Myrmecocystus melliger

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Myrmecocystus melliger
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Lasiini
Genus: Myrmecocystus
Subgenus: Endiodioctes
Species group: melliger
Species: M. melliger
Binomial name
Myrmecocystus melliger
Forel, 1886

Myrmecocystus melliger casent0103518 profile 1.jpg

Myrmecocystus melliger casent0103518 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

Nests of this ant typically occur on rocky slopes.

At a Glance • Replete Workers  

Identification

A member of the melliger group of the Myrmecoystus subgenus Endiodioctes.

Key to Myrmecocystus subgenus Endiodioctes species.

Worker - HW 0.8-1.8 mm; malar area with numerous erect hairs; longest hairs of occiput, pronotum and disc of second tergum exceeding EL; long pronotal hairs flexuous and somewhat curled apicad. Female - HW 2.0 mm; malar area with numerous fully erect hairs; hairs of occiput and scutal disc equal to or exceeding MOD; malar area uniformly finely punctate. Male - Apparently inseparable from those Myrmecocystus mendax and Myrmecocystus placodops. (Snelling 1976)

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Mexico, United States, Puebla west to Jalisco, north along mountain ranges to Chihuahua and Sonora (?), entering Texas via Big Bend to Jeff Davis Mts. (Snelling 1976)

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 43.6461° to 17.541752°.

     
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Nearctic Region: United States.
Neotropical Region: Mexico (type locality).

Distribution based on AntMaps

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Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Habitat

In central Mexico this ant ranges up to elevations of about 8200 feet; proceeding north, elevation decreases to about 5000 feet in Texas. It is an ant of semiarid mountain habitats, with most records from Oak-Juniper Woodland, a few in Pinon-Juniper Woodland.

Biology

Snelling (1976) - Wheeler (1908) reported on this ant, as comatus, in the Davis Mts. of Texas. He observed workers ascending oak trees, possibly to visit aphids, but none of the returning workers had enlarged gasters. Wheeler found no repletes in the nests he examined and, from the large amounts of insect fragments in the detritus piles, concluded that the ant is predatory. According to his field notes, Creighton found workers at Ft. Davis Park "... cleaning up an exposed termite colony with zeal and vigor." Semirepletes were found in the colony.

Nests are located on rocky slopes, sometimes with the entrance adjacent to a stone. A tumulus may or may not be present. When present it usually is irregular, not at all regularly crateriform. Although the ants are consistent predators on small insects, they do solicit aphids for honey dew and visit flowers for nectar. I have found repletes in a colony studied in the Jeff Davis Mts. and some of the original series described by Forel are repletes.

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Myrmecocystus melliger casent0105637 head 1.jpgMyrmecocystus melliger casent0105637 profile 1.jpgMyrmecocystus melliger casent0105637 dorsal 1.jpgMyrmecocystus melliger casent0105637 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0105637. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by USNM, Washington, DC, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • melliger. Myrmecocystus melliger Forel, 1886f: 201 (w.) MEXICO. Wheeler, W.M. 1912d: 174 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1968: 211 (l.). Senior synonym of comatus: Snelling, R.R. 1969a: 4. See also: Snelling, R.R. 1976: 31.
  • comatus. Myrmecocystus comatus Creighton, 1950a: 442 (w.q.m.) U.S.A. [First available use of Myrmecocystus melliger subsp. mendax var. comatus Wheeler, W.M. 1908d: 352; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of melliger: Snelling, R.R. 1969a: 4.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Snelling (1976) - The synonymy of comatus with Myrmecocystus melliger by Snelling (1969) has already been discussed in that earlier paper. It is sufficient to state that there is no characteristic by which comatus may be separated.

This largely Mexican species extends north along the Sierra Madre Oriental barely entering the United States through the mountains of the Big Bend of western Texas, as far as the Jeff Davis Mountains. The latter are the type locality for comatus. The southernmost records are from the State of Puebla, Mexico. From the Sierra Madre Oriental the species ranges westward onto the central plateau of Mexico at suitable elevations. The incidence of melliger decreases sharply in the vicinity of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Extensive collecting in these ranges has produced few records. A single record exists for the State of Sonora, based on a single specimen which may prove to be Myrmecocystus mendax.

The populations of large, long-haired Myrmecocystus from New Mexico and Arizona, heretofore thought to be melliger, or its junior synonym comatus, are now believed to represent a long-haired variant of mendax. These are discussed more fully under that species. The species most closely related to melliger apparently is mendax, for the workers of the two are very similar in details of head shape, punctation, and petiolar shape. The females, also, are very similar. The apparent closeness is further enhanced by the long-haired mendax variant which is extremely similar to melliger.

The differences are subtle but constant in the material available. They are best appreciated when comparative material of both species is available for direct comparison. The distinctions are based on large workers with head width in excess of 1.5 mm; smaller workers are much more difficult to separate.

The longest occipital and pronotal hairs of melliger are longer than the eye length, as are those on the disc of the second tergum (Fig. 37). Those of the pronotal disc are very slender and are prone to curl apicad; the appearance is one of "woolliness." The long-haired variant of mendax usually has the longest occipital hairs not exceeding eye length. The pronotal hairs are also usually shorter than, but may be equal to, eye length and the discal hairs of the second tergum are always less than eye length. The pronotal hairs are gently and evenly curved and there seems to be no tendency for these to curl apicad; the appearance, then, is one of "hairiness" rather than "woolliness."

Description

Worker

Snelling 1976 figs. 34-42

Snelling (1976) - Measurements. HL 0.95-1.90; HW 0.88-1.87; SL 1.25-2.05; WL 1.5-3.1; PW 0.6-1.3.

Head: Distinctly to slightly longer than broad, CI 75-97 (88), distinctly shorter than scape, SI 111-147; in frontal view sides straight to slightly convex, slightly convergent toward mandibular insertions. Occiput evenly convex, broadly rounded at sides. Eye small, 0.92-1.00 x first flagellomere; OMD 1.54-2.14 x EL. Mandible with seven teeth.

Thorax: Slender to moderately robust, PW 0.38-0.48 x WL. Propodeum, in profile, about as high as long, basal face sloping and broadly rounded into posterior face.

Petiole: In profile, thick, not at all cuneate, summit broadly rounded; crest, in frontal view, narrow, evenly rounded from side to side, without median notch.

Vestiture: (Based on workers with PW in excess of 0.8 mm). Cephalic pubescence general, but sparse, especially on malar area, densest on frontal lobes and occiput. Thoracic pubescence least abundant on dorsum, concealing surface only on propodeum, as a rule. First three (minors) or four terga densely pubescent.

Malar area with 15+ fully erect, short hairs; longest occipital hairs distinctly exceeding EL, in large workers often with apices of some distinctly curled; area between eye and frontal lobe with numerous short, fine, erect hairs. Pronotum with abundant erect hairs, longest exceeding EL and some curled at apex; mesonotum with shorter, flexuous hairs, slightly shorter than MOD; basal face of propodeum with numerous flexuous hairs, longest about equal to EL. Petiole with numerous flexuous hairs on sides and crest, longest more than 0.5 x MOD. Abdominal terga with abundant slender flexuous hairs, longest on disc of second tergum in excess of MOD, often equal to EL. Scape, all surfaces of femora and tibiae with abundant erect hairs, longest hairs on middle and hind tibiae equal to, or exceeding, maximum width of respective segments.

Integument: Head moderately shiny, lightly shagreened; frontal lobes sharply, uniformly micropunctate, interspaces 0.5-1.0 x puncture diameter; face with abundant micropunctures, separated by 1.5-2.5 x puncture diameter; malar area more distinctly shagreened, more sparsely punctate; vertex and occiput densely micropunctate. Frontal triangle and clypeus shiny, sparsely, coarsely punctate. Entire head with scattered coarse punctures and some occipital hairs arising from poriform punctures. Thorax slightly shiny, closely shagreened, densely micropunctate and with numerous coarse punctures; propodeum duller, more densely shagreened and micropurictate. First three (minors) or four terga moderately shiny, densely shagreened and micropunctate, with numerous setigerous pori form punctures, especially first two segments.

Color: Brownish ferruginous, head, pronotum and scape more reddish; gaster blackish brown.

Queen

Snelling (1976) - Measurements. HL 1.93-1.98; HW 2.0-2.03; SL 1.87; WL 4.2-4.3; PW 2.6-2.8.

Head: Slightly broader than long, CI 102-103; in frontal view, sides barely concave and moderately convergent toward mandibular bases; a little longer than scape, Sl 94-97. Occiput in frontal view, low, evenly convex, evenly rounded at side. Eye small 1.15-1.19 x first flagellomere; OMD 1.48-1.53 x EL. OOD 4.3-5.7 x OD; IOD 2.8-4.0 x OD. Mandible with seven teeth. Penultimate segment of maxillary palp slender, nearly parallel-sided, only slightly wider just beyond base than at apex.

Thorax: Robust, PW 0.62-0.65 x WL. Posterior half of mesoscutum and scutellum, in profile, forming a nearly continuous slope. Basal face of propodeum narrow, strongly sloping, broadly rounded into posterior face. Petiole compressed in profile, summit sharply angulate; crest deeply, angularly incised in frontal view.

Vestiture: Cephalic pubescence general but sparse, not concealing surface, most abundant on frontal lobes and occiput. Mesoscutum with pubescence very sparse on disc, more abundant on parapsis. Pubescence long, but very sparse, on scutellum. Pronotum and sides of thorax with abundant long pubescence, denser on propodeum. First four terga with abundant long pubescence, densest on third tergum, but not concealing surface.

Malar area with about 18 fully erect hairs, longest about 0.5 x MOD; face with sparse, short, erect hairs, including area between eye and frontal lobe; longest occipital hairs subequal to MOD. Mesoscutum with sparse suberect hairs about equal to MOD. Scutellar hairs sparse, longest exceeding MOD. Pleural hairs sparse, suberect, about 0.5 x MOD. Propodeum with sparse, suberect and erect hairs, about 0.5 x MOD, across basal face; laterally, hairs longer, 0.75-1.0 x MOD. Crest and side of petiole with erect hairs about 0.5 x MOD. Terga with sparse, erect hairs, longest on disc of second tergum about 0.8 x MOD. Scape with abundant suberect to erect short hairs; femora and tibiae, on all surfaces, with abundant longer, subdecumbent to suberect hairs. Wings without fringe hairs on apical and posterior margins.

Integument: Cephalic integument similar to worker but clypeus distinctly shagreened; malar area densely punctate with micropunctures and coarse punctures, some of latter elongate. Broad median area of mesoscutal disc, but not reaching posterior margin, shiny, lightly shagreened and with scattered micropunctures, becoming much denser laterad and caudad; with sparse coarse punctures only slightly larger than micropunctures, more abundant laterad; parapsis densely micropunctate. Scutellum uniformly micropunctate, interspaces 0.7-1.5 x puncture diameter, and with sparse coarse punctures. Mesopleura dull, densely shagreened; micropunctures of anepisternum largely obscured by shagreening; micropunctures of katepisternum sharply defined, subcontiguous. Propodeum dull, densely shagreened and contiguously micropunctate. Terga moderately shiny, lightly shagreened, closely micropunctate and with sparse coarse punctures and setigerous poriform punctures; no impunctate discal areas.

Color: Head and thorax ferruginous; propodeurn, petiole and gaster medium brownish; scape ferruginous, flagellum brownish; fore leg ferruginous, mid and hind legs light brownish. Wings slightly brownish, veins dark brown, stigma yellowish brown.

Male

Snelling (1976) - Measurements. HL 0.97; HW 0.97; SL (not measured); WL 2.4; PW 1.4.

Head: As broad as long, CI 100; antennae absent from the one specimen seen; in frontal view, sides slightly concave and convergent toward mandibular insertions. Occiput, in frontal view, raised in middle, weakly angulate at sides. Eye large, OMD 0.75 x EL; OOD 2.7 x OD; IOD 3.0 x OD. Apical margin of mandible without preapical cleft or tooth.

Thorax: Robust, PW 0.57 x WL. Propodeum, in profile, without horizontal basal face.

Petiole: In profile, weakly cuneate, summit rounded; crest, in frontal view, with broad, shallow, angular incision.

Vestiture: Cephalic pubescence dilute, most conspicuous on frontal lobes, vertex and occiput. Thoracic pubescence general, but sparse, especially on dorsum; longest on pleurae and sides and base of propodeum. All terga with conspicuous, but thin, pubescence; first two segments without median apubescent areas.

Malar area with about six long, erect hairs, longest about 0.5 x MOD. Longest occipital hairs about equal to MOD. A few short hairs on face between eye and frontal lobe. Longest scutal hairs equal to MOD; some scutellar hairs longer, about 1.2 x EL. Pleural hairs sparse, long, longest equal to MOD. Longest hairs across base of propodeum subequal to MOD. Sides and crest of petiole with numerous hairs shorter than 0.5 x MOD. Discs of first three terga with longitudinal median area free of erect hairs; terga otherwise with numerous erect hairs, longest on second tergum (exclusive of posterior row), about 0.4 x MOD, those of following segments longer, longest about equal to EL. All femora with numerous short erect hairs on all surfaces; tibiae with numerous subdecumbent to suberect short hairs. Fore and hind wings without fringe hairs on apical or posterior margins.

Integument: Head moderately shiny, distinctly shagreened and with sparse, obscure micropunctures and scattered, obscure, coarse punctures; occiput and middle of vertex duller, closely micropunctate. Mesoscutum moderately shiny, densely shagreened, but with shiny median line; with sparse, obscure, coarse punctures. Scutellum shinier, otherwise similar to scutum. Mesopleura moderately shiny, densely shagreened, with sparse, shallow coarse punctures. Median area of propodeum smooth and shiny, propodeum otherwise lightly shagreened, moderately shiny, with scattered coarse punctures. First three terga moderately shiny, uniformly lightly shagreened, with sparse, obscure micropunctures and scattered coarse punctures; remaining terga shinier, less distinctly shagreened, more sparsely and obscurely punctate.

Color: Blackish brown, legs medium brown. Wings faintly brownish, veins and stigma clear yellowish brown.

Type Material

Snelling (1976) - Original series of workers, including repletes, from Mexico City, MEXICO (Flohr). Lectotype and lectoparatypes in Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève; lectoparatypes in Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History and American Museum of Natural History.

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

  • Cokendolpher J. C., and O. F. Francke. 1990. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of western Texas. Part II. Subfamilies Ecitoninae, Ponerinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dolichoderinae, and Formicinae. Special Publications, the Museum. Texas Tech University 30:1-76.
  • Cole A. C., Jr. 1937. An annotated list of the ants of Arizona (Hym.: Formicidae). [concl.]. Entomological News 48: 134-140.
  • Cole A. C., Jr. 1954. Studies of New Mexico ants. XIII. The genera Acanthomyops, Myrmecocystus, and Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 29: 284-285.
  • Dattilo W. et al. 2019. MEXICO ANTS: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2944
  • Fernandes, P.R. XXXX. Los hormigas del suelo en Mexico: Diversidad, distribucion e importancia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
  • Forel A. 1901. I. Fourmis mexicaines récoltées par M. le professeur W.-M. Wheeler. II. A propos de la classification des fourmis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 45: 123-141.
  • Gregg, R.T. 1963. The Ants of Colorado.
  • La Rivers I. 1968. A first listing of the ants of Nevada. Biological Society of Nevada, Occasional Papers 17: 1-12.
  • MacGown J. A., T. L. Schiefer, and M. G. Branstetter. 2015. First record of the genus Leptanilloides (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the United States. Zootaxa 4006 (2): 392–400.
  • Mackay W. P. and Mackay, E. E. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp.
  • McDonald D. L., D. R. Hoffpauir, and J. L. Cook. 2016. Survey yields seven new Texas county records and documents further spread of Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Southwestern Entomologist, 41(4): 913-920.
  • O'Keefe S. T., J. L. Cook, T. Dudek, D. F. Wunneburger, M. D. Guzman, R. N. Coulson, and S. B. Vinson. 2000. The Distribution of Texas Ants. The Southwestern Entomologist 22: 1-92.
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  • Roeder K. A., and D. V. Roeder. 2016. A checklist and assemblage comparison of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma. Check List 12(4): 1935.
  • Smith M. R. 1935. A list of the ants of Oklahoma (Hymen.: Formicidae) (continued from page 241). Entomological News 46: 261-264.
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  • Snelling R. R. 1976. A revision of the honey ants, genus Myrmecocystus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Science Bulletin 24: 1-163
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  • Vásquez-Bolaños M. 2011. Lista de especies de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para México. Dugesiana 18: 95-133
  • Wheeler G. C., and J. Wheeler J. 1989. A checklist of the ants of Oklahoma. Prairie Naturalist 21: 203-210.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1908. Honey ants, with a revision of the American Myrmecocysti. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 345-397.
  • Wheeler W. M. 1912. Additions to our knowledge of the ants of the genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael. Psyche (Cambridge) 19: 172-181.
  • Wheeler, G.C. and J. Wheeler. 1985. A checklist of Texas ants. Prairie Naturalist 17:49-64.
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