Pupal cocoons

Presence and absence of pupal cocoons in ants.

Subfamily	Cocoons	Source	Notes
Agroecomyrmecinae	Uncertain
Amblyoponinae	Present	Brady & Ward, 2005	Reported as absent in Amblyopone (Mann, 1919) but this is an exception as most Amblyopone species (and close relatives) have cocoons (Brady & Ward, 2005)
Aneuretinae	Present
Dolichoderinae	Absent
Dorylinae	Polymorphic	Brady & Ward, 2005	Present in Cerapachys (and close relatives), Eciton, Labidus and Nomamyrmex, absent in Aenictus, Dorylus, Neivamyrmex (Brady & Ward, 2005)
Ectatomminae	Present	Brady & Ward, 2005
Formicinae	Polymorphic		Absent in nest weaving species, sporadically absent in Lasius and Formica, absent in Prenolepis and Nylanderia (Trager, 1984)
Heteroponerinae	Uncertain
Leptanillinae	Absent	Masuko, 1990	Anomalomyrmini uncertain
Martialinae	Uncertain
Myrmeciinae	Present	Brady & Ward, 2005
Myrmicinae	Absent
Paraponerinae	Present	Brady & Ward, 2005
Ponerinae	Polymorphic		Absent in Hypoponera (Taylor, 1967) and most Ponera (Baroni Urbani et al., 1992), present in Ponera coarctata
Proceratiinae	Absent	Emery, 1910; Taylor, 1965
Pseudomyrmecinae	Absent

Distribution of pupal cocoons across the ant subfamilies

Colour codes: Uncertain, Present, Absent, Polymorphic. See Phylogeny of Formicidae for details on the relationships among subfamilies.

	Leptanillinae Martialinae Proceratiinae Amblyoponinae Apomyrminae Ponerinae Agroecomyrmecinae Paraponerinae Dorylinae Aneuretinae Dolichoderinae Myrmeciinae Pseudomyrmecinae Formicinae Myrmicinae Ectatomminae Heteroponerinae

References

• Baroni Urbani, C. (1989) Phylogeny and behavioural evolution in ants, with a discussion of the role of behaviour in evolutionary processes. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 1, 137-168.
• Bolton, B. (1990) Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History, 24, 1339-1364.
• Brady, S.G. & Ward, P.S. (2005) Morphological phylogeny of army ants and other dorylomorphs (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 30, 593–618.
• Brown, W.L., Jr, Gotwald. W.H. & Levieux, J. (1970) A new genus of ponerine ants from West Africa with ecological notes. Psyche, 77, 259- 275.
• Emery. C. (1910) Hymcnoptera Fam. Formicidae Subfam. Dorylinae. In: Genera Insectorurn (ed. by P. Wytsman), Fasc. 102, 34 pp., 1 pl. L. Desmet-Verteneuil Impr., Bruxelles.
• Gotwald, W.H., Jr (1982) Army ants. Social Insects (ed. by H. R. Hermann), Vol. IV, pp. 157-254. Academic Press, New York.
• Greer, J.A., Moreau, C.S. 2021. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution of ant cocoons. Insect Systematics & Evolution ({{doi}10.1163/1876312X-bja10008}}).
• Mann, W.M. (1919) The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 63,273-391.
• Masuko, K. (1990) Behavior and ecology of the enigmatic ant Leptanilla japonica Baroni Urbani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae). Insects Sociaux, 37, 31-57.
• Rettenmeyer, C.W. (1963) Behavioral studies of army ants. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 44, 281–465.
• Taylor, R.W. (1965) A monographic revision of the rare tropicopolitan ant genus Probolomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 117, 345-365.
• Taylor, R.W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 13, 112 pp.
• Trager, J.C. (1984) A revision of the genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the continental United States. Sociobiology, 9, 51-162.
• Wheeler, W.M. (1915) On the presence and absence of cocoons among ants, the nest spinning habits of the larvae and the significance of the black cocoons among certain Australian species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 8, 323-342.
• Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Ant larvae: review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 7, v + 108 pp.