Colobopsis vitrea

Colobopsis vitrea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Formicinae
Tribe:	Camponotini
Genus:	Colobopsis
Species:	C. vitrea
Binomial name
Colobopsis vitrea (Smith, F., 1860) Specimen Labels
Subspecies
Colobopsis vitrea angustula (Emery, 1925) Colobopsis vitrea carinata (Stitz, 1938) Colobopsis vitrea latinota (Stitz, 1925) Colobopsis vitrea oebalis (Forel, 1911) Colobopsis vitrea praelutea (Karavaiev, 1929) Colobopsis vitrea praerufa (Emery, 1900) Colobopsis vitrea vittatula (Forel, 1913)
Synonyms
Formica incursor Smith, F., 1860 Prenolepis adlerzii Forel, 1886

Colobopsis vitrea is confined to the tropics and is often seen foraging on tree trunks and on the ground in rain forest. Smith (1860) reported it as "running in numbers up and down tree trunks, probably in search of Aphides". Viehmeyer (1916) noted that in Singapore, C. vitrea "nests in thin bamboo, in rotten wood and in hollow branches of Mangifera. Females frequently on the lamp. One such caught female had raised 6 sterile females in a plaster nest". W.C. Crawley collected specimens of C. vitrea from "a hole in a tree" near Darwin. Staff of the Quarantine Service, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland collected specimens of C. vitrea (vial Hy77) from a wooden window sill at Cairns, Queensland on 5 June 1970. Heterick & Kitching (2022) collected this species in a canopy malaise trap within a lowland dipterocarp forest in Brunei.

Identification

A member of the Camponotus macrocephalus species-group. This group has the following characters:

• Fore femurs swollen, much greater in diameter than middle and hind femurs, generally more swollen than in most other Camponotus species.
• Spines or bristles on the lower surfaces of the tibiae lacking, or at most, only one or two (most Camponotus species possess two rows of 5 to 10 spines).
• Major workers and queens with the anterior of the head is truncated and flattened (phragmotic).
• Major and minor workers present, but not intermediate-sized workers (worker caste dimorphic).

Within this group, this species can be diangosed as follows:

Whole ant clothed in plentiful long erect setae except absent on most of underside of head. In lateral view, metanotal groove is depressed, mesonotum and propodeum form high, arched convexities.

Keys including this Species

• Key to Australian Camponotus species

Distribution

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 13.3056° to -21.14121°.

North Temperate	North Subtropical	Tropical	South Subtropical	South Temperate

• Source: AntMaps

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Australasian Region: Australia (type locality).
Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (type locality), Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore.
Oriental Region: India, Nicobar Island, Thailand.
Palaearctic Region: China.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Elevation Range

Occurrence at collecting sites during elevational surveys of rainforest in the Eungella region, Queensland, Australia (Burwell et al., 2020).

Species	Elevation (m asl)
	200	400	600	800	1000	1200
Colobopsis vitrea		10-20
Shading indicates the bands of elevation where species was recorded. Numbers are the percentage of total samples containing this species.

Castes

Major

.	Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Minor

.	Owned by Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Images from AntWeb

Worker. Specimen code casent0280181. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by PSWC, Philip S. Ward Collection.

Worker. Specimen code casent0280182. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by PSWC, Philip S. Ward Collection.

Syntype of Camponotus vitreus. Worker. Specimen code casent0901913. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Holotype of Formica incursor. Worker. Specimen code casent0901914. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK.

Syntype of Camponotus vitreus praerufus. Worker. Specimen code casent0905470. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy.

Syntype of Camponotus vitreus praerufus. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0905807. Photographer Z. Lieberman, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy.

Syntype of Camponotus sommeri continentalis. Worker (major/soldier). Specimen code casent0910582. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Syntype of Camponotus vitreus oebalis. Worker. Specimen code casent0910607. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Syntype of Camponotus vitreus vittatula. Queen (alate/dealate). Specimen code casent0910608. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences.	Owned by MHNG, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

• vitrea. Formica vitrea Smith, F. 1860b: 94 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan).
  • Type-material: syntype minor workers (number not stated).
  • [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 459, cites 2w OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan I.), “Bac. 13” (A.R. Wallace).
  • Type-depository: OXUM.
  • Emery, 1899c: 7 (l.); Viehmeyer, 1916a: 160 (s.q.m.); Karavaiev, 1933a: 319 (m.).
  • Combination in Camponotus: Emery, in Dalla Torre, 1893: 257;
  • combination in C. (Colobopsis): Emery, 1893e: 225;
  • combination in Colobopsis: Ward, Blaimer & Fisher, 2016: 350.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 422; Smith, F. 1871a: 308; Dalla Torre, 1893: 257; Emery, 1893e: 225; Forel, 1895e: 455; Emery, 1896d: 374 (in list); Emery, 1897d: 577; Emery, 1899c: 7; Forel, 1901b: 27; Forel, 1902h: 507; Forel, 1903d: 409; Forel, 1910d: 127; Dahl, 1901: 17 (in key); Stitz, 1911a: 372; Emery, 1911b: 532; Emery, 1911c: 250; Forel, 1912n: 67; Forel, 1913k: 133; Viehmeyer, 1913: 147; Viehmeyer, 1914c: 532; Viehmeyer, 1916a: 160; Wheeler, W.M. 1919e: 117; Wheeler, W.M. 1924b: 253; Emery, 1925b: 148; Karavaiev, 1929c: 244; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 459; Karavaiev, 1933a: 319; Wheeler, W.M. 1935g: 43; Donisthorpe, 1943d: 458; Donisthorpe, 1948b: 314; Donisthorpe, 1948d: 603; Donisthorpe, 1948g: 140; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 228; Baltazar, 1966: 270; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 121; Taylor, 1987a: 15; Bolton, 1995b: 129; McArthur & Shattuck, 2001: 41 (redescription); Jaitrong & Nabhitabhata, 2005: 16; McArthur, 2007a: 302; Mohanraj, et al. 2010: 6; Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 38; Ran & Zhou, 2011: 70; Guénard & Dunn, 2012: 30; McArthur, 2012: 84; McArthur, 2014: 50; Bharti, Guénard, et al. 2016: 26; Khachonpisitsak, et al. 2020: 49; Wang, W.Y., Soh, et al. 2022: 46.
  • Senior synonym of adlerzii: Forel, 1894b: 70; Forel, 1895e: 458 (in text); Emery, 1925b: 148; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 121; Taylor, 1987a: 15; Bolton, 1995b: 129; McArthur & Shattuck, 2001: 41.
  • Senior synonym of incursor: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 459; Bolton, 1995b: 129.
  • Distribution
  • Austral: Australia.
  • Malesian: Indonesia (Aru, Bacan, Irian Jaya, Java, Krakatau, Sumatra, Waigeu), Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak), Papua New Guinea, Philippines (Luzon), Singapore.
  • Oriental: China, India (+ Andaman Is), Thailand.
  • Current subspecies: nominal plus angustula, carinata (unresolved junior homonym), latinota (unresolved junior homonym), oebalis, praelutea, praerufa, vittatula.
• adlerzii. Prenolepis adlerzii Forel, 1886f: 209 (w.) AUSTRALIA (Queensland).
  • Type-material: holotype minor worker.
  • Type-locality: Australia: Queensland, Torres Strait, Darnley Is (no collector’s name).
  • Type-depository: MHNG.
  • Status as species: Dalla Torre, 1893: 177.
  • Junior synonym of vitrea: Forel, 1894b: 70; Forel, 1895e: 458 (in text); Emery, 1925b: 148; Taylor & Brown, 1985: 121; Taylor, 1987a: 15; Bolton, 1995b: 84; McArthur & Shattuck, 2001: 41.
• incursor. Formica incursor Smith, F. 1860b: 95 (w.) INDONESIA (Bacan).
  • Type-material: holotype minor worker.
  • [Note: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 459, cites 1w OXUM; (confirmed by Bolton (unpublished notes) 1978).]
  • Type-locality: Indonesia: Bachian (= Bacan) I., “Bac. 52” (A.R. Wallace).
  • Type-depository: OXUM.
  • Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 416; Smith, F. 1871a: 308; Dalla Torre, 1893: 199; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 199 (error).
  • Junior synonym of vitrea: Donisthorpe, 1932c: 459; Bolton, 1995b: 104.

Type Material

• Formica vitrea Smith, 1860: Syntype, worker(s), Bacan (as Bachian), Indonesia, The Natural History Museum.
• Prenolepis adlerzii Forel, 1886: Syntype, worker(s), Darnley Island, Queensland, Australia, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Genève.

The following notes on F. Smith type specimens have been provided by Barry Bolton (details):

Formica incursor

Holotype worker in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Bac. 52.”

Formica vitrea

Two worker syntypes in Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Labelled “Bac. 13.”

Taxonomic Notes

McArthur & Shattuck (2001) made no attempt to determine the distribution of C. vitrea outside Australia. They were unable to examine type material of C. vitrea and the concept they accepted was based on Smith's original description.

McArthur (2012) treats the junior synonym C. siggii as a full species but without comment or justification. This change is not followed here.

Description

Major worker

In lateral view. Dark red brown, limbs and funiculus lighter coloured, gaster darker. Head: Truncation rounded 135°; side glossy with sparse extremely short, adpressed setae, without erect setae; few long and short, erect setae on vertex and posterior head, absent on anterior head; underside of head without erect setae. Pronotum and mesonotum: Uniform semicircle scarcely marked by pro-mesonotal suture, plentiful long and short, erect setae and sparse flat-lying setae. Metanotum: Trough with distinct sloping sides; spiracle directed upward, aperture level with dorsum. Propodeum: Humped high, also forming semicircle, slightly flattened on top; angle near right angle, rounded; declivity straight above, concave below; ratio dorsum/declivity about 1.5; spiracle situated midway between coxa and dorsum, directed backward, surrounded by glossy surface with very sparse, short, fine setae. Node: Short longitudinally, few long setae, without pubescence, lower and upper halves of anterior face straight, separated by rounded 135° angle; summit sharp; posterior face mostly straight. Gaster: Glossy. Fore femur: Swollen. Mid tibia: With plentiful sub-erect setae, without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Sides weakly convex, tapering to front; vertex straight; scape with plentiful distinct setae raised 45°; frontal carinae wider than half 1{W, more or less continuous with lateral margins of clypeus; frontal area elongated, diamond shaped, depressed; max HW at eye centre; five teeth. Clypeus slightly raised above cheeks and separated on sides by ridge; anterior third of clypeus, surrounding cheeks and mandibles form a truncated plane separated from surroundings by rounded angle without striations; sides of clypeus narrow, widest at truncation then tapering to front; glossy without pubescence, with one or two erect setae; without carina; anterior margin very narrow, projecting, convex. Front or rear view. Node: Summit straight sometimes widely indented, with plentiful, short, fine setae.

Minor worker

Lateral view. Dark red brown, limbs and funiculus lighter, Head: Side glossy with sparse, extremely short, adpressed setae; vertex with few long and short fine setae; underside of head without erect setae. Mesosoma: Similar to major worker except aperture of metanotal spiracle placed above dorsum. Node: Short longitudinally with few long setae, lacking pubescence; lower and upper halves of anterior face straight, separated by rounded 135° angle; summit sharp but not as sharp as major; posterior face mostly straight. Gaster: Slightly darker than head, glossy. Fore femur: Little lighter coloured than coxa, swollen. Mid tibia: Plentiful sub-erect, long, setae, lacking bristles on inside. Dorsal view. Head: Sides nearly straight, tapering to front; vertex convex, flattened at centre; scape with plentiful distinct setae raised 45'; frontal carinae wider than half HW; frontal area indistinct triangle; max HW at eye centre. Clypeus: Without truncation, finely punctate, anterior margin convex, projecting, very wide; sides of clypeus straight; glossy, without pubescence with few fine, erect setae; with indistinct carina. Front or rear view. Node: Summit wide, straight, with plentiful; short; fine setae, sometimes indented.

Measurements

HW 0.85-1.55 mm, ILL 0.85-1.55 mm, PW 0.60- 1.05 mm, HT 0.65-1.20 mm, CARW 0.45-0.85 mm, TL 0.80-0.95 mm.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Worker. Length 2 lines (= 4 mm). Jet black, smooth and shinning; head a little wider than the thorax; eyes ovate, placed rather high on the sides of the head; the antennae longer than the thorax, flagellum slightly thickened towards the apex; the mandibles pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax narrow, compressed behind and strangulated at the base of the metathorax; the scale of the abdomen compressed, quadrate and slightly notched above. Abdomen wider than the head, subglobose; the apical margins of the segments narrowly pale testaceous.

Hab. Bachian. This species is found on trees, running in numbers up and down the trunks, probably in search of Aphides.

References

• Baltazar, C.R. 1966. A catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (with a bibliography, 1758-1963). Pacific Insects Monographs 8: 1-488. (page 270, listed)
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References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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