Amblyopone australis

Amblyopone australis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Amblyoponinae
Tribe:	Amblyoponini
Genus:	Amblyopone
Species:	A. australis
Binomial name
Amblyopone australis Erichson, 1842 Specimen Label
Synonyms
Amblyopone australis fortis Forel, 1910 Amblyopone australis foveolata Wheeler, W.M., 1927 Amblyopone cephalotes Smith, F., 1876 Amblyopone cephalotes maculata Stitz, 1911 Amblyopone laevidens Emery, 1887 Amblyopone minor Forel, 1915 Amblyopone nana Emery, 1914 Amblyopone obscura Smith, F., 1858

Amblyopone australis forage and nest in rotten logs.

At a Glance

• Facultatively polygynous  • Limited invasive

Photo Gallery

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Identification

Keys including this Species

• Key to Amblyopone of the southwestern Australian Botanical Province

Distribution

Heterick (2009) - A broad distribution throughout Australia. Within the SWBP, WA, most records come from the Darling Range and near the south coast.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: -5.083330154° to -43.41666667°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Australasian Region: Australia (type locality), Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island.
Indo-Australian Region: New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Elevation Range

Occurrence at collecting sites during elevational surveys of rainforest in the Eungella region, Queensland, Australia (Burwell et al., 2020).

Species	Elevation (m asl)
	200	400	600	800	1000	1200
Amblyopone australis	10-20	10-20	30-40	40-50	80-90	90-100
Shading indicates the bands of elevation where species was recorded. Numbers are the percentage of total samples containing this species.

Biology

A. australis feeds on a range of soft-bodied arthropods and nests in logs above ground (Shattuck, 1999; Wheeler 1933)

In the SWBP, WA, nests of A. australis are not uncommon under logs and rocks. This is the Amblyopone most commonly encountered in the hills behind Perth.

Flight Period

	X	X
Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

• Check details at Worldwide Ant Nuptial Flights Data, AntNupTracker and AntKeeping.

 Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Castes

Queen–worker dimorphism in body size is very pronounced in A. australis (Peeters & Molet 2010). Workers are polymorphic, and large individuals may be better adapted for digging galleries in rotten logs.

Adults and different stages of brood, showing variations in body size among workers. From Maleny, southern Queensland. Photo by Christian Peeters

Growth of thorax relative to head in A. australis and Stigmatomma pallipes (previously A. pallipes) queens and workers. Worker size variation and queen/worker size dimorphism are much higher in A. australis. From Peeters & Molet (2010)

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0102148. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy.

Worker. Specimen code casent0102184. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.

Syntype of Amblyopone australis fortis. Worker. Specimen code casent0102519. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0102520. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Type of Amblyopone australis. Worker. Specimen code casent0104575. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.

Type of Amblyopone ferruginea longidens. Worker. Specimen code casent0104576. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.

Worker. Specimen code casent0172212. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Worker. Specimen code casent0172214. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Worker. Specimen code casent0172244. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Worker. Specimen code casent0172266. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Worker. Specimen code casent0172267. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Worker. Specimen code casent0172268. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0102125. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy.

Type of Amblyopone cephalotes maculata. Worker. Specimen code casent0104578. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ZMHB, Berlin, Germany.

Queen

Images from AntWeb

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0172213. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0172245. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Male

Images from AntWeb

Male (alate). Specimen code casent0172246. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by ANIC, Canberra, Australia.

Pupae

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0102184. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by NHMUK, London, UK.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• australis. Amblyopone australis Erichson, 1842: 261, pl. 5, fig. 7 (w.) AUSTRALIA (Tasmania).
  • Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
  • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
  • Type-locality: Australia (“New Holland”): Tasmania (“Vandiemensland”) (A. Schayer).
  • [Note: Shattuck & McArthur, 1995: 121, report that the material was collected at Tasmania, Woolnorth Station (A. Schayer).]
  • Type-depository: unknown (not located among Erichson’s material MNHU, probably lost (Shattuck & McArthur, 1995: 121)).
  • Smith, F. 1858b: 109 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 116 (l.); Imai, Crozier & Taylor, 1977: 347 (k.).
  • Status as species: Smith, F. 1858b: 109; Roger, 1861a: 48; Roger, 1863b: 20; Mayr, 1863: 394; Mayr, 1886c: 359; Emery, 1887b: 446; Dalla Torre, 1893: 13; André, 1896b: 260; Forel, 1907h: 263; Forel, 1910b: 1; Emery, 1911d: 25; Emery, 1914b: 179; Forel, 1915b: 1; Poulton & Crawley, 1922: 120; Clark, 1925b: 137; Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 4 (redescription); Clark, 1928c: 39; Clark, 1929: 121; Wheeler, W.M. 1933i: 74; Clark, 1934c: 52; Wilson, 1958a: 142; Brown, 1958h: 13 (redescription); Brown, 1960a: 167, 198; Wilson & Taylor, 1967: 102; Taylor, 1979: 835; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 61; Shattuck & McArthur, 1995: 121; Don, 2007: 50; Heterick, 2009: 132; Sarnat, et al. 2013: 69.
  • Senior synonym of cephalotes: Brown, 1958h: 14; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor, 1987a: 7; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of fortis: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of foveolata: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of laevidens: Wilson, 1958a: 142; Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of maculata: Brown, 1958h: 14; Brown, 1960a: 167; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of minor: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of nana: Wilson, 1958a: 142; Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor, 1987a: 7; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Senior synonym of obscura: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • Material of the unavailable names howensis, norfolkensis, pallens, queenslandica referred here by Brown, 1958h: 13, Brown, 1960a: 167; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
  • [Note: the four unavailable names above were previously referred to as provisional junior synonyms by Brown, 1958h: 13.]
  • Distribution
  • Austral: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.
  • Malesian: Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea, Solomon Is, Vanuatu.
• cephalotes. Amblyopone cephalotes Smith, F. 1876c: 490 (w.) NEW ZEALAND.
  • Type-material: holotype worker (mounted on card with a pupa).
  • [Note: Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978, “The specimen matches the original description but there is no datum label that proves it to be the true holotype. The original description states that the holotype was “collected by Mr Lawson at Auckland.”.]
  • Type-locality: New Zealand: “N. Zeal.”Auckland (Lawson).
  • Type-depository: BMNH.
  • Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 14 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1952a: 117 (l.).
  • Status as species: Hutton, 1881: 112; Mayr, 1886c: 363; Emery, 1887b: 446; Forel, 1892c: 336; Dalla Torre, 1893: 13; Forel, 1905a: 354; Emery, 1911d: 25; Stitz, 1911a: 351.
  • Subspecies of australis: Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 13 (redescription); Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 9.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Brown, 1958h: 14; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor, 1987a: 7; Bolton, 1995b: 61.
• fortis. Amblyopone australis var. fortis Forel, 1910b: 1 (w) AUSTRALIA (Queensland).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-localities: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda, nr Cairns (R. Turner).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 9 (q.).
  • Subspecies of australis: Emery, 1911d: 25; Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 8.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
• foveolata. Amblyopone australis subsp. foveolata Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 9 (w.q.m.) AUSTRALIA (Western Australia).
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens, syntype males (numbers not stated, “several specimens of all three phases”).
  • Type-locality: Australia: Western Australia, Denmark (J. Clark).
  • Type-depository: MCZC (perhaps also SAMA).
  • Subspecies of australis: Wheeler, W.M. 1933i: 75.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
• laevidens. Amblyopone laevidens Emery, 1887b: 447 (w.) NEW GUINEA (Indonesia).
  • Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Irian Jaya (“New Guinea”), Hatam (O. Beccari).
  • Type-depository: MSNG.
  • [Misspelled as levidens by Dalla Torre, 1893: 13, and others.]
  • Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 13; Emery, 1911d: 26; Mann, 1919: 281; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 9; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 22.
  • Subspecies of australis: Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 12.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Wilson, 1958a: 142; Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
• maculata. Amblyopone cephalotes var. maculata Stitz, 1911a: 351 (w.) NEW ZEALAND.
  • Type-material: 6 syntype workers.
  • Type-locality: New Zealand: Auckland (Suter).
  • Type-depository: MNHU.
  • Junior synonym of cephalotes: Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 13.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Brown, 1958h: 14; Brown, 1960a: 167; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
• minor. Amblyopone minor Forel, 1915b: 1 (w.q.m.) AUSTRALIA (Queensland).
  • Type-material: syntype workers, syntype queens (numbers not stated), 1 syntype male.
  • [Note: Baroni Urbani, 1973b: 126, cites 2w syntypes NHMB.]
  • Type-locality: Australia: Queensland, Mt Tamborine (E. Mjöberg).
  • Type-depositories: ANIC, MHNG, NHMB (perhaps also NHRS).
  • Subspecies of australis: Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 9.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
• nana. Amblyopone nana Emery, 1914f: 394 (w.q.) NEW CALEDONIA.
  • Type-material: 1 syntype worker, 1 syntype queen.
  • [Note: Baroni Urbani, 1973b: 126, cites w “holotype” NHMB.]
  • Type-localities: New Caledonia: Mt Panié, 500 m., forest (F. Sarasin & J. Roux), New Caledonia: Mt Canala, 700 m. (F. Sarasin & J. Roux).
  • Type-depositories: MSNG, NHMB.
  • Subspecies of australis Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 16.
  • Status as species: Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 9.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Wilson, 1958a: 142; Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor, 1987a: 7; Bolton, 1995b: 62.
• obscura. Amblyopone obscura Smith, F. 1858b: 109 (w.q.) AUSTRALIA (no state data).
  • Type-material: 1 syntype worker, 1 syntype queen.
  • [Note: 1q syntype BMNH, syntype worker could not be found (Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
  • Type-locality: Australia: (no further data).
  • Type-depository: BMNH.
  • Clark, 1925b: 138 (m.).
  • Status as species: Roger, 1861a: 48; Roger, 1863b: 20; Mayr, 1863: 394; Mayr, 1886c: 359; Dalla Torre, 1893: 13.
  • Subspecies of australis: Froggatt, 1905: 8; Forel, 1910b: 2; Emery, 1911d: 25; Clark, 1925b: 138; Wheeler, W.M. 1927c: 10.
  • Junior synonym of australis: Brown, 1958h: 13; Brown, 1960a: 167; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 19; Taylor, 1987a: 6; Bolton, 1995b: 62.

Amblyopone australis type material
Lectotype worker (Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012: 3) from Tasmania, Australia, Scheyer (misspelling of Schayer) (Berlin Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität): 7228, CASENT0104575. Two specimens with same locality and collector information; one labeled ‘‘Type.’’ The original description of this species does not include detailed type information; however, Erichson mentions in the same paper that Schayer provided much material from Tasmania. Original labels on this specimen seem to have been replaced by new labels, and the collector on the new label is listed as ‘‘Scheyer,’’ a misspelling of Schayer, the collector’s name.

Amblyopone obscura type material
Syntype worker(s) and queen(s) from Australia (The Natural History Museum).

Amblyopone australis fortis type material
Syntype workers from Kuranda and Cairns, Queensland (Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève).

Amblyopone australis minor type material
Syntype workers, queen(s) and male(s) from Tamborine Mt. (as Mt. Tambourine), Queensland (1 worker in Australian National Insect Collection, location of other material uncertain).

Amblyopone australis foveolata type material
Syntype workers, queen and males from Denmark, Western Australia (2 workers, 1 queen and 3 males in Museum of Comparative Zoology).

Type Material

• Amblyopone australis: Holotype, worker, Tasmania, Australia, Berlin Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität.
• Amblyopone australis fortis Forel, 1910: Syntype, workers, Kuranda and Cairns, Queensland, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.
• Amblyopone australis foveolata Wheeler, 1927: Syntype, 2 workers, 1 queen, 3 males, Denmark, Western Australia, Australia, Museum of Comparative Zoology.
• Amblyopone australis minor Forel, 1915: Syntype, 1 worker, Tamborine Mt. (as Mt. Tambourine), Queensland, Australia, Australian National Insect Collection.
• Amblyopone australis minor Forel, 1915: Syntype, worker(s), queen(s), male(s), Tamborine Mt. (as Mt. Tambourine), Queensland, Australia.
• Amblyopone obscura Smith, 1858: Syntype, worker(s), queen(s), Australia, Australia, The Natural History Museum.

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Amblyopone cephalotes

Holotype worker (presumed) in The Natural History Museum, mounted on card with a pupa. Labelled “Amblyopone cephalotes Smith. N. Zeal.” The specimen matches the original description but there is no datum label that proves it to be the true holotype. The original description states that the holotype was “collected by Mr Lawson at Auckland.”

Amblyopone obscura

One syntype queen in The Natural History Museum (syntype worker could not be found). Labelled “Australia,” and “A. obscura Sm. Type.”

Description

Karyotype

• See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.

 Explore: Show all Karyotype data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

• n = 24, 2n = 48, karyotype = 22A + 26M (Australia) (Imai et al., 1977; Mariano et al., 2015).

References

• Bates, O.K., Ollier, S., Bertelsmeier, C. 2020. Smaller climatic niche shifts in invasive than non-invasive alien ant species. Nature Communications 11, 5213. (doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19031-1).
• Billen, J., Khalife, A., Ito, F., Anh, N.D., Esteves, F.A. 2021. The basitarsal sulcus gland, a novel exocrine structure in ants. Arthropod Structure, Development 61, 101041 (doi:10.1016/j.asd.2021.101041).
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958h. A review of the ants of New Zealand. Acta Hymenopterol. 1: 1-50 (page 14, Senior synonym of cephalotes (and its junior synonym maculata); page 13, previous provisional synonyms)
• Brown, W. L., Jr. 1960a. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 122: 143-230 (page 167, Senior synonym of fortis, foveolata, minor and obscura, and material of the unavailable names howensis, norfolkensis, pallens, and queenslandica referred here.)
• Burwell, C.J., Nakamura, A. 2020. Rainforest ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) along an elevational gradient at Eungella in the Clarke Range, Central Queensland coast, Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 125: 43-63.
• Cantone S. 2018. Winged Ants, The queen. Dichotomous key to genera of winged female ants in the World. The Wings of Ants: morphological and systematic relationships (self-published).
• Erichson, W. F. 1842. Beitrag zur Insecten-Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der geographischen Verbreitung der Insecten. Arch. Naturgesch. 8 (1): 83-287 (page 261, pl. 5, fig. 7 worker described)
• Forel, A. (1910). Formicides australiens reçus de MM. Froggatt et Rowland Turner. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 18: 1–94.
• Forel, A. (1915). Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-13. 2. Ameisen. Arkiv för Zoologi, 9(16): 1–119.
• Hashimoto, Y. 1990. Unique features of sensilla on the antennae of Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Applied Entomology and Zoology 25: 491-501.
• Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of South-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 76:1-206.
• Heterick, B.E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 86, 1-245 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245).
• Heterick, B.E. 2022. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part II: Distribution and biology. Records of the Western Australian Museum, supplement 86: 247-510 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2022.247-510).
• Hölldobler, B.; Palmer, J. M. 1989b. Footprint glands in Amblyopone australis (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.) 96: 111-121 (page 111, see also)
• Imai, H. T.; Crozier, R. H.; Taylor, R. W. 1977. Karyotype evolution in Australian ants. Chromosoma (Berl.) 59: 341-393 (page 347, karyotype described)
• Mariano, C.S.F., Santos, I.S., Silva, J.G., Costa, M.A., Pompolo, S.G. 2015. Citogenética e evolução do cariótipo em formigas poneromorfas. In: Delabie, J.H.C., Feitosa, R.M., Serrao, J.E., Mariano, C.S.F., Majer, J.D. (eds) As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil, 1st edn. Ilhéus, Brasil, pp 102–125 (doi:10.7476/9788574554419.0010).
• Peeters, C. & M. Molet 2010. Evolution of advanced social traits in phylogenetically basal ants: striking worker polymorphism and large queens in Amblyopone australis. Insectes Sociaux 57: 177-183.
• Richter, A., Boudinot, B.E., Hita Garcia, F., Billen, J., Economo, E.P., Beutel, R.G. 2023. Wonderfully weird: the head anatomy of the armadillo ant, Tatuidris tatusia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Agroecomyrmecinae), with evolutionary implications. Myrmecological News 33: 35-75 (doi:10.25849/MYRMECOL.NEWS_033:035).
• Smith, F. 1858b. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. (page 109, queen, male described)
• Taylor, R.W. 1979. Melanesian ants of the genus Amblyopone. Australian Journal of Zoology 26 (1978): 823-839. [24.i.1979.](page 835, see also)
• Wheeler W.M. 1933. Colony-founding among ants with an account of some primitive Australian species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 179 pp.
• Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1952a. The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part I. Am. Midl. Nat. 48: 111-144 (page 116, larva described)
• Wheeler, W. M. 1927. Ants of the genus Amblyopone Erichson. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 62: 1–29.
• Wilson, E. O. 1958c. Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia. I. The tribe Leptogenyini. II. The tribes Amblyoponini and Platythyreini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 118: 101-153 (page 142, Senior synonym of laevidens and nana)
• Yoshimura, M. & Fisher, B.L. 2012. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer. PLoS ONE 7(3):e33325 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033325).

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

• Brown W. L., Jr. 1960. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 122: 143-230.
• CSIRO Collection
• Clark J. 1925. The ants of Victoria. Part II. Victorian Naturalist (Melbourne) 42: 135-144.
• Cumber, R.A. 1959. Distributional and biological notes on sixteen North Island species of Formicidae (Hymenoptera)
• Donisthorpe, Horace. 1941. The Ants of Norfolk Island. The Entomologist Monthly Magazine. 77:90-93.
• Emery C. 1887. Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [concl.]. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. 25(5): 427-473.
• Emery C. 1911. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118: 1-125.
• Emery C. 1914. Formiche d'Australia e di Samoa raccolte dal Prof. Silvestri nel 1913. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 8: 179-186.
• Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des îles Loyalty. Nova Caledonia. A. Zoologie 1:393-437.
• Emery, C. "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine)." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 5, no. 25 (1887): 427-473.
• Forel A. 1902. Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie. Rev. Suisse Zool. 10: 405-548.
• Forel A. 1910. Formicides australiens reçus de MM. Froggatt et Rowland Turner. Rev. Suisse Zool. 18: 1-94
• Forel A. 1915. Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910-13. 2. Ameisen. Ark. Zool. 9(16): 1-119
• Gay H., and R. Hensen. 1992. Ant specificity and behaviour in mutualisms with epiphytes: the case of Lecanopteris (Polypodiaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47: 261-284.
• Hoffmann, B. D., R. Graham, and D. Smith. 2017. Ant species accumulation on Lord Howe Island highlights the increasing need for effective biosecurity on islands. NeoBiota 34:41-52.
• Huong N. T. T., P. V. Sang, and B. T. Viet. 2015. A preliminary study on diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Hon Ba Nature Reserve. Environmental Scientific Conference 7: 614-620.
• Imai H. T., R. H. Crozier, and R. W. Taylor. 1977. Karyotype evolution in Australian ants. Chromosoma 59: 341-393.
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