Morphological Terms/Male

Body

Yosimura & Fisher (2012), Figure 1. Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae, head in full-face view. 1A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 1B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 1C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 1D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 1E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).
Yosimura & Fisher (2012), Figure 2. Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae in lateral view. 2A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 2B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 2C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 2D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 2E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).
Yosimura & Fisher (2012), Figure 3. Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae in dorsal view. 3A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 3B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 3C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 3D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 3E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).
Griebenow (2024), Figure 2. Glossary of morphological terms used to describe male morphology in the Leptanillinae. Figure A, B is chimeric, but Protanilla zhg-vn01 is the template for Fig. 2C, D. A, profile habitus. B, mesosomal dorsum. C, genitalia, profile view. D, genitalia, ventral view.
A: abdominal segment
aas: antero-admedian signum
all: apicolateral gonocoxital lamina
axi: axilla
cup: cupula
dpn: petiolar node
fla: flagellum
gcx: gonocoxites
gec: genital capsule
gen: gena
gps: gonopodital suture
ltp: lateropenite (=digitus)
mdb: mandible
mel: mesoscutellum
met: metascutellum
mnd: mandalus
msn: mesonotum
mul: mulceators
not: notauli
oce: ocelli
oms: oblique mesopleural sulcus
par: parapsidal signa
ped: pedicel
pen: penial sclerites
pes: presternite
pet: petiole
prn: pronotum
prp: propodeum
prs: parossiculus (= cuspis partim)
S: sternite
sca: scape
spp: subpetiolar process
stl: gonostylus
T: tergite
teg: tegula
tss: transscutal line
umt: upper metapleuron
vol: volsella
Serna & Mackay (2010), Figures 35-38. General orientation of hairs. 36: Procryptocerus scabriusculus. Male. Head. Frontal (anterodorsal) view. 37: Procryptocerus scabriusculus. Male. Dorsal view. 38: Procryptocerus scabriusculus. Male. Lateral view; mtm: metasomal.
Boudinot 2015. Figure 1.
Anep: anepisternum
Ax: axilla
Axu: axillula
Ktep: katepisternum
Lmpl: lower metapleuron
Mepm: mesepimeron
Msmtps: mesometapleural suture
Msnt: mesonotum
Mspp: mesopleural pit
Mssctla: mesoscutellar arm
Mssctld: mesoscutellar disc
Mssctm: mesoscutum
Mtsctt: metascutellar trouch
Mtpds: metapleuropropodeal suture
Not: notaulus
Oms: oblique mesopleural sulcus
Pl: parapsidal line
Ppd: propodeum
Ppdl: propodeal lobe
Ppdsp: propodeal spiracle
Prax: preaxilla
Prnt: pronotum
Prntl: pronotal lobe
Psc: parascutellar carina
Saa: subalar area
Scscs: scutoscutellar suture
Spsc: spiracular sclerite
Sss: scutoscutellar sulcus
Tg: tegulum
Tscl: transscutal line
Umpl: upper metapleuron

Legs

Serna & Mackay (2010), Figure 47: Male legs. Above: foreleg; lower left: middle leg; lower right: hind leg (vestiture not drawn).
Yosimura & Fisher (2012), Figure 5. Left metatibia in frontal view. 5A, Prionopelta mg01 (CASENT0049809); 5B, Mystrium mg05 (CASENT0492154).

Measurements

These measurements were used by Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023) when describing males of the myrmicine species Erromyrma latinodis.

Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023), Figure 1. Illustration of measurements of Erromyrma latinodis (CASENT0788835). A, head in full-face view. B, segment abdominal in dorsal view. C, segment abdominal in lateral view.

Definitions

EL: Maximum eye length measured in full-face view along its maximum vertical diameter.
F1: Maximum length of the pedicel (1st funicular segment, 2nd antennal segment) measured in a straight line.
HL: Maximum head length in full-face view, measured in a straight line, from the anterior clypeal margin to the midpoint of a straight line drawn across the occipital margin.
HW1: Head width at the level of the posterior margin of compound eyes, measured in full-face view.
HW2: Maximum head width including the compound eyes, measured in full-face view.
IOD: Inner ocellar distance. Minimum distance between the inner edges of the two lateral ocelli, measured in full-face view.
LOD: Lateral ocellar distance. Minimum distance between the inner edge of the median and lateral ocelli, measured in full-face view.
OOD: Ocular-ocellar distance. Minimum distance from the outer edge of a lateral ocellus to the compound eyes, measured in full-face view.
PL: Petiole length, measured in profile view from the anterior margin of the peduncle to posterior most point of the petiolar tergite.
PW: Petiolar width. Maximum petiole width, measured in dorsal view.
PPW: Postpetiolar width. Maximum postpetiole width, measured in dorsal view.
SL: Scape length. Maximum length of the antennal scape measured in a straight line, excluding the basal constriction and condylar bulb.

Indices

CI: Cephalic index. HW1/HL × 100.
SI: Scape index. SL/HW1 × 100.
EI: Eye index. EL/HW1 × 100.

PI: Petiolar index. PL/PPL.

Wings

Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023) describe the wings of the male of the myrmicine species Erromyrma latinodis while Serna & Mackay (2010) document the wings of Procryptocerus.

Ramamonjisoa et al. (2023), Figure 3. Male forewing veins of Erromyrma latinodis (CASENT0788835).
Pt: pterostigma
Sc: subcosta
R, r: radius
Rs, rs: radial sector
M, m: media
Cu: cubitus
A, a: anal.
Serna & Mackay (2010), Figure 46. Male wings. Veins: C: Costa, Sc+R: Subcostal+Radial, Sc+R1: Subcostal+Radial 1, R1: Radial 1, Rs: Radial Sectorial, 2r-rs: second radial-radiosectorial, M+Cu: Media+Cubital, M: Media, Rs+M: Radial sectorial+Media, 1 m-cu: first media-cubital, Cu: Cubital, cu-a: cubital-anal, A: Anal, rs-m+M: radial sectorial-media + Media. Cells: CC: Costal Cell, BC: Basal Cell (or Radial), SBC: Subbasal Cell (or Cubital), SMC1 + SMC2: Submarginal Cell 1 + Submarginal Cell 2, SMC3: Submarginal Cell 3, DC1: Discal Cell 1, DC2: Discal Cell 2; pst: pterostigma, tg: tegula.
Perfilieva (2011), Fig. 1. Nomenclature of veins and other structures of ant fore- and hindwings. Cell names are underlined; vein names, italicized. In vein notation, number in front of letter is serial number of vein segment from wing base; plus sign (“+”) indicates fused veins; subscript shows vein branch (e.g., R1 is anterior branch of radial vein). Dotted line shows position of functional folds and lines of wing flexion.

Genitalia

Seifert et al. (2024), Fig. 2. Terminology of male genitalia in ventral view shown in the example of Tapinoma glabrella from Dragonja / Slovenia, 2017.05.15.
Seifert et al. (2024), Fig. 2. Terminology of male genitalia in ventral view shown in the example of Tapinoma glabrella from Dragonja / Slovenia, 2017.05.15.
Griebenow et al. (2023), Figure 2. Diagrammatic summary of ♂ genital and pregenital sclerites in the Formicidae, using Myrmica ruginodis as template. Mediolateral arrangement of overlapping sclerites in Figure 2A is not true to life, for visual clarity. A, profile view of considered male genital and pregenital sclerites, exploded. B, ventral view of male genital and pregenital sclerites, exploded. C, Habitus of male Myrmica ruginodis, profile view (CASENT0902305; from AntWeb.org, Ziv Lieberman). D, inset of same profile view, with included genital and pregenital sclerites diagrammed in situ.
ASVIII: abdominal sternite VIII
ASIX: abdominal sternite IX
ATIX: abdominal tergite IX
acsS8: antecosta of abdominal sternite VIII
cer: cercus
cup: cupula
gct: gonocoxital arm
gcx: gonocoxite
ltp: lateropenite
prs: parossiculus
psc: penial sclerite
spc: spiculum
stl: gonostylus
vlv: valvura
vol: volsella
Serna & Mackay (2010), Figures 39-45. Procryptocerus scabriusculus. Terminalia. 39: epipygium; 40: hypopygium; 41, 42, 43: genitalia, 41: lateral, 42: dorsal, 43: ventral; 44: aedeagus; 45: volsella.

Male genitalia in ants has been reviewed by Boudinot (2013).

Ward & Boudinot (2021) provide the following genitalic term equivalencies among key works (see also Boudinot (2013) and references within cited studies):

Cupula (= basal ring of Snodgrass (1941, 1957))
Cuspis (= cuspis or distivolsella)
Gonocoxa (= gonocoxite in the strict sense, basimere of Snodgrass (1957), gonostipes of Schulmeister (2001))
Gonopod (= gonopodites in the strict sense, parameres of Snodgrass (1941, 1957), latimeres of Schulmeister (2001), stipites of Kempf (1956), stipes of Birket-Smith (1981))
Gonapophysis (= digitus of Snodgrass (1941, 1957); Schulmeister (2001))
Gonostylus (= telomere or harpago of Snodgrass (1957), harpe of Schulmeister (2001))
Penial sclerite (= aedeagal sclerite of Snodgrass (1941, 1957), sagitta of Snodgrass (1957), penisvalva of Schulmeister (2001))

References

Boudinot, B.E. 2013. The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30, 29e49.
Boudinot, B.E. 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages. European Journal of Taxonomy. 120:1-62 (doi:10.5852/ejt.2015.120).
Boudinot, B.E. 2018. A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. Arthropod Structure & Development 47: 563–613 (doi:10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.001).
Griebenow, Z. 2024. Systematic revision of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 1189, 83–184 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.1189.107506).
Griebenow, Z.H., Richter, A., van de Kamp, T., Economo E.P., Lieberman, Z.E. 2023. Comparative morphology of male genital skeletomusculature in the Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a standardized muscular terminology for the male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 81: 945–1018 (doi:10.3897/asp.81.e104810).
Perfilieva, K.S. 2011. New data on the wing morphology of the Cretaceous Sphecomyrminae ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Paleontological Journal 45: 275–283.
Ramamonjisoa, M.M., Rasoamanana, N., Fisher, B.L. 2023. Description of the male of Erromyrma Bolton & Fisher, 2016 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 1163, 61-77 (doi:10.3897/zookeys.1163.95696).
Serna, F., Mackay, W.P. 2010. A descriptive morphology of the ant genus Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Science 10: 111.
Tozetto, L., Lattke, J.E. 2020. Revealing male genital morphology in the giant ant genus Dinoponera with geometric morphometrics. Arthropod Structure & Development 57, 100943 (doi:10.1016/j.asd.2020.100943)).
Ward, P.S., Boudinot, B.E. 2021. Grappling with homoplasy: taxonomic refinements and reassignments in the ant genera Camponotus and Colobopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 79, 37–56 (doi:10.3897/asp.79.e66978).