloured with pronotum yellowish to red and rest of mesosoma dark brown to black, often dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum yellowish to red and sides black, in the palest form whole mesosoma yellowish to red, in very dark forms mesosoma predominantly black with brown to dark brown pronotum, in extreme case whole mesosoma black but such colored specimens represent only 2% of examined materials; petiolar scale from uniformly yellow or reddish to completely black, gaster from dark brown to black except yellowish white posterior transparent margins, sometimes first gastral tergite slightly paler than subsequent tergites; antennal scapus yellow to yellowish brown, usually basal 1-3 segments yellowish then subsequent segments gradually darker; legs in the palest forms completely yellow, often coxa brown to black, trochanters partly brown partly yellowish, femora mostly brown except yellowish apices, tibiae and tarsi yellowish to yellowish brown, in the darkest form legs completely brown. Head. Stout, approximately 1.2 times longer than wide, sides in front of eyes almost straight and slightly converging anterad, behind eyes regularly rounded, posterior margin convex. Clypeus trapezoidal, with anterior margin straight to slightly convex, not crenulate, without median emargination, posterior margin in the middle emarginate by frontal triangle, whole surface distinctly microreticulated but appears shiny, covered with short and sparse appressed to decumbent hairs, anterior margin with a row of 4-6 long setae centrally but without short setae on sides, clypeal plate with few long erected setae grouping on sides and base of clypeus. Head distinctly microsculptured, frontal area microreticulate or on sides with striation, occipital and temporal area mostly with transverse or circular striation, surface with short and sparse appressed pubescence, appears shiny, gena, fros and anterior part of occipitum with few short to long erected setae, only occipital and temporal areas without setae, ventral side of head without or up to 6 moderately long to long erected setae. Scape moderately elongate, approximately 1.2 times as long as width of head, at apex only slightly wider than in base, basal part with slightly marked horizontal extension, surface diffusely to distinctly microreticulate, shiny, with short and sparse appressed pubescence, without decumbent hairs or erected setae. Funicular segments elongate, thin, first segment 2.2 times as long as wide and 1.6-1.7 times as long as second segment, third segment distinctly longer than second, the rest of funicular segments distinctly longer than broad. Eyes moderately big, almost round, 0.25 length of head. Mandibles stout, diffusely microreticulate, surface shiny. Mesosoma. Moderately elongate, 1.9-2.0 times as long as wide, dorsally and laterally distinctly sculptured tending to form transverse, longitudinal, oblique and concentric striation, on sides of pronotum microstriation often diffused, whole surface shiny but mesosomal dorsum sometimes appears slightly matt. In lateral view dorsum with distinct mesonotal groove, propodeum with slightly convex dorsum which is 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide, posterior margin truncate, in lateral view posterior face and dorsum form distinct angle, posterior face not excavate. Surface of mesosoma with short and scarce hairs, pronotal plate with up to two long erected setae, mesonotum with 2-4 moderately long to long erected setae, propodeum only on posterior margin with 2-4 long erected setae, central part without setae; the number of erected setae increases with body length, the longest setae with length to 0.215. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale thick, broad in anterior view, PI = 2.0- 2.2, with convex anterior and flat posterior face, apex rounded; anterior and posterior surface transversely striate, without pubescence or with few very short and very scarce appressed hairs, apical crest with 4-8 very long erected setae. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, tergites with fine transverse microstriation, surface shiny, covered with moderately long but scarce appressed hairs; each tergite with row of very long erected setae across middle and close to posterior margin, occasionally with few additional erected setae between main rows. Legs. Elongate, hind femora shorter than mesosoma, surface of legs covered with short to moderately long and sparse appressed hairs, inner margin of hind tibiae with row of 1-3 thorns. Ventral surface of fore femora with 1-2 long erected setae. Major worker: Large, HL: 1.539-1.760 (mean 1.654); HW: 1.521-1.840 (mean 1.712); SL: 1.151-1.254 (mean 1.204); EL: 0.346-0.381 (mean 0.363); ML: 1.92-2.13; MW: 1.05- 1.17. Body color and sculpture as in minor workers but darker forms predominate, also antennae and legs usually darker , brown, tarsi often as dark colored as tibiae. Head stouter, approximately as long as wide, sides of head softly convex, posterior margin straight. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly serrulate, in the middle with semicircular or triangular emargination. Sculpture of head stronger. Scapus shorter, 0.7-0.8 times as long as width of head. Eyes relatively smaller, 0.22 times as long of head. Setation on head, pronotum and mesonotum more numerous than in minor workers but occipital and temporal part of head also lacking erected setae, propodeum with long erected setae only on posterior margin, petiolar crest with 8-10 very long setae. Propodeal flat dorsum approximately 1.6 times as long as wide. Ventral posterior surface of fore femora with 3-6 long erected setae.

Type Material

Seifert, 2019: Investigated were two syntypes on different pins, a major and minor worker, labeled ‘Lagusta \ Zeller \ Coll.Nyldr \ Lagosta [handwritten]\ H:fors Spec. typ. No 50** Formica dalmatica Nyl’, FMNH Helsinki. The syntypes have identical labels except for ‘Spec. typ. No’ which are ‘5089’ and ‘5090’ respectively.

Taxonomic Notes

Seifert, 2019: The syntypes represent typical specimens in shape, structure and pigmentation. Running them as wildcards in a 5-class LDA, they were allocated with a mean posterior probability of p = 0.9996 to the 24 nest samples classified here as C. dalmaticus, whereas all other four species with completely blackish vertex and low RipD presented in Tab. 3 were clearly excluded (for Camponotus ebneri).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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