Pseudomyrmex elongatus

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Pseudomyrmex elongatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Pseudomyrmecinae
Genus: Pseudomyrmex
Species: P. elongatus
Binomial name
Pseudomyrmex elongatus
(Mayr, 1870)

Pseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103868 profile 1.jpg

Pseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103868 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen Label

Synonyms

Typically found nesting in dead twigs of live trees.

At a Glance • Limited invasive  

Identification

Ward (1989) - P. elongatus is a common and widespread species whose key features are its relatively small size (HW 0.56-0.68); densely punctate and predominantly opaque head; long eyes (REL ≥ 0.53, REL2 ≥ 0.73); and relatively short, high petiole (PU ≥ 0.79). Distinctions between it and Pseudomyrmex caeciliae, Pseudomyrmex cubaensis, and Pseudomyrmex urbanusare discussed under those species.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

This species occurs from Costa Rica to Texas and in Jamaica, and has been introduced into south Florida (Ward 1985). The Florida populations are isolated from the others. It is common in coastal mangroves, and could have arrived in Florida in floating trees. Moreover, Simberloff and Wilson (1969) showed that this species is likely to be a regular and early colonists of isolated mangrove islets, and must therefore have the habit of flying over open water for hundreds, if not thousands of meters. Pseudomyrmex elongatus could have moved around the Gulf when the climate was warmer. On the other hand, colonies can be found in small dead twigs on live trees and shrubs, and the chance of importation in nursery stock is good. The problem of deciding whether a species is exotic is shown by the two species Pseudomyrmex gracilis (an known introduced species) and Pseudomyrmex elongatus, which currently have similar distributions. If P. gracilis had been introduced into Florida just a few decades earlier, before systematic ant surveys, we probably would have concluded that this species was native to the area. (Deyrup, Davis & Cover, 2000.)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 26.710213° to -22.809943°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (type locality), Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

It is also found in Paraguay, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Biology

Ward (1985, 1989) - P. elongatus nests in dead twigs in a variety of woody shrubs and trees. I have collected P. elongatus colonies in twigs of Avicennia germinans, Baccharis halimifolia, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle in Florida, and in Gliricidia sepium, Helicteres, and Inga in Costa Rica and Panama. Among museum material there are records of P. elongatus nesting in a "climbing vine" and "mangrove stems" in Florida, in Quercus virginiana and Prosopis (Texas), and in Quercus fusiformis (Nuevo Leon, Mexico). It has been collected in mangroves, old fields, along roadsides, and in forested habitats ranging from tropical dry forest to secondary and primary rain forest.

Cole (1983) studied the behavior of this ant in red mangroves occurring in southern Florida.

Gillette et al. (2015) in a Chaipas, Mexico field study of twig-nesting ants in coffee plants found C. striatus nesting on plants between 500-1250 m in elevation.

Koch et al. (2018) sampled this species in Caryocar barsiliense trees, in southeastern Brazil cerrado, as part of a study examining species interactions in ant-plants.

Philpot et al. (2018) reported this species was one of the most common ants in an experimental study examining colonization of twigs in shade coffee forests in Chiapas, Mexico (13.3% of the 202 nests found in 796 recovered twigs).

This species is a host for the ant Pseudomyrmex filiformis (a temporary parasite) (Ward, 1996).

Castes

Images from AntWeb

Pseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103868 head 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103868 profile 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103868 dorsal 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103868 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0103868. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.
Pseudomyrmex elongatus casent0173750 head 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0173750 profile 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0173750 dorsal 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0173750 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173750. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ALWC, Alex L. Wild Collection.
Pseudomyrmex elongatus casent0005874 head 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0005874 profile 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0005874 dorsal 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0005874 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0005874. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Pseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103898 head 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103898 profile 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103898 dorsal 1.jpgPseudomyrmex elongatus casent0103898 label 1.jpg
Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0103898. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by ABS, Lake Placid, FL, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • elongatus. Pseudomyrma elongata Mayr, 1870a: 413 (w.) COLOMBIA. Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 86 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1973d: 207 (l.). Combination in Leptalea: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 788; in Pseudomyrmex: Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1956: 384. Senior synonym of tandem: Creighton, 1957b: 18; of alliodorae (and its junior synonym allidora): Ward, 1989: 419. See also: Ward, 1985b: 227; Ward, 1999b: 519.
  • tandem. Pseudomyrma elongata var. tandem Forel, 1906d: 228 (w.) COSTA RICA. Junior synonym of elongatus: Creighton, 1957b: 18.
  • alliodorae. Pseudomyrma alliodorae Wheeler, W.M. 1942: 157, pl. 47, fig. a (w.q.) PANAMA. Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1956: 379 (l.). Combination in Pseudomyrmex: Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1956: 379. Senior synonym of allidora: Brown, 1949a: 42. Junior synonym of elongatus: Ward, 1989: 419.
  • allidora. Pseudomyrma allidora Enzmann, E.V. 1944: 77 (w.) PANAMA. Junior synonym of alliodorae: Brown, 1949a: 42.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Ward (1985): This is the smaller of two elongatus-like species in North America. I am considering it conspecific with P. elongatus Mayr on the basis of (i) the original description of P. elongates, particularly the indication that HL is 1.5 times HW, and (ii) worker material from Costa Rica (leg. Biolley) (Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna) determined as P. elongatus by Mayr and Forel. There is a confusing variety of elongatus-like forms in Central and South America, which require detailed taxonomic study. Until such a study is carried out, it seems expedient to refer to the North American species as P. elongatus and to leave P. tandem Forel as a provisional synonym.

Pseudomyrmex subater Wheeler & Mann (1914), originally described as a subspecies of P. elongatus, was recognized as a distinct species by Creighton (1955). It may be distinguished from P. elongatus and Pseudomyrmex cubaensis by the shinier integument, conspicuous pilosity (grading insensibly from appressed pubescence to fine suberect and erect setae), broad head (CI 0.83-0.88), short eyes (REL2 0.54-0.58 in P. subater, > 0.62 in P. elongatus and P. cubaensis), distinct petiolar shape (gradually inclined anterior face rounded into a sharply declining posterior fact: so that NI 0.61-0.72), and conspicuous anteroventral tooth on the postpetiole. Apart from two "cotype" workers in the Museum of Comparative Zoology from Haiti, I have seen material of P. subater (misidentifiedd as P. elongatus) from the Bahamas (Andros Island, Nassau) and the same, or a closely related species, from Jamaica (Kingston). Wheeler's (1905) record of "elongatus" from the Bahamas appears to be based on a combination of P. subater and P. cubaensis, judging from material in the MCZ.

Recent collections of P. subater from the Bahamas by Blaine Cole show that this species has striking bright orange queens, which look superficially like those of P. pallidus. Cole also made a collection from a single Cladium culm which contained both 'P. subater' and P. cubaensis workers. These findings suggest that Wheeler's (1905) and Mann's (1920) records of dulotic associations between "flavidula" and "elongata" may have been based in part on pure colonies of 'P. subater', or mixed colonies of 'P. subater' and P. cubaensis.

Description

Worker

Ward (1985) - (n = 24, except for HL, HW, CI, REL, REL2, and PLI, where n = 50): HL 0.78-0.91, HW 0.56-0.64, MFC 0.013-0.024, CI 0.68-0.74, OI 0.52-0.58, REL 0.50-0.58, REL2 0.73-0.82. OOI 0.13-0.48, VI 0.82-0.90, FCI 0.021-0.041, SI 0.42-0.48, SI2 0.55-0.64, FI 0.45-0.56, PDI 0.95-1.45. MPI 0.036-0.072, NI 0.55-0.63, PLI 0.76-0.91, PWI 0.62-0.74, PPWI 1.09-1.40.

A small, brown species with elongate head and eyes (HW 0.56-0.64, CI 0.68-0.74); frontal carinae subcontiguous; occipital margin flat or slightly concave, in full-face dorsal view; basal and declivitous faces of propodeum well differentiated; petiole short, broad, and rounded (PLI 0.76-0.91); postpetiole wider than long. Head densely punctate and usually more or less opaque; remainder of body finely punctate or coriarious-imbricate, varying from opaque to sublucid. Erect pilosity and fine appressed pubescence present on most parts of body, including mesonotum and propodeum; fourth abdominal tergite with a rather dense mat of appressed pubescence.

Type Material

Ward (1989): I found the type worker of P. elongatus, which had previously eluded discovery (Ward, 1985), during a visit to NHMW. It had been misplaced under Pseudomyrmex elongatulus (Daile Torre), a replacement name for the preoccupied P. elongatus (F. Smith, 1877), which is a markedly different species (see Kempf, 1967).

Syntype worker, S . Fe de Bogota, Colombia (Schaufuss) (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna) [Examined]; here designated as LECTOTYPE.

Pseudomyrma elongata var. tandem Forel, 1906:228. Syntype workers, EI Hiquito, near San Mateo, Costa Rica (P. Biolley) (Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève) [Examined].

Pseudomyrma alliodorae Wheeler, 1942: 157. Syntype workers, queen, Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama (W. M. Wheeler) (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Museum of Comparative Zoology) [Examined]. One syntype worker in MCZC here designated LECTOTYPE.

Pseudomyrma allidora Enzmann, 1945:77. Syntype workers, queen, Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama (W. M. Wheeler) (LACM, MCZC) [Examined].

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