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Key to Vietnamese Ponerinae Genera
This key is based on: Eguchi, K., Bui, T.V. and Yamane, S. 2014. Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part II - Cerapachyinae, Aenictinae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Ectatomminae and Ponerinae. Zootaxa. 3860:1–46.
The key includes Bothroponera, Pseudoponera, Emeryopone and Myopias, which have wide distributions in the Oriental region, but are not yet recorded from Vietnam.
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1
- Mandible long and straight, inserted in middle of anterior margin of head (Fig. 23); girdling constriction between abdominal segments III and IV very weak (Fig. 24) . . . . . 2
- Mandible triangular or rarely elongate, but always inserted at anterolateral corner of head (Figs. 25, 26, 78, 79); girdling constriction between abdominal segments III and IV usually pronounced (Fig. 27) . . . . . 3
2
return to couplet #1
- A pair of dark lines (dl in Fig. 28) present on posterior face of head; the lines meet together at or near the dorsalmost part of preoccipital carina (oc); vertex with a median longitudinal carina (mlc) which meet preoccipital carina . . . . . Odontomachus
- A pair of dark lines absent on posterior face of head inside preoccipital carina (oc in Fig. 29); vertex without a median longitudinal carina . . . . . Anochetus
3
return to couplet #1
- Frontal lobes broadly separated by posteromedian portion of clypeus (Fig. 30); metatibia 2 pectinate spurs spurs (Fig. 31) . . . . . Platythyrea
- Frontal lobes narrowly separated by posteromedian portion of clypeus or otherwise closely approximated (Fig. 32); metatibia with only 1 simple or pectinate spur, or with a large pectinate spur and a much smaller simple spur (Figs. 33, 34) . . . . . 4
4
return to couplet #3
- Mandible with an elongate and linear blade which has two rows of many small teeth (Fig. 25); ventral part of base of each mandibular blade forming a large triangular flange . . . . . Harpegnathos
- Mandible variable in shape but never with blade as above (Figs. 26, 78, 79) . . . . . 5
5
return to couplet #4
- Anterior clypeal margin armed with a series of distinct teeth (Fig. 35); each humerus (dorsolateral part of pronotum) forming a distinct process (Fig. 36) . . . . . Odontoponera
- Anterior clypeal margin without a series of distinct teeth (Fig. 37), but often with a median emargination or tooth/process; each humerus (dorsolateral part of pronotum) never forming a distinct process (Fig. 38) . . . . . 6
6
return to couplet #5
- Posterodorsal margin of petiolar node armed with a pair of acute spines (Fig. 39); a conspicuous excavation present above mesopleuron (Fig. 40) (in ergatoid queen the excavation filled with a substance called gemma) . . . . . Diacamma
- Posterodorsal margin of petiolar node usually unarmed (Fig. 41), or sometimes with three or more dents or rarely with a single median prominence, but never armed with a pair of acute spines; a conspicuous excavation absent above mesopleuron (Fig. 42) . . . . . 7
7
return to couplet #6
- Inner margin of pretarsal claws of hind leg armed with 1 to many teeth (Fig. 43); median portion of clypeus well produced anteriad (Fig. 44) . . . . . Leptogenys
- Inner margin of pretarsal claws of hind leg without teeth (Fig. 45); median portion of clypeus usually weakly produced (Fig. 46), but sometimes forming a conspicuous projection . . . . . 8
8
return to couplet #7
- Dorsal (outer) surface of mesotibia with peg-like or spiniform setae among background pilosity (Fig. 47) . . . . . 9
- Dorsal surface of mesotibia without peg-like or spiniform setae (Fig. 48) (dorsal surface of mesotibia sometimes with a few stout setae near tarsus but not extending along length of tibia, and/or sometimes with relatively long and thick standing setae scattered among background pilosity) . . . . . 10
9
return to couplet #8
- Basal portion of mandible with a distinct circular fovea or elongate depression dorsolaterally (Fig. 49) . . . . . Cryptopone
- Basal portion of mandible without a circular fovea or elongate depression dorsolaterally (Fig. 50) . . . . . Centromyrmex
10
return to couplet #8
- Apex of metatibia ventrally with a large pectinate spur, but without a smaller, simple spur in front of the pectinate spur (Fig. 34) . . . . . 11
- Apex of metatibia ventrally with a large pectinate spur and a smaller, simple spur in front of the pectinate spur (Fig. 33) . . . . . 13
11
return to couplet #10
- Mandible elongate-triangular and armed with 5 long teeth (including apical tooth and basal angle); apical tooth extremely elongated and falciform (Fig. 79) . . . . . Emeryopone (not yet found in Vietnam)
- Mandible triangular to elongate-triangular and armed with several triangular teeth or with serrate masticatory margin; apical tooth not falciform (Fig. 51) . . . . . 12
12
return to couplet #11
- Subpetiolar process in lateral view posteroventrally with a pair of acute angles (pa in Fig. 52), and anteriorly with a conspicuous round depression (ad) . . . . . Ponera
- Subpetiolar process in lateral view posteroventrally without a pair of angles, and anteriorly without a conspicuous round depression (Fig. 53) . . . . . Hypoponera
13
return to couplet #10
- Antennal sockets very close to or at anterior clypeal margin, and frontal lobe in full-face view reaching or overhanging anterior clypeal margin (Fig. 78); mandible usually (but not always) linear (Fig. 78) . . . . . Myopias (not yet found in Vietnam)
- Antennal sockets well behind anterior clypeal margin (Fig. 32); mandible triangular (Fig. 54) or elongate-triangular (Fig. 55) . . . . . 14
14
return to couplet #13
- Clypeus with a blunt anteromedian rectangular projection (Fig. 56); eye extremely reduced . . . . . Buniapone
- Clypeus without a blunt anteromedian rectangular projection (but sometime with a median tooth or process) (Fig. 57); eye usually developed (but sometimes extremely reduced or absent) . . . . . 15
15
return to couplet #14
- Mandible strongly elongate (Fig. 55) . . . . . Mesoponera
- Mandibles not strongly elongate (Fig. 54) . . . . . 16
16
return to couplet #15
- Basal portion of mandible with a circular or elliptical pit (Fig. 58) . . . . . 17
- Basal portion of mandible without a circular or elliptical pit (Fig. 59), but often with a weak groove (Fig. 60) . . . . . 18
17
return to couplet #16
- Abdominal sternite III with a distinct anteroventral flange (prora) beneath helcium (Fig. 61); orifice of propodeal spiracle slit-shaped (Fig. 62) . . . . . Euponera
- Prora reduced and not externally visible (Fig. 63); orifice of propodeal spiracle round or oval (Fig. 64) . . . . . Brachyponera (in part - also 18)
18
return to couplet #16
- Orifice of propodeal spiracle round (Fig. 64); prora reduced and not externally visible (Fig. 63) . . . . . Brachyponera (in part - also 17)
- Orifice of propodeal spiracle elongate or slit-shaped (Fig. 65); prora conspicuous (Fig. 66) . . . . . 19
19
return to couplet #18
- Posterodorsal margin of petiole with a row of small teeth or denticles (Fig. 67) . . . . . Pseudoneoponera
- Posterodorsal margin of petiole without a row of small teeth or denticles (Fig. 68) . . . . . 20
20
return to couplet #19
- Mesopleuron divided by a transverse groove (Fig. 69) . . . . . Ectomomyrmex
- Mesopleuron not divided by a transverse groove . . . . . 21
21
return to couplet #20
- Compound eyes small (with 2-4 facets) or absent. Subpetiolar process with an anterior fenestra and/or a pair of posteroventral teeth . . . . . Parvaponera
- Compound eyes present and moderate to large, with numerous facets. Subpetiolar process simple, with neither an anterior fenestra nor a pair of posteroventral teeth . . . . . 22
22
return to couplet #21
- Metanotal groove absent or essentially absent; petiole in lateral view generally cuboidal . . . . . Bothroponera (not yet found in Vietnam)
- Metanotal groove present as a shallow impression; petiole in lateral view generally triangular . . . . . Pseudoponera (not yet found in Vietnam)