Apterostigma robustum

Apterostigma robustum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Tribe:	Attini
Genus:	Apterostigma
Species:	A. robustum
Binomial name
Apterostigma robustum Emery, 1896 Specimen Labels
Synonyms
Apterostigma amiae Weber, 1937 Apterostigma branneri Mann, 1916 Apterostigma robustum constrictum Weber, 1938 Apterostigma robustum tic Weber, 1938

Identification

Mera-Rodriguez, et al. (2020) - Frontal lobes with each lateral margin convex and strongly curved ventrally; anterior margin of clypeus uniformly convex; mandible with 11 teeth that increase gradually in size towards the apical tooth; and propodeum in lateral view gradually higher than the metanotum (Lattke 1997).

Distribution

Mera-Rodriguez, et al. (2020) - Apterostigma robustum is distributed from Honduras in Central America south to Bolivia and Brazil, where it occurs in the states of Amazonas, Maranhão, and Pará (Kempf 1972; Lattke 1997; Fernández and Sendoya 2004).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 13.7695434° to -9.616666667°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica (type locality), French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Peru, Suriname.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Biology

Expand Explore Fungus Growing  For additional details see Fungus growing ants. A handful of ant species (approx. 275 out of the known 15,000 species) have developed the ability to cultivate fungus within their nests. In most species the fungus is used as the sole food source for the larvae and is an important resource for the adults as well. Additionally, in a limited number of cases, the fungus is used to construct part of the nest structure but is not as a food source. These fungus-feeding species are limited to North and South America, extending from the pine barrens of New Jersey, United States, in the north (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) to the cold deserts in Argentina in the south (several species of Acromyrmex). Species that use fungi in nest construction are known from Europe and Africa (a few species in the genera Crematogaster, Lasius). The details of fungal cultivation are rich and complex. First, a wide variety of materials are used as substrate for fungus cultivating. The so-called lower genera include species that prefer dead vegetation, seeds, flowers, fruits, insect corpses, and feces, which are collected in the vicinity of their nests. The higher genera include non leaf-cutting species that collect mostly fallen leaflets, fruit, and flowers, as well as the leafcutters that collect fresh leaves from shrubs and trees. Second, while the majority of fungi that are farmed by fungus-feeding ants belong to the family Lepiotaceae, mostly the genera Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus, other fungi are also involved. Some species utilise fungi in the family Tricholomataceae while a few others cultivate yeast. The fungi used by the higher genera no longer produce spores. Their fungi produce nutritious and swollen hyphal tips (gongylidia) that grow in bundles called staphylae, to specifically feed the ants. Finally, colony size varies tremendously among these ants. Lower taxa mostly live in inconspicuous nests with 100–1000 individuals and relatively small fungus gardens. Higher taxa, in contrast, live in colonies made of 5–10 million ants that live and work within hundreds of interconnected fungus-bearing chambers in huge subterranean nests. Some colonies are so large, they can be seen from satellite photos, measuring up to 600 m3. Based on these habits, and taking phylogenetic information into consideration, these ants can be divided into six biologically distinct agricultural systems (with a list of genera involved in each category): Nest Construction A limited number of species that use fungi in the construction of their nests. some Crematogaster some Lasius Lower Agriculture Practiced by species in the majority of fungus-feeding genera, including those thought to retain more primitive features, which cultivate a wide range of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae. some Apterostigma Cyatta (1 species) some Cyphomyrmex Kalathomyrmex (1 species) Mycocepurus (6 species) Myrmicocrypta (31 species) Mycetarotes (4 species) Mycetosoritis (2 species) Mycetophylax (21 species) Paramycetophylax (1 species) Xerolitor (1 species) Coral Fungus Agriculture Practiced by species in the Apterostigma pilosum species-group, which cultivate fungi within the Pterulaceae. some Apterostigma Yeast Agriculture Practiced by species within the Cyphomyrmex rimosus species-group, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi derived from the lower attine fungi. some Cyphomyrmex Generalized Higher Agriculture Practiced by species in several genera of non-leaf-cutting "higher attine" ants, which cultivate a distinct clade of leucocoprineaceous fungi separately derived from the lower attine fungi. Mycetomoellerius (33 species) Paratrachymyrmex (9 species) Sericomyrmex (11 species) Trachymyrmex (9 species) Leaf-Cutter Agriculture A subdivision of higher attine agriculture practiced by species within several ecologically dominant genera, which cultivate a single highly derived species of higher attine fungus. Acromyrmex (51 species) Amoimyrmex (3 species) Atta (20 species) Note that the farming habits of Mycetagroicus (4 species) are unknown. Also, while species of Pseudoatta (2 species) are closely related to the fungus-feeding genus Acromyrmex, they are social parasites, living in the nests of their hosts and are not actively involved in fungus growing. ‎

Castes

Images from AntWeb

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0619659. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by Rabeling.

Syntype of Apterostigma robustum. Worker. Specimen code casent0904977. Photographer Z. Lieberman, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• robustum. Apterostigma robustum Emery, 1896g: 98, pl. 1, fig. 17 (w.) COSTA RICA.
  • Type-material: holotype worker.
  • Type-locality: Costa Rica: Jiménez (A. Alfaro).
  • Type-depository: MSNG.
  • Lattke, 1997: 168 (m.).
  • Status as species: Forel, 1899c: 38; Wheeler, W.M. 1911h: 208 (in key); Emery, 1924d: 338; Weber, 1938b: 170; Weber, 1958c: 249; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167 (redescription); Guénard & Economo, 2015: 227; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 839.
  • Senior synonym of amiae: Weber, 1958c: 249; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
  • Senior synonym of branneri: Weber, 1958c: 249; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
  • Senior synonym of constrictum: Weber, 1958c: 250; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
  • Senior synonym of tic: Weber, 1958c: 250; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
  • Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Venezuela.
• amiae. Apterostigma amiae Weber, 1937: 391 (w.) GUYANA.
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a series”).
  • Type-locality: Guyana (“British Guiana”): 23 mi. W Kartabu Point, junction of Cuyuni and Mazaruni Rivers, 8.ix.1935 (N.A. Weber).
  • Type-depositories: LACM, MCZC.
  • Status as species: Weber, 1946b: 132.
  • Junior synonym of robustum: Weber, 1958c: 249; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
• branneri. Apterostigma branneri Mann, 1916: 456, pl. 5, fig. 37 (w.q.m.) BRAZIL (Rondônia).
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated, “two colonies”).
  • Type-localities: Brazil: Mato Grosso (now Rondônia), Abuná, 1911, (Stanford Expd.) (W.M. Mann), Brazil: Mato Grosso (now Rondônia), Madeira-Mamoré Railroad Company Camp 39, 1911, (Stanford Expd.) (W.M. Mann).
  • Type-depositories: LACM, USNM.
  • Status as species: Emery, 1924d: 338; Borgmeier, 1927c: 124.
  • Junior synonym of robustum: Weber, 1958c: 249; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
• constrictum. Apterostigma robustum subsp. constrictum Weber, 1938b: 173 (w.m.) BOLIVIA.
  • Type-material: 8 syntype workers, 4 syntype males.
  • Type-locality: Bolivia: Cavinas Beni, ii.1922 (W.M. Mann).
  • Type-depositories: MCZC, USNM.
  • Junior synonym of robustum: Weber, 1958c: 250; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.
• tic. Apterostigma robustum subsp. tic Weber, 1938b: 170, fig. 7 (w.q.m.) COSTA RICA.
  • Type-material: 30 syntype workers (two headless), 2 syntype queens (one headless), 1 syntype male.
  • Type-locality: Costa Rica: Santa Clara Prov., Hamburg Farm, 1924, and i.1925 (F. Neverman).
  • Type-depository: MCZC (perhaps also AMNH).
  • Junior synonym of robustum: Weber, 1958c: 250; Kempf, 1972a: 24; Bolton, 1995b: 74; Lattke, 1997: 167.

References

• Albuquerque, E., Prado, L., Andrade-Silva, J., Siqueira, E., Sampaio, K., Alves, D., Brandão, C., Andrade, P., Feitosa, R., Koch, E., Delabie, J., Fernandes, I., Baccaro, F., Souza, J., Almeida, R., Silva, R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001, 1–83 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1).
• Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. (page 74, catalogue)
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Emery, C. 1896g. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XVII-XXV. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 28: 33-107 (page 98, pl. 1, fig. 17 worker described)
• Franco, W., Ladino, N., Delabie, J.H.C., Dejean, A., Orivel, J., Fichaux, M., Groc, S., Leponce, M., Feitosa, R.M. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674, 509–543 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4674.5.2).
• Lattke, J. E. 1997. Revisión del género Apterostigma Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arq. Zool. (São Paulo) 34: 121-221 (page 167, see also)
• Mera-Rodríguez, D., Serna, F., Sosa-Calvo, J., Lattke, J., Rabeling, C. 2020. A checklist of the non-leaf-cutting fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Colombia, with new biogeographic records. Check List 16, 1205–1227 (doi:10.15560/16.5.1205).
• Weber, N. A. 1958d. Synonymies and types of Apterostigma (Hym: Formicidae). Entomol. News 69: 243-251 (page 249, senior synonym of amiae, branneri, constrictum, jubatum, and tic.)

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

• Emery C. 1896. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XVII-XXV. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 28: 33-107.
• Fernández, F. and S. Sendoya. 2004. Lista de las hormigas neotropicales. Biota Colombiana Volume 5, Number 1.
• Franco W., N. Ladino, J. H. C. Delabie, A. Dejean, J. Orivel, M. Fichaux, S. Groc, M. Leponce, and R. M. Feitosa. 2019. First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana. Zootaxa 4674(5): 509-543.
• Kempf, W.W. 1972. Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae) Studia Entomologica 15(1-4).
• Kusnezov N. 1953. La fauna mirmecológica de Bolivia. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6: 211-229.
• Lattke J. E. 1997. Revisión del género Apterostigma Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arquivos do Instituto Biológico (São Paulo) 34: 121-221
• Longino J. T. 2013. Ants of Honduras. Consulted on 18 Jan 2013. https://sites.google.com/site/longinollama/reports/ants-of-honduras
• Longino J. T. 2013. Ants of Nicargua. Consulted on 18 Jan 2013. https://sites.google.com/site/longinollama/reports/ants-of-nicaragua
• Longino J. T., and R. K. Colwell. 2011. Density compensation, species composition, and richness of ants on a neotropical elevational gradient. Ecosphere 2(3): 16pp.
• Mayhe-Nunes A. J., and K. Jaffe. 1998. On the biogeography of attini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ecotropicos 11(1): 45-54.
• Pires de Prado L., R. M. Feitosa, S. Pinzon Triana, J. A. Munoz Gutierrez, G. X. Rousseau, R. Alves Silva, G. M. Siqueira, C. L. Caldas dos Santos, F. Veras Silva, T. Sanches Ranzani da Silva, A. Casadei-Ferreira, R. Rosa da Silva, and J. Andrade-Silva. 2019. An overview of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the state of Maranhao, Brazil. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 59: e20195938.
• Weber N. A. 1937. The biology of the fungus-growing ants. Part l. New forms. Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 7: 378-409.
• Weber N. A. 1938. The biology of the fungus-growing ants. Part IV. Additional new forms. Part V. The Attini of Bolivia. Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 9: 154-206.
• Weber N. A. 1946. The biology of the fungus-growing ants. Part IX. The British Guiana species. Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro) 17: 114-172.
• Weber N. A. 1958. Synonymies and types of Apterostigma (Hym: Formicidae). Entomological News 69: 243-251.