Carebara diversa
Carebara diversa | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
Genus: | Carebara |
Species: | C. diversa |
Binomial name | |
Carebara diversa (Jerdon, 1851) | |
Subspecies | |
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Synonyms | |
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Common Name | |
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Yokozuna-ari | |
Language: | Japanese |
Carebara diversa forms large colonies, often found in the soil or under stones. It regularly forms long foraging columns. Arcades constructed of soil particles sometimes roof the trails. C. diversa is a predator of small animals such as insects (Moffett, 1986). It also collects nectivorous materials. This species is widely distributed from India through SE Asia to Taiwan. There are only two Japanese field records respectively from the Nansei Islands (Okinawa Island) and the Ogasawara Islands (Chicchi-jima Island). Specimens taken at the U.S. Air force base at Zama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, must have originated from a commercial introduction from SE Asia (Kubota, 1988). (Japanese Ant Image Database)
Identification
Keys including this Species
Distribution
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 31.9234° to -7.502778°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Guinea.
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam (type locality).
Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
Biology
Perhaps the best known member of what was formerly known as Pheidologeton, this species is commonly found in open and disturbed habitats, e.g. gardens, forest fringes, and are rarer in deep forests. They exhibit group-hunting behaviour, where masses of workers form long and dense trails, in an uninterrupted foraging effort (Moffett, 1988). These trails, also known as trunk trails, can last for days and are possible because of huge colonies, consisting of several hundreds of thousands of workers. This elaborate foraging behaviour has coined them the name, marauder ants.
Flight Period
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Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Source: antkeeping.info.
- Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.
- Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Association with Other Organisms
- Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
- This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela flavomaculata (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).
- This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela whithilli (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).
- This species is a host for the chrysidid wasp Rhadinoscelidia lixa (a parasite) in Thailand (Hisasue & Mita, 2020).
Life History Traits
- Mean colony size: 250,000 (Moffet, 1988; Beckers et al., 1989)
- Foraging behaviour: group hunter (Moffet, 1988; Beckers et al., 1989)
Castes
An outstanding feature is extreme polymorphism closely coupled with polyethism (Moffett, 1987). Soldiers can be many times bigger than workers, and several small workers can ride on the back of soldiers. In C. diversa, small workers make up the bulk of foraging parties, while scattered soldiers often carry large objects, food items, or lift debris off the trunk trails.
- Soldier
. | Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology. |
- Queen
. |
- Male
Images from AntWeb
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0900514. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by NHMUK, London, UK. |
- Major
. |
Images from AntWeb
Syntype of Pheidole militaris. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901414. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Syntype of Pheidole militaris. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901415. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Syntype of Pheidole pabulator. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901417. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
- Minor
. |
Images from AntWeb
Syntype of Pheidole pabulator. Worker. Specimen code casent0901416. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Syntype of Myrmica polita. Worker. Specimen code casent0901424. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- diversa. Oecodoma diversa Jerdon, 1851: 109 (s.w.) INDIA (Kerala).
- Type-material: syntype major and minor workers (numbers not stated).
- Type-locality: India: Wynaad (= Kerala, Wayanad) “not uncommon” (T.C. Jerdon).
- Type-depository: unknown (no material known to exist).
- [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 51. Genus misspelled as Ocodoma in both publications.]
- Emery, 1893e: 212 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954a: 135 (l.); Imai, et al. 1984: 7 (k.).
- Combination in Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858b: 174;
- combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30;
- combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
- Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 174; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 440; Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 208 (redescription); Emery, 1893f: 243; Emery, 1895k: 466; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1903a: 691; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903: 162; Emery, 1904b: 606; Forel, 1904b: 372; Forel, 1906b: 90; Forel, 1907a: 17; Forel, 1907e: 17; Forel, 1909b: 55; Wheeler, W.M. 1909d: 334, 340; Forel, 1910d: 123; Forel, 1912d: 105; Forel, 1913f: 191; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 337; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 136; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 880; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 1; Santschi, 1924c: 100; Emery, 1924d: 212; Stitz, 1925: 119; Stärcke, 1926: 86 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1927d: 6; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 90; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 387; Wheeler, W.M. 1929f: 7; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 44; Mukerjee, 1930: 154; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Kutter, 1932: 207; Santschi, 1937h: 371; Teranishi, 1940: 58; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Collingwood, 1962: 225; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Moffett, 1984: 7; Morisita, et al. 1992: 43; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 72; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 76; Zhou & Zheng, 1997b: 163 (in key); Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90; Imai, et al. 2003: 131; Lin & Wu, 2003: 65; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 31; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 36; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Terayama, 2009: 156; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 50; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Akbar & Bharti, 2017: 36 (in key); Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 64; Khachonpisitsak, et al. 2020: 81; Wang, W.Y., Soh, et al. 2022: 72.
- Senior synonym of ficta: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
- Senior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- Senior synonym of megacephalotes: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
- Senior synonym of militaris: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- Senior synonym of ocellifera: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- Senior synonym of pabulator: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- Senior synonym of polita Smith, F.: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- Distribution
- Malesian: Indonesia (Bacan, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor), Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah), Philippines (Cebu, Luzon), Singapore.
- Oriental: China, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
- Current subspecies: nominal plus draco, laotina, macgregori, philippina, standfussi, taprobanae, tenuirugosa, williamsi.
- ficta. Pheidologeton diversus var. ficta Forel, 1911d: 386 (w.) VIETNAM, CHINA, INDONESIA (Java).
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
- Type-localities: Vietnam (“Cochinchine française”) (no further data), China: Hong Kong, Victoria Peak (F. Ris); Indonesia: Java, Semarang (E. Jacobson).
- Type-depository: MHNG.
- Combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
- Subspecies of diversa: Forel, 1912a: 59; Emery, 1924d: 212; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 100; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Teranishi, 1940: 57; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51 (error).
- Junior synonym of diversa: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
- megacephala. Pheidole megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (s.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
- Type-material: holotype major worker.
- [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464, cites 1s OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac.53” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30.
- Status as species: Smith, F. 1862a: 49; Smith, F. 1863: 22; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1865: 74; Smith, F. 1871a: 332.
- Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- megacephalotes. Pheidole megacephalotes Dalla Torre, 1892: 90.
- Unnecessary replacement name for megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112.
- Junior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
- militaris. Pheidole militaris Smith, F. 1860a: 74 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
- Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
- [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, cites 1s, 1w OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi (“Celebes”), Makassar, “Mak.” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Dalla Torre, 1893: 93; Emery, 1922e: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 145 (error).
- Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- ocellifera. Pheidole ocellifera Smith, F. 1858b: 174 (w.) MYANMAR, CHINA (Hong Kong), PHILIPPINES (no island nominated).
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
- Type-localities: Myanmar (“Burma”), China: Hong Kong, Philippines (no further data).
- Type-depository: BMNH.
- Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
- Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 750; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 442; Mayr, 1865: 103; Mayr, 1867a: 101 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Emery, 1887b: 465; Emery, 1889b: 504; André, 1892b: 53; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 160 (error).
- Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- pabulator. Pheidole pabulator Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Bacan).
- Type-material: 2 syntype major workers, 2 syntype minor workers (on a single card).
- [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464, cites 2s, 2w OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac.2” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1886b: 362.
- Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Mayr, 1886c: 362.
- Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
- polita. Myrmica polita Smith, F. 1860b: 108 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan).
- Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
- [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 463, cites 2w OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac” (A.R. Wallace).
- Type-depository: OXUM.
- Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 434; Smith, F. 1871a: 325; Dalla Torre, 1893: 113; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 128.
- Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):
Myrmica polita
Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Bac.” (= Batjan I.).
Pheidole militaris
One syntype worker major and one syntype worker minor in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Mak.”
Pheidole pabulator
Two syntypes worker major and two syntype worker minor (on a single card) in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Bac. 2.”
Description
Karyotype
- See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.
- Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
- 2n = 42, karyotype = 12M+30A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (as Pheidologeton diversus).
References
- Baltazar, C.R. 1966. A catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (with a bibliography, 1758-1963). Pacific Insects Monographs 8: 1-488. (page 257, listed)
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