Carebara diversa

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Carebara diversa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Crematogastrini
Genus: Carebara
Species: C. diversa
Binomial name
Carebara diversa
(Jerdon, 1851)

Pheidologeton diversus casent0906201 p 1 high.jpg

Pheidologeton diversus casent0906201 d 1 high.jpg

Specimen Labels

Subspecies
Synonyms


Common Name
Yokozuna-ari
Language: Japanese

Carebara diversa forms large colonies, often found in the soil or under stones. It regularly forms long foraging columns. Arcades constructed of soil particles sometimes roof the trails. C. diversa is a predator of small animals such as insects (Moffett, 1986). It also collects nectivorous materials. This species is widely distributed from India through SE Asia to Taiwan. There are only two Japanese field records respectively from the Nansei Islands (Okinawa Island) and the Ogasawara Islands (Chicchi-jima Island). Specimens taken at the U.S. Air force base at Zama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, must have originated from a commercial introduction from SE Asia (Kubota, 1988). (Japanese Ant Image Database)

Identification

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 31.9234° to -7.502778°.

   
North
Temperate
North
Subtropical
Tropical South
Subtropical
South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Afrotropical Region: Guinea.
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore.
Oriental Region: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (type locality), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam (type locality).
Palaearctic Region: China, Japan.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
pChart

Biology

Perhaps the best known member of what was formerly known as Pheidologeton, this species is commonly found in open and disturbed habitats, e.g. gardens, forest fringes, and are rarer in deep forests. They exhibit group-hunting behaviour, where masses of workers form long and dense trails, in an uninterrupted foraging effort (Moffett, 1988). These trails, also known as trunk trails, can last for days and are possible because of huge colonies, consisting of several hundreds of thousands of workers. This elaborate foraging behaviour has coined them the name, marauder ants.

Flight Period

X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela flavomaculata (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).
  • This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cicindela whithilli (a predator) in Western Ghats, India (Sinu et al., 2006).
  • This species is a host for the chrysidid wasp Rhadinoscelidia lixa (a parasite) in Thailand (Hisasue & Mita, 2020).

Life History Traits

  • Mean colony size: 250,000 (Moffet, 1988; Beckers et al., 1989)
  • Foraging behaviour: group hunter (Moffet, 1988; Beckers et al., 1989)

Castes

An outstanding feature is extreme polymorphism closely coupled with polyethism (Moffett, 1987). Soldiers can be many times bigger than workers, and several small workers can ride on the back of soldiers. In C. diversa, small workers make up the bulk of foraging parties, while scattered soldiers often carry large objects, food items, or lift debris off the trunk trails.

Soldier
MCZ Carebara diversa hef major.jpgMCZ Carebara diversa hal.jpgMCZ Carebara diversa had.jpgMCZ Carebara diversa lbs.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900734 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900734 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900734 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900734 l 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0906200 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0906200 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0906200 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0906200 l 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901418 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901418 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901418 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901418 l 1 high.jpgCarebara diversaSH1..jpgCarebara diversaSL1.jpgCarebara diversaSD1.jpgCarebara diversaSLab.jpg
. Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Queen
Carebara diversaQH1..jpg
.
Male

Images from AntWeb

Pheidologeton diversus casent0900514 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900514 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900514 p 2 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900514 p 3 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900514 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0900514 l 1 high.jpg
Male (alate). Specimen code casent0900514. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.
Major
Carebara diversaMaH2.jpgCarebara diversaMaL1.jpgCarebara diversaMaD1.jpg
.

Images from AntWeb

Pheidologeton diversus casent0901414 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901414 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901414 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901414 l 1 high.jpg
Syntype of Pheidole militarisWorker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901414. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.
Pheidologeton diversus casent0901415 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901415 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901415 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901415 l 1 high.jpg
Syntype of Pheidole militarisWorker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901415. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.
Pheidologeton diversus casent0901417 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901417 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901417 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901417 l 1 high.jpg
Syntype of Pheidole pabulatorWorker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0901417. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.
Minor
Carebara diversaiH8.jpgCarebara diversaL5.jpgCarebara diversaiD5.jpg
.

Images from AntWeb

Pheidologeton diversus casent0901416 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901416 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901416 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901416 l 1 high.jpg
Syntype of Pheidole pabulatorWorker. Specimen code casent0901416. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.
Pheidologeton diversus casent0901424 h 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901424 p 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901424 d 1 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901424 d 2 high.jpgPheidologeton diversus casent0901424 l 1 high.jpg
Syntype of Myrmica politaWorker. Specimen code casent0901424. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • diversa. Oecodoma diversa Jerdon, 1851: 109 (s.w.) INDIA (Kerala).
    • Type-material: syntype major and minor workers (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: India: Wynaad (= Kerala, Wayanad) “not uncommon” (T.C. Jerdon).
    • Type-depository: unknown (no type-material known to exist).
    • [Duplicated in Jerdon, 1854a: 51. Genus misspelled as Ocodoma in both publications.]
    • Emery, 1893e: 212 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1954a: 135 (l.); Imai, et al. 1984: 7 (k.).
    • Combination in Pheidole: Smith, F. 1858b: 174;
    • combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30;
    • combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 174; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 440; Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 208 (redescription); Emery, 1893f: 243; Emery, 1895k: 466; Emery, 1901g: 567; Forel, 1903a: 691; Rothney, 1903: 98; Bingham, 1903: 162; Emery, 1904b: 606; Forel, 1904b: 372; Forel, 1906b: 90; Forel, 1907a: 17; Forel, 1907e: 17; Forel, 1909b: 55; Wheeler, W.M. 1909d: 334, 340; Forel, 1910d: 123; Forel, 1912d: 105; Forel, 1913f: 191; Donisthorpe, 1915d: 337; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 136; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 880; Wheeler, W.M. 1923b: 1; Santschi, 1924c: 100; Emery, 1924d: 212; Stitz, 1925: 119; Stärcke, 1926: 86 (in key); Wheeler, W.M. 1927b: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1927d: 6; Wheeler, W.M. 1927h: 90; Donisthorpe, 1927b: 387; Wheeler, W.M. 1929f: 7; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 44; Mukerjee, 1930: 154; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Kutter, 1932: 207; Santschi, 1937h: 371; Teranishi, 1940: 58; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Collingwood, 1962: 225; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Moffett, 1984: 7; Morisita, et al. 1992: 43; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Wu, J. & Wang, 1995: 72; Tang, J., Li, et al. 1995: 76; Zhou & Zheng, 1997b: 163 (in key); Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90; Imai, et al. 2003: 131; Lin & Wu, 2003: 65; Ghosh, et al. 2005: 31; Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 36; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Terayama, 2009: 156; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 50; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Jaitrong, Guénard, et al. 2016: 34; Akbar & Bharti, 2017: 36 (in key); Dias, R.K.S. et al. 2020: 64.
    • Senior synonym of ficta: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
    • Senior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
    • Senior synonym of megacephalotes: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
    • Senior synonym of militaris: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
    • Senior synonym of ocellifera: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
    • Senior synonym of pabulator: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
    • Senior synonym of polita Smith, F.: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458, 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
    • Distribution: China, India, Indonesia (Bacan, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor), Japan, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah), Myanmar, Philippines (Cebu, Luzon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
    • Current subspecies: nominal plus draco, laotina, macgregori, philippina, standfussi, taprobanae, tenuirugosa, williamsi.
  • ficta. Pheidologeton diversus var. ficta Forel, 1911d: 386 (w.) VIETNAM, CHINA, INDONESIA (Java).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-localities: Vietnam (“Cochinchine française”) (no further data), China: Hong Kong, Victoria Peak (Ris); Indonesia: Java, Semarang (E. Jacobson).
    • Type-depository: MHNG.
    • Combination in Carebara: Fischer, et al. 2014: 71.
    • Subspecies of diversa: Forel, 1912a: 59; Emery, 1924d: 212; Wheeler, W.M. 1929g: 45; Wheeler, W.M. 1930a: 100; Wheeler, W.M. 1930h: 68; Teranishi, 1940: 57; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 159; Baltazar, 1966: 257; Ettershank, 1966: 118; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, Zhao & Jia, 2006: 870 (in key); Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 51 (error).
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Lin & Wu, 2003: 66; Terayama, 2009: 156.
  • megacephala. Pheidole megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
    • Type-material: holotype major worker.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac.53 (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Combination in Pheidologeton: Roger, 1863b: 30.
    • Status as species: Smith, F. 1862a: 49; Smith, F. 1863: 22; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1865: 74; Smith, F. 1871a: 332.
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
  • militaris. Pheidole militaris Smith, F. 1860a: 74 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
    • Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi, Makassar, “Mak.” (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Dalla Torre, 1893: 93; Emery, 1922e: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 145 (error).
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
  • megacephalotes. Pheidole megacephalotes Dalla Torre, 1892: 90.
    • Unnecessary replacement name for megacephala Smith, F. 1860b: 112.
    • Junior synonym of megacephala: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 86; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333.
  • militaris. Pheidole militaris Smith, F. 1860a: 74 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi).
    • Type-material: 1 syntype major worker, 1 syntype minor worker.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi, Makassar, “Mak.” (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Dalla Torre, 1893: 93; Emery, 1922e: 97; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 145 (error).
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 458; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
  • ocellifera. Pheidole ocellifera Smith, F. 1858b: 174 (w.) MYANMAR, CHINA (Hong Kong), PHILIPPINES (no island nominated).
    • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
    • Type-localities: Myanmar (“Burma”), China: Hong Kong, Philippines (no further data).
    • Type-depository: BMNH.
    • Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1862: 750.
    • Status as species: Mayr, 1862: 750; Roger, 1863b: 30; Mayr, 1863: 442; Mayr, 1865: 103; Mayr, 1867a: 101 (redescription); Smith, F. 1871a: 331; Emery, 1887b: 465; Emery, 1889b: 504; André, 1892b: 53; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 160 (error).
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Emery, 1895k: 466; Bingham, 1903: 162; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 170; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Tiwari, 1999: 60; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
  • pabulator. Pheidole pabulator Smith, F. 1860b: 112 (s.w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
    • Type-material: 2 syntype major workers, 2 syntype minor workers (on a single card).
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac.2” (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Combination in Pheidologeton: Mayr, 1886b: 362.
    • Status as species: Roger, 1863b: 31; Mayr, 1863: 441; Smith, F. 1871a: 332; Mayr, 1886c: 362.
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Dalla Torre, 1893: 73; Emery, 1893e: 206; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 85; Emery, 1924d: 212; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 464; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.
  • polita. Myrmica polita Smith, F. 1860b: 108 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan I.).
    • Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
    • Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac” (A.R. Wallace).
    • Type-depository: OXUM.
    • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 434; Smith, F. 1871a: 325; Dalla Torre, 1893: 113; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 128.
    • Junior synonym of diversa: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 463; Bolton, 1995b: 333; Zhou, 2001b: 90.

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Myrmica polita

Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Bac.” (= Batjan I.).

Pheidole militaris

One syntype worker major and one syntype worker minor in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Mak.”

Pheidole pabulator

Two syntypes worker major and two syntype worker minor (on a single card) in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Bac. 2.”

Description

Karyotype

  • 2n = 42, karyotype = 12M+30A (India) (Imai et al., 1984) (as Pheidologeton diversus).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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