Solenopsis xyloni

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Solenopsis xyloni
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Solenopsidini
Genus: Solenopsis
Species group: geminata
Species: S. xyloni
Binomial name
Solenopsis xyloni
McCook, 1879

Solenopsis xyloni casent0005806 profile 1.jpg

Solenopsis xyloni casent0005806 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms


Common Name
Southern Fire Ant
Language: English

This species nests in open areas in soil or under stones, it may build unsightly nests of loose soil on lawns. Reproductives are found in the nest throughout the year, nuptial flights occur from May through September. Flights occur in the afternoon and are usually announced by large numbers of very aggressive ants milling around the nest entrance. These ants are aggressive with a painful sting, although not nearly as aggressive as the introduced red fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. They derive the name “native fire ant” from their sting. The species causes considerable damage to seed banks, kills newly hatched birds, girdles agricultural plants, attacks agricultural products, attacks electrical equipment, and is a serious, stinging kitchen pest. (Mackay and Mackay 2002)

Identification

A member of the Solenopsis geminata species-group.

These ants are often concolorous dark in color, although they are also bicolored with a red head and mesosoma, and a black gaster. The gaster rarely has any light brown areas.

Distribution

In Nevada this species is restricted to the Hot Desert region in the southern tip. Elevation range is from -160 ft. in Death Valley, California to 4500 ft. near Beatty, Nevada (Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 39.239876° to 16.859252°.

     
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States (type locality).
Neotropical Region: Mexico.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

In Nevada, Wheeler & Wheeler (1986) examined 18 records. Five nests where under stones, 1 under rotten wood, 2 at the base of desert shrubs, 1 in chaff beside a nest of Pogonomyrmex rugosus, 1 in exposed soil with a crack as an entrance. One colony was described as populous and aggressive; the sting was annoying; seeds were found in the nest. Rissing (personal communication) reported that ants of this species raided colonies of Pheidole gilvescens, Pogonomyrmex californicus (numerous), Pogonomyrmex rugosus and Veromessor pergandei (numerous) on his study site in Boulder City, Nevada.

Hill (2007) provides the following notes on a raid by the army ant Neivamyrmex swainsonii:

On 27 June 2006, while on a collecting trip in west Texas, a colony of N. swainsonii was observed raiding a colony of Solenopsis xyloni. These observations were made just outside of Alpine, in Brewster County, Texas (30°20’46”N 103°41’39”W) at 1,548 m, behind a pavilion along a fencerow separating a hotel parking lot and a pasture. The activity occurred in an area measuring approximately 1x1.5 m that consisted of mostly bare soil and gravel with some forbs and Cynodon dactylon (L,) Pers (Poaceae) (Bermuda grass). The observations were made between 7:55 P.M.-9:10 P.M., and the temperature was 28.8°C.

While collections of ants were being made in the area, a large number of S. xyloni were observed, apparently relocating their colony from an old nest site to a new one approximately one meter away. Many N. swainsonii workers were emerging from three holes in the ground between these two locations, whereupon they attacked the S. xyloni workers and took their brood (eggs and pupa). In most cases, the S. xyloni workers only minimally defended their brood, before dropping it and running away. In other cases, the N. swainsonii took the brood from the mandibles of the S. xyloni workers after a brief skirmish. Several S. xyloni workers carrying brood apparently tried to evade the onslaught of their attackers by climbing onto a small forb. When a N. swainsonii worker ventured up the forb, the S. xyloni moved further up the plant until they were at the top. When the N. swainsonii neared them, the Solenopsis dropped their brood, and fell to the ground. The N. swainsonii workers also were observed also attacking male and female S. xyloni alates and carrying them underground after they were subdued. One S. xyloni worker also was observed being carried underground. Additionally, several N. swainsonii workers were seen entering and exiting the S. xyloni colony, but none of those exiting were observed carrying anything.

During the course of these observations, the movement trail of the Solenopsis became more obtuse as the Neivamyrmex pushed further into their ranks. A couple of workers of two other ant species, Pogonomyrmex rugosus and Novomessor cockerelli, were also moving throughout the area. The S. xyloni attacked both of these larger species when encountering them with seemingly greater aggressiveness than they exhibited for the more similar sized N. swainsonii, and in one case were able to kill one of the P. rugosus workers.

The observations ceased near sundown. The next morning the site was visited again, but there was no sign of either the Neivamyrmex or the Solenopsis. It would be interesting to know whether the Solenopsis were already moving their colony at the time and the Neivamyrmex took advantage of their vulnerability, or if the Solenopsis were moving because the Neivamyrmex already had attacked their original colony.

Flight Period

X X X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Association with Other Organisms

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Diptera

  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon amuletum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon antiguensis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon crawfordi (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon spatulatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Hymenoptera

  • This species is a host for the aphelinid wasp Aphytis melinus (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (associate).
  • This species is a host for the encyrtid wasp Comperiella bifasciata (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (associate).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema taii (a parasite) (Heraty, 1990; Chien & Heraty, 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host; Solenopsis geminata X xyloni hybrid).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. b1 nr bakeri (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Fungi

  • This species is a host for the microsporidian fungus Kneallhazia solenopsae (Ascunce et al. 2010) (listed as S. geminata X S. xyloni hybrids).

Castes

MCZ-ENT00022902 Solenopsis xyloni subsp maniosa hef.jpgMCZ-ENT00022902 Solenopsis xyloni subsp maniosa hal.jpgMCZ-ENT00022902 Solenopsis xyloni subsp maniosa had.jpgMCZ-ENT00022902 Solenopsis xyloni subsp maniosa lbs.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni worker hef.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni worker hal.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni worker had.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni worker soldier lbs.JPGMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni soldier hef.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni soldier hal.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni soldier had.jpgMcz-ent00668538 Solenopsis xyloni worker soldier lbs.JPGMcz-ent00668902 Solenopsis xyloni soldier hef.jpgMcz-ent00668902 Solenopsis xyloni soldier hal.jpgMcz-ent00668902 Solenopsis xyloni soldier had.jpgMcz-ent00668902 Solenopsis xyloni soldier lbs.JPG
. Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Solenopsis xyloni casent0102900 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0102900 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0102900 dorsal 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0102900 label 1.jpg
Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0102900. Photographer Jen Fogarty, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0102901 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0102901 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0102901 label 1.jpg
Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0102901. Photographer Jen Fogarty, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0103388 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0103388 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0103388 dorsal 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0103388 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103388. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0104513 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104513 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104513 profile 2.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104513 dorsal 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104513 label 1.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0104513. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0104514 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104514 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104514 dorsal 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0104514. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0104539 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104539 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104539 dorsal 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0104539. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0104540 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104540 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0104540 dorsal 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0104540. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Solenopsis xyloni casent0106041 head 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0106041 profile 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0106041 dorsal 1.jpgSolenopsis xyloni casent0106041 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0106041. Photographer Michael Branstetter, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • xyloni. Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1880: 188, figs. 37, 38 (s.w.q.) U.S.A. (Louisiana).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated), 1 syntype queen.
    • Type-locality: U.S.A.: Louisiana (Comstock?).
    • Type-depository: ANSP ? (Creighton, 1950a: 232, states that no types are known to exist, but McCook was based in Philadelphia, so ANSP is a possibility).
    • Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 396 (m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1955c: 133 (l.); Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988: 95 (k.).
    • Junior synonym of geminata: Mayr, 1886d: 460; Cresson, 1887: 262; Dalla Torre, 1893: 76; Pergande, 1893: 35; Wheeler, W.M. 1908e: 424.
    • Subspecies of geminata: Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 563; Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 395; Emery, 1922e: 197.
    • Status as species: Creighton, 1930b: 98 (redescription); Cole, 1937a: 99; Creighton, 1950a: 232; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 812; Cole, 1953g: 299; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 129; Snelling, R.R. 1963: 9; Cole, 1966: 16 (in key); Ettershank, 1966: 144; Smith, M.R. 1967: 357; Hunt & Snelling, 1975: 22; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1389; Dlussky, 1981a: 48; Allred, 1982: 505; Deyrup, et al. 1989: 96; Trager, 1991: 166 (redescription); Bolton, 1995b: 392; Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 234; Deyrup, 2003: 47; MacGown & Forster, 2005: 70; Ward, 2005: 36; Deyrup, 2017: 115.
    • Senior synonym of maniosa: Creighton, 1950a: 232; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 129; Snelling, R.R. 1963: 9; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1389; Trager, 1991: 166; Bolton, 1995b: 391.
    • Senior synonym of pylades: Trager, 1991: 166; Bolton, 1995b: 391.
    • Distribution: U.S.A.
  • maniosa. Solenopsis geminata subsp. maniosa Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 396 (w.q.m.) U.S.A. (California, Arizona, New Mexico), MEXICO (Chihuahua).
    • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: U.S.A: California, San Ysidro, nr Santa Barbara (W.M. Wheeler).
    • Type-depository: MCZC.
    • Subspecies of geminata: Emery, 1922e: 197; Wheeler, W.M. 1934f: 134; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 26.
    • Subspecies of xyloni: Creighton, 1930b: 102; Cole, 1937a: 99; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 813.
    • Status as species: Snelling, R.R. & George, 1979:135; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1986g: 50.
    • Junior synonym of xyloni: Creighton, 1950a: 232; Smith, M.R. 1958c: 129; Snelling, R.R. 1963: 9; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1389; Trager, 1991: 166; Bolton, 1995b: 389.
  • pylades. Solenopsis geminata r. pylades Forel, 1904d: 172 (q.) MEXICO (no state data).
    • Type-material: holotype queen.
    • Type-locality: Mexico: (no further data) (“coll. Ballion, ex-coll. Puls”).
    • Type-depository: MRHN.
    • Forel, 1909a: 267 (w.); Forel, 1911c: 297 (m.); Bruch, 1916: 315 (m.).
    • Status as species: Forel, 1909a: 267, 269; Forel, 1911c: 297; Forel, 1912g: 4; Forel, 1913l: 224; Bruch, 1914: 223; Bruch, 1916: 313; Forel, 1916: 459; Crawley, 1916b: 370; Luederwaldt, 1918: 43.
    • Subspecies of saevissima: Santschi, 1916e: 380 (in key); Santschi, 1923c: 267; Borgmeier, 1927c: 107.
    • Junior synonym of geminata: Emery, 1922e: 198; Kempf, 1972a: 236.
    • Junior synonym of saevissima: Wheeler, W.M. 1915b: 395; Wheeler, W.M. 1916g: 143; Wasmann, 1918a: 69; Wheeler, W.M. 1919c: 272; Emery, 1922e: 198; Creighton, 1930b: 70; Kempf, 1972a: 239.
    • Junior synonym of xyloni: Trager, 1991: 166; Bolton, 1995b: 390.

Description

Karyotype

  • n = 16, 2n = 32, karyotype = 28M+4A (USA) (Taber & Cokendolpher, 1988).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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