Dolichoderus cuspidatus
Dolichoderus cuspidatus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Dolichoderinae |
Tribe: | Dolichoderini |
Genus: | Dolichoderus |
Species: | D. cuspidatus |
Binomial name | |
Dolichoderus cuspidatus (Smith, F., 1857) | |
Synonyms | |
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Maschwitz & Hanel (1985) initiated the study of herdsmen lifestyle in D. cuspidatus from Peninsular Malaysia. Twelve closely related species mostly from Borneo investigated since (including Dolichoderus erectilobus, Dolichoderus maschwitzi, Dolichoderus pastorulus, Dolichoderus tuberifer) also show typical herdsmen characteristics: obligate association with highly polyphagous Allomyrmococcini mealybugs (Malaicoccus, Dicranococcus, Borneococcus), strongly developed transport of mealybugs, freely exposed bivouac nests. Colonies have a single ergatoid queen and over 10000 workers (Dill 2002). Diurnal. Heterick & Kitching (2022) collected this species in the canopy of a lowland dipterocarp forest in Brunei.
At a Glance | • Ergatoid queen |
Identification
Dill (2002) - A member of the Dolichoderus cuspidatus species group. Together with Dolichoderus furcifer and Dolichoderus brevithorax, cuspidatus forms a taxonomically difficult complex. These three species are distinct from the other species of the cuspidatus group particularly by the presence of a pair of spines each on the mesonotum and the propodeum. The three species are morphologically closest to Dolichoderus coniger and Dolichoderus magnipastor which not only have very similar propodeal spines, but also share a number of other characters such as the shape of head and petiolus. Yet, coniger and magnipastor do not bear spines on the mesonotum.
While this complex is easily distinguishable from the remaining species of the species group, it is difficult to define clear diagnostic deliminations of the species within the complex. The examined populations of the complex that has a wide area of distribution including Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo, display a high variation in many diagnostic characters. The often mosaic-like distribution and the sometimes clinal transition of these characters make a clear diagnosis problematical.
While some characters such as colour and body size vary considerably even within the same nest, there are other characters that are relatively homogenous within one nest series or one location but differ distinctly between different populations. Such characters that may be interpreted as an indication for isolation and speciation are, for instance, the development of the mesonotal and propodeal spines, the shape of the petiolar scale, the surface sculpturing (particularly of the head), and the relative width of the propodeum (PpWminI). Yet, especially among the Bornean populations these characters are distributed in a mosaic-like pattern.
Notwithstanding the complex situation of the Bornean cuspidatus populations, it is possible to separate clearly all cuspidatus specimens from furcifer and brevithorax. D. furcifer is distinct by its propodeum which is very wide in relation to the body (PpWminI > 27), while brevithorax is clearly separable by its extremely short and plump mesonotal spines (MSL 0.24-0.27; MSLI 18-21) (see fig. III-86). In addition, there are further differences between brevithorax and furcifer on the one hand and at least the sympatric or parapatric Sumatran populations of cuspidatus on the other hand: both brevithorax and furcifer have shorter mesonotal spines (fig. III-88), plumper propodeal spines, and the apical margin of their petiole scale is not concave. While these diagnostic characters work well for Sumatra, there may occur clinal transitions and overlaps in certain Bornean populations of cuspidatus.
Also, in the remaining material grouped here as cuspidatus, more or less distinct morphological differences can be found between different populations. Thus, it may be possible that cuspidatus herein very broadly defined actually comprises several good species.
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Dill (2002) - Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Occurring from the lowlands to moderate mountain altitudes (highest 1,150m).
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 6.066666667° to 1.383333333°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo (type locality), Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Malaysia.
Oriental Region: Thailand.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
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Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
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Biology
Colonies are monogynous with tens of thousands of workers (Maschwitz & Hänel 1985)
Dill (2002) - Herdsmen ants Dolichoderus cuspidatus cultivate honeydew-producing pseudococcids of the morphologically anomalous tribe Allomyrmococcini. As true migrating nomads the ants move their livestock to fresh, nutrition-rich pastures using a variety of transport techniques. The tight interdependence of the mutualistic partners has led to many behavioural and morphological adaptations, e. g. the complete loss of firm nest structures in favour of flexible bivouac nests (which also give shelter to part of the mealybug colony), well-organized colony relocations towards newly colonized pasture sites of the mealybugs, fission as the mode of colony reproduction to ensure the uninterrupted persistence of the symbiosis, or various behavioural patterns and morphological structures that facilitate mealybug transport.
The morphologically very homogeneous populations of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, as well as the populations of Eastern Sarawak (which are most similar to the Malay-Sumatran populations, e. g. regarding spine length), are all associated with Malaicoccus species, while the remaining Bornean populations are found with other allomyrmococcine genera.
Castes
Queens are ergatoid and usually physogastric throughout the cuspidatus-group (Dill 2002). Elsewhere in the genus Dolichoderus (130 species), ergatoid queens are only known in Dolichoderus doriae.
![]() Ergatoid queen and worker of Dolichoderus erectilobus. From Dill 2002. |
Worker
Images from AntWeb
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Syntype of Dolichoderus cuspidatus. Worker. Specimen code casent0901856. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- cuspidatus. Polyrhachis cuspidatus Smith, F. 1857a: 63 (w.) BORNEO. Forel, 1913k: 88 (m.); Dill, 2002: 35 (q.). Combination in Hypoclinea: Mayr, 1870b: 955 (in key); in Dolichoderus: Forel, 1878: 382; in D. (Hypoclinea): Emery, 1894c: 229; in D. (Diabolus): Wheeler, W.M. 1935c: 68. Senior synonym of surbecki (and its junior synonym bifurcatus): Chapman & Capco, 1951: 181; of atra, tenuispina: Dill, 2002: 35. See also: Shattuck, 1994: 47.
- tenuispina. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) cuspidatus subsp. tenuispina Viehmeyer, 1922: 214 (w.) BORNEO. Junior synonym of cuspidatus: Dill, 2002: 35.
- surbecki. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) cuspidatus st. surbecki Santschi, 1925f: 92 (w.) INDONESIA (Sumatra). Combination in D. (Diabolus): Wheeler, W.M. 1935c: 68. Senior synonym of bifurcatus: Wheeler, W.M. 1935c: 68. Junior synonym of cuspidatus: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 181.
- bifurcatus. Dolichoderus (Diabolus) bifurcatus Karavaiev, 1926d: 425, fig. 3A (w.) WEST MALAYSIA. Junior synonym of surbecki: Wheeler, W.M. 1935c: 68.
- atra. Dolichoderus cuspidatus var atra Menozzi, 1930a: 3 (w.) INDONESIA (Sumatra). Subspecies of cuspidatus: Shattuck, 1994: 47; of furcifer: Menozzi, 1932d: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 172. Junior synonym of cuspidatus: Dill, 2002: 35.Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Dill (2002) - (Syntypes in brackets): HL 1.12-1.58 [1.20-1.28]; HW 1.12-1.67 [1.24-1.25]; EL 0.22-0.38 [0.31-0.33]; SL 1.12-1.41 [1.20- 1.22]; AL 1.75-2.28 [1. 88- 1.9I]; PnW 0.83-1.15 [0.88-0.90]; MWmin 0.22-0.53 [0.27-0.30]; MH 0.38-0.96 [0.52-0.53]; MSW 0.50-1.88 [0.57]; MSL 0.32-1.04 [0.38-0.39]; PpL 0.69-1.00 [0.75-0.78]; PpW 0.57-0.78 [0.64]; PpWmin 0.22-0.42 [0.29-0.30]; PpH 0.73-1.02 [0.75-0.76]; PpSW 0.38-0.76 [0.44-0.45]; PtW 0.35-0.68 [0.49-0.50]; TL 4.73-6.49 [5.03-5.13]. Indices: CI 93-109 [98-103]; OI 15-27 [25-27]; SI 91-105 [97]; MSLI 25-71 [31]; MSWI 38-136 [45]; PpSW1 30-50 [35 -36]; PpWminl 18-27 [23-25]; (n=417).
Head: From yellowish-, reddish- and medium-brown to black (types), antennae and clypeus often lighter; very finely reticulate to punctate (types) (= micro-imbricate, fig. III-58); strongly or slightly (types) shiny or matt; in addition to the fine sculpturing often with scattered shallow pits containing one pubescence (very shallow in types); pubescence short, silverish, mostly sparse, but dense on antennae; without erect hairs. Head about as long as wide, sub-oval to rounded heart shaped with convex sides, occipital margin broadly concavely emarginate, often with lateral, shallow, pit-like depressions (very shallow in types), rarely with median superoccipilal pit (very weakly developed in types).
Alitrunk: From yellowish, reddish-, medium and dark-brown to black (types), coxa and femur mostly lighter; very finely reticulate to punctate (= micro-imbricate), on sides of propodeum “meshes” or punctures of fine sculpture often arranged in dense rows, resulting in a fingerprint-like pattern; matt (types) or shiny; mesonotum, mesopleuron, and dorsal face of propodeum often with coarser wrinkles; silverish pubescence; erect hairs only on ventral face of alitrunk and coxae. Dorsal face of pronotum with distinct anterior and lateral delimination, pronotum “shoulders” distinctly developed; mesonotum armed with a pair of ± pointed spines that are very variable in thickness, length and angle (see fig. III-6); cone-like process on anterior margin of mesopleuron usually distinctly developed; propodeum high rising, its corners expanded to a pair of slightly curved spines, the tips of which often spatulately broadened; shape and length of these propodeal spines variable (figs. III-5a-j).
Petiole: From reddish- to medium-brown (types) to black; finely reticulate or punctate; pubescence silverish. Scale, in profile, tapering off apically with the posterior face slightly kinked; apical margin of scale mostly ± strongly emarginate (types), depth and width or the concave arc variable, rarely apical margin straight (figs. III-5k-v); lateral corners of apical margin broadly (types) or slenderly expanded.
Gaster: From reddish- to medium-brown to black, base of first tergite usually lighter yellow-brown to reddish-brown, often with yellow dots; finely reticulate or punctate, slightly shiny; mostly with dense white-greyish pubescence; erect hairs only sparsely present on gaster tip and sternites.
Queen
Dill (2002) - HL 1.37-1.47; HW 1.41-1.65; EL 0.32-0.36; SL 1.24-1.29; AL 2.31-2.50; PnW 1.12-1.22; ML 0.92-1.00; MW 0.80-0.94; MH 0.45-0.55; PpL 0.82-0.94; PpW 0.85-0.96; PpH 0.78-0.98; PpSW 0.45-0.63; PtW 0.76-0.90; TL 7.19-8.55. Indices: CI 103- 11 5; 0 1 2 1-25; SI 76-88; MI 104- 11 7; PpSPpl 52-67; (n = 7).
Colour and sculpturing similar to workers, except even alitrunk lacking coarser wrinkles and pubescence denser on entire body; erect hairs restricted to ventral side and gaster tip. Head slightly wider than long, posterior margin less distinctly concave than in workers. Development of ocelli very variable, ranging from three well developed ocelli to almost complete reduction. Lateral delimination of dorsal face of pronotum ± distinctly angular; alitrunk larger than in workers, but scutum, scutellum, and prescutellum fused to mesonotum, although scutellar region sometimes remains ± distinct; always primarily wingless, but sometimes vestigial wing buds or tegulae present (figs. III-69b-c); mesonotum highly vaulted; instead of the worker's spines, forming a two rounded humps. Propodeum less ascending than in workers, its dorso-lateral corners expanded to short, bluntly coniform processes (sometimes only developed as small points) that are inclined upward and slightly backward, but always much shorter and plumper than the worker's propodeal spines. Scale of petiolus very wide, apical margin straight or concave. Physogastric, i. e. gaster usually very distended.
Male
Dill (2002) - HL 0.95-1.02; HW 1.16-1.24; EL 0.59-0.65; EW 0.41-0.48; SL 0.35-0.41; MdL 0.38-0.47; CpL 0.27-0.33; AL 2.03-2.16; PnW 1.02-1.22; ML 1.37-1.51; MW 0.96-1.14; MH 0.34-0.53; PpL 0.67-0.73; PpH 0.65-0.80; PtW 0.41-0.43; TL 4.28-5.38. Indices: CI 118-128; OI 50-52; OI2 60-66; OI3 35-39; OI4 42-49; MdI 40-48; MdCpI 128-150; SI 30-33; MI 128-147; (n = 6).
Typical Dolichoderus males. Colour and sculpturing similar to workers, except for the lack of coarser rugose areas; erect hairs restricted to the ventral face of petiole and gaster and the genitalia; densely covered by a fine, yellowish pubescence. Head wider than long; eyes very large; mandibles very long; often a pair of shallow, lateral, pit-like depressions near the occipital margin. Alitrunk, petiole, and gaster similar to other males of the cuspidatus group; neither spines nor coni form processes on mesonotum or propodeum.
Type Material
The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):
Polyrhachis cuspidatus
Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “SAR.”
Determination Clarifications
Dill (2002) - Franz (1975b: 265) lists “D. (Diabolus) cuspidatus F. Sm.” in a survey of Javanese forest ants as “rarely occuring in Bogar, 250 m, in forest, nesting between leaves and in hollow trunks”. The list is based upon the collections made by H. H. F. Hamann (Linz, Austria). Yet, in Hamann’s collection, which completely is in OOLM, there is no material of cuspidatus. Thus, Hamann’s cuspidatus identification could not be confirmed. Since cuspidatus has never again been reported from the otherwise relatively well collected island of Java, the identification remains doubtful.
References
- Dill, M. 2002. Taxonomy of the migrating herdsman species of the genus Dolichoderus Lund, 1831, with remarks on the systematics of other Southeast-Asian Dolichoderus. Pp. 17-113 in: Dill, M., Williams, D. J. and U. Maschwitz. 2002. Herdsmen ants and their mealybug partners. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Frankfurt am Main. 557:1-373. (page 35, queen described, Senior synonym of atra and tenuispina)
- Adams, R.M.M., Wells, R.L., Yanoviak, S.P., Frost, C.J., Fox, E.G.P. 2020. Interspecific Eavesdropping on Ant Chemical Communication. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8. (doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00024).
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- Chapman, J. W.; Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327 (page 181, Senior synonym of surbecki (and its junior synonym bifurcatus))
- Emery, C. 1894d. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 26: 137-241 (page 229, Combination in D. (Hypoclinea))
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- Forel, A. 1913l. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise nach Ostindien ausgeführt im Auftrage der Kgl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin von H. v. Buttel-Reepen. II. Ameisen aus Sumatra, Java, Malacca und Ceylon. Gesammelt von Her (page 88, male described)
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- Mayr, G. 1870b. Neue Formiciden. Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 20: 939-996 (page 955, Combination in Hypoclinea (in key))
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- CSIRO Collection
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- Smith, F.. "Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace." Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 2 (1857): 42-88.
- Tanaka H. O., S. Yamane, and T. Itioka. 2012. Effects of a fern-dwelling ant species, Crematogaster difformis, on the ant assemblages of emergent trees in a Bornean tropical rainforest. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 105(4): 592-598.
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