Iridomyrmex rufoniger
Iridomyrmex rufoniger | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Dolichoderinae |
Tribe: | Leptomyrmecini |
Genus: | Iridomyrmex |
Species: | I. rufoniger |
Binomial name | |
Iridomyrmex rufoniger (Lowne, 1865) | |
Synonyms | |
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This ant is found in a variety of habitats in all mainland Australian states, although it appears to be rare in the Northern Territory and absent from the wet south-west corner of Western Australia for reasons that are unclear (one very old series from ‘Perth, WA’ is questionably from that locality). Specimens of the relatively glabrous coastal New South Wales phenotype have been intercepted in NZ at the ports of Auckland and Freyberg, but the species has not yet become established in NZ. Additionally, there is a single, very old series from a farm in New Caledonia, where the ant has almost certainly been introduced.
Behaviourally, this species is typical of the smaller Iridomyrmex. Nests, which may be numerous within a given area, are made into soil, and the ants are dominant where they occur. Around the Western Australian goldfields town of Westonia this species is the most conspicuous ant in mine dumps, but is much less common in surrounding rehabilitated bushland. As with the morphologically similar and closely related I. chasei, I. rufoniger nests have a crater of loose dirt at the entrance, and workers may forage nocturnally as well as diurnally. Some nests are also made under stones. Workers will ascend eucalypts in search of nectar and honeydew, and label data also records scavenging of dead insects. There is, in fact, a considerable amount of label data on the dietary preferences of this species: the ants are known to tend the scale Saisettia oleae and the aphid Aphis hederae, as well as tend larvae of at least four lycaenid butterflies, namely, Jalmenus daemeli, J. evagoras, J. icilius and Ogyrus zosine. Foraging on the flowers of Leptospermum is also noted on several labels. This species has been known to enter Canberra houses, but accompanying label data note it is not a serious urban pest.
Identification
Iridomyrmex rufoniger, along with the meat ants (I. purpureus group), Iridomyrmex chasei and Iridomyrmex suchieri, is the Iridomyrmex with which the Australian public is most familiar. At least on the eastern seaboard, this species is at much at home on urban paths and verges and in backyards as it is in dry sclerophyll woodland, thick forest or heathland. Throughout its wide range I. rufoniger is morphologically variable, but not excessively so, with the result that identification is less problematic than in more morphologically polymorphic species such as Iridomyrmex dromus and Iridomyrmex minor. Typically, this species is a squat, broad-headed, short-scaped (SI 84-96), medium-sized Iridomyrmex with bluish- or yellowish-green iridescence on the gaster. Erect setae are always present on the hind tibiae but, except for a few isolated populations, are absent from the antennal scapes and the sides of the head. The pronotum is often noticeably humped, as with Iridomyrmex chasei, Iridomyrmex gibbus and Iridomyrmex difficilis (many workers), but the combination of erect hind tibial setae, size (I. gibbus and I. difficilis are much smaller with glabrous hind tibial setae) and lack of generalised iridescence on the gaster (I. chasei) will separate out workers of these species from workers of I. rufoniger. The most troublesome variation is seen in ants from the coastal regions of New South Wales, especially around Sydney. Here, there are populations consisting of small, dark workers with relatively narrow heads. The setae on the hind tibiae are small, inconspicuous and few in number, often just one or two near the base of the tibiae. In such cases, both hind tibiae should be checked and, if available, several workers should be examined, to ensure they can be separated from Iridomyrmex victorianus, which has glabrous tibiae. However, the more compact mesosoma, raised promesonotum and shorter antennal scapes of I. rufoniger (surpassing the posterior margin of the head by 1 ≤ × their greatest diameter, versus surpassing the posterior margin of the head by 1.5 × their greatest diameter in I. victorianus) can be used as definitive characters if the specimen is abraded. Narrow-headed workers can also be seen in some Queensland populations, but these are relatively hairy and pose no particular issues as far as recognition is concerned. Some hairy eastern populations of I. suchieri (I. ‘obscurus’) may also resemble I. rufoniger workers, but the pronotum in the former species is more undulant than humped, and the propodeal dorsum is relatively straight and rounds over into the propodeal declivity through a distinct angle.
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 22.5045° to -38.425°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia (type locality), New Caledonia, New Zealand.
Indo-Australian Region: Solomon Islands.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Biology
Association with Other Organisms
- Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
- This species is a host for the encyrtid wasp Ananusia longiscapus (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (associate).
- This species is a prey for the syrphid fly Oligeriops iridomyrmex (a predator) (Quevillon, 2018).
Castes
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- rufoniger. Formica rufonigra Lowne, 1865a: 279 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Mayr, 1876: 82 (q.m.). Combination in Hypoclinea: Mayr, 1870b: 955; in Iridomyrmex: Emery, 1887a: 251. Senior synonym of mamillatus: Mayr, 1876: 82; of domestica, septentrionalis: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 133. See also: Shattuck, 1994: 110.
- domesticus. Iridomyrmex rufoniger var. domestica Forel, 1907h: 291 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Forel, 1910b: 51 (q.m.) (the taxon also described as new in this publication). Junior synonym of rufoniger: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 133.
- mamillatus. Acantholepis mamillatus Lowne, 1865b: 333 (w.) AUSTRALIA. Combination in Hypoclinea: Mayr, 1870b: 955. Junior synonym of rufoniger: Mayr, 1876: 82.
- septentrionalis. Iridomyrmex rufoniger var. septentrionalis Forel, 1902h: 465 (w.) AUSTRALIA. [First available use of Iridomyrmex rufoniger r. pallidus var. septentrionalis Forel, 1901b: 23; unavailable name.] Junior synonym of rufoniger: Heterick & Shattuck, 2011: 133.
Type Material
Types. Formica rufonigra Lowne: Neotype worker (designated by Heterick & Shattuck, 2011) from Camden Haven, New South Wales, 18 November 1985, D.S. Horning, Jr., sweeping ocean beach vegetation (Australian National Insect Collection, ANIC32-038679; 13 additional workers from same series: Australian National Insect Collection, 8 workers; The Natural History Museum, 2 workers; Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3 workers). Iridomyrmex rufoniger septentrionalis Forel: Syntypes from Mackay, Queensland (Australian National Insect Collection, 2 workers, examined; Museum of Comparative Zoology, 2 workers, examined; Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève, 12 workers, 3 queens, 14 males; Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, 1 worker). Acantholepis mamillatus Lowne: Syntypes from Sydney, New South Wales (The Natural History Museum, 1 worker, examined). Iridomyrmex rufoniger domestica Forel: Syntypes from Howlong, New South Wales (Australian National Insect Collection, 4 workers, examined); Richmond, New South Wales (Australian National Insect Collection, 3 workers, examined; Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève, 14 workers, 5 queens, 19 males; Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, 1 worker, 1 male (missing gaster); OXUM, 2 workers, 1 male) and Sydney, New South Wales (Museum of Comparative Zoology, 3 workers, examined).
The original type material for I. rufoniger has not been located in any of the museums accessed during this study, and is believed lost. A neotype has been chosen to represent this taxon, which is commonly referred to in the myrmecological literature, and has been given species-group name status by generations of researchers. This neotype combines features that are consistent with the description of the original specimen (a description that is admittedly scant by modern criteria, but includes references to colour and antennal scape length), and was collected from coastal New South Wales, 380 km N of Sydney. (Note: The original specimen was collected ‘in the vicinity of Sydney’). Since the taxon has attracted several species-level and subspecies-level names, the erection of a neotype is designed to give stability to this name. The neotype worker also conforms in its appearance to the description of the subspecies I. rufoniger domestica (here a junior synonym) in which the author Forel provides further diagnostic information regarding the nominal species rufoniger.
Description
Worker Description. Head. Posterior margin of head weakly concave, or strongly concave; erect setae on posterior margin in full-face view set in a row; sides of head noticeably convex; erect genal setae present on sides of head in full-face view, or absent from sides of head in full-face view (one to a few small setae may be present near mandibular insertion). Ocelli absent; in full-face view, eyes set at about midpoint of head capsule; in profile, eye set anteriad of head capsule; eye semi-circular. Frontal carinae convex; antennal scape surpassing posterior margin of head by 1–2 x its diameter. Erect setae on scape present and abundant, or present and sparse, or absent, except at tip; prominence on anteromedial clypeal margin projecting as blunt but distinct protuberance; mandible regular triangular with oblique basal margin; long, curved setae on venter of head capsule absent. Mesosoma. pronotum strongly inclined anteriorly. Erect pronotal setae numerous (12 or more) and longest setae elongate, flexuous and/or curved. Mesonotum straight. Erect mesonotal setae moderate in number (6–12), short and bristly. Mesothoracic spiracles always inconspicuous; propodeal dorsum smoothly and evenly convex; placement of propodeal spiracle posteriad and near propodeal declivity, or mesad, more than its diameter away from propodeal declivity; propodeal angle weakly present or absent, the confluence of the dorsal and declivitous propodeal faces indicated, if at all, by an undulation. Erect propodeal setae numerous (12 or more), short and bristly. Petiole. Dorsum of node convex; node thin, scale-like, orientation more-or-less vertical. Gaster. Non-marginal erect setae of gaster present on first gastral tergite; marginal erect setae of gaster present on first tergite. General characters. Allometric differences between workers of same nest absent. Colour orange to dark brown, head and gaster usually darker than mesosoma, gaster with bluish, bluish-purple or yellowish-green iridescence. Colour of erect setae depigmented yellow.
Measurements. Worker (n = 10)—CI 91–98; EI 22–25; EL 0.19–0.25; EW 0.15–0.20; HFL 0.93–1.24; HL 0.84–1.11; HW 0.79–1.08; ML 1.03–1.47; MTL 0.70–0.90; PpH 0.16–0.21; PpL 0.45–0.60; SI 84–96; SL 0.74– 0.92.
References
- Cordonnier, M., Blight, O., Angulo, E., Courchamp, F. 2020. Behavioral data and analyses of competitive interactions between invasive and native ant species. Animals 10, 2451 (doi:10.3390/ani10122451).
- Emery, C. 1887b [1886]. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia. [part]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 24[=(2)(4): 241-256 (page 251, Combination in Iridomyrmex)
- Heterick, B.E. & Shattuck, S.O. 2011. Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2845: 1-175.
- Heterick, B.E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 86, 1-245 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245).
- Heterick, B.E. 2022. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part II: Distribution and biology. Records of the Western Australian Museum, supplement 86: 247-510 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2022.247-510).
- Hoffmann, B., Eldridge, J., Marston, C. 2023. The first eradication of an exotic ant species from the entirety of Australia: Pheidole fervens. Management of Biological Invasions, 14(4), 619–624 (doi:10.3391/mbi.2023.14.4.03).
- Lowne, B. T. 1865a. Contributions to the natural history of Australian ants. Entomologist 2: 275-280 (page 279, worker described)
- Mayr, G. 1870b. Neue Formiciden. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 20: 939-996 (page 955, Combination in Hypoclinea)
- Mayr, G. 1876. Die australischen Formiciden. J. Mus. Godeffroy 12: 56-115 (page 82, queen, male described)
- Mayr, G. 1876. Die australischen Formiciden. J. Mus. Godeffroy 12: 56-115 (page 82, Senior synonym of mamillatus)
- Palfi, Z., Robinson, W., Spooner, P.G. 2020. Cheaters and removalists: the influence of soil disturbance on ant–seed interactions in roadside vegetation. Insectes Sociaux (doi:10.1007/S00040-020-00778-1).
- Radchenko, A.G., Fisher, B.L., Esteves, F.A., Martynova, E.V., Bazhenova, T.N., Lasarenko, S.N. 2023. Ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the collection of Volodymyr Opanasovych Karawajew. Communication 1. Dorylinae, Poneromorpha and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa, 5244(1), 1–32 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.1).
- Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 112:i-xix, 1-241. (page 110, see also)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- CSIRO Collection
- Chong C-S., L. J. Thomson, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2011. High diversity of ants in Australian vineyards. Australian Journal of Entomology 50: 7-21.
- Donisthorpe, Horace. 1941. The Ants of Japen Island, Dutch New Guinea (Hym. Formicidae). The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 91(2):51-64.
- Emery C. 1887. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia. [part]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 24(4): 209-258.
- Emery C. 1913. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137: 1-50.
- Emery, C.. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 4, no. 24 (1887): 209-258.
- Forel A. 1915. Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-13. 2. Ameisen. Ark. Zool. 9(16): 1-119
- Heterick B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1-206.
- Heterick B. E., and S. Shattuck. 2011. Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2845: 1-174.
- Jennings J. T., L. Krogmann, and C. Burwell. 2013. Review of the hymenopteran fauna of New Caledonia with a checklist of species. Zootaxa 3736(1): 1-53.
- Kami K.S., and S. E. Miller. 1998. Samoan insects and related arthropods: checklist and bibliography. Bishop Museum Technical Report 13, pp 121.
- Mann W. M. 1919. The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63:273-391.
- Mann William. 1916. The Ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 63(7): 273-391
- Mann, W.M. 1919. The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College 63: 273-391
- Santschi F. 1928. Formicidae (Fourmis). Insects Samoa. 5: 41-58.
- Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.
- Wetterer, James K. and Vargo, Donald Vargo L. 2003. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Samoa. Pacific Science. 57(4):409-419.
- Wheeler W.M. 1935. Check list of the ants of Oceania. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 11(11):1-56.
- Wheeler, William Morton.1935.Checklist of the Ants of Oceania.Occasional Papers 11(11): 3-56
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- Tropical
- South subtropical
- South temperate
- Encyrtid wasp Associate
- Host of Ananusia longiscapus
- Syrphid fly Associate
- Host of Oligeriops iridomyrmex
- ANIC specimen
- Species
- Extant species
- Formicidae
- Dolichoderinae
- Leptomyrmecini
- Iridomyrmex
- Iridomyrmex rufoniger
- Dolichoderinae species
- Leptomyrmecini species
- Iridomyrmex species
- Ssr