Tetraponera laeviceps
Tetraponera laeviceps | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Pseudomyrmecinae |
Genus: | Tetraponera |
Species: | T. laeviceps |
Binomial name | |
Tetraponera laeviceps (Smith, F., 1859) | |
Synonyms | |
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This species appears to be an opportunistic colonist of dead plant cavities. I have found colonies in dead twigs of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Gnetum sp., Premna serratifolia, Ximenia americana, and unidentified vines, shrubs and small trees. There are also records of workers from the foliage and trunks of recently felled rainforest trees, in both New Guinea and Cape York in northern Australia. (Ward 2001)
Identification
Ward (2001) - Workers of T. laeviceps can be distinguished from those of related species by: (1) the relatively large punctures on the head (0.010-0.015 mm in diameter), separated by one or more diameters, with the interspaces smooth and shiny; (2) the moderate distance between the frontal carinae (MFC approximately equal to maximum scape width); (3) the relatively large eyes (see ocular indices); (4) the elevated propodeum; and (5) the relatively slender petiole. As here interpreted, T. laeviceps is a polytypic species, showing considerable variation in head shape, sculpture, width of the pronotum, configuration of the propodeum, and shape of the petiole. The syntype workers of T. laeviceps conform to the following facies (with measurements given for the syntype in OXUM): rather broad shiny head (CI 0.86), narrow pronotum without well-developed humeral angles (PrWM/HW 0.60, PrWM/MTW c. 1.15), relatively low propodeum (PDI c. 1.13), and short petiole (PLI 0.59; PL/HW 0.69). In contrast the worker types of Tetraponera humerosa and Tetraponera platynota have the pronotum more expanded laterally, the propodeum more conspicuously elevated, and the petiole more elongate (PLI c. 0.45 in T. platynota); the head is broad in T. humerosa (CI c. 0.90), more elongate in platynota (CI 0.84). Available non-type specimens include a panoply of intermediate phenotypes, suggesting the existence of a single variable species, although most specimens tend to have rather broad pronota and long petioles. More material is needed from the poorly sampled western part of the distribution (Irian Jaya and Maluku). If future investigation does indicate that there are two species here, then the name T. humerosa (with junior synonyms platynota and Tetraponera dentifera) is available for the form with the prominent humeri and elongate petiole. Possible morphometric differences between the two forms are indicated below. It is worth stressing that sample sizes for these measurements are small, n = 3 for T. laeviceps (s.s.) and n = 18 for T. humerosa-like workers, with most of the latter coming from Papua New Guinea and all of the T. laeviceps (s.s.) from farther west. As more material accumulates, especially from geographically intermediate locations, these differences may disappear.
T. laeviceps (s.s.) PrWM/HW 0.59-0.60; PLIHW 0.68-0.69; PLILHT 0.84-0.90; DPW/HW 0.30-0.34
T. humerosa-like PrWM/HW 0.62-0.69; PLIHW 0.81-0.96; PLILHT 0.96-1.11; DPW/HW 0.35-0.44
Keys including this Species
- Key to Australian Tetraponera Species
- Key to Tetraponera males of the Oriental and Australian regions
- Key to Tetraponera of the Oriental and Australian regions
- Key to Tetraponera queens of the Oriental and Australian regions
Distribution
Ward (2001) - T. laeviceps ranges from Maluku to the Solomon Is, south through the main island of New Guinea to northern Australia.
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 9.4° to -27.46785°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Australasian Region: Australia.
Indo-Australian Region: Indonesia (type locality), New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
Habitat
Habitat records include secondary forest, littoral vegetation, and rainforest.
Biology
Castes
Worker
Images from AntWeb
Holotype of Tetraponera laeviceps. Worker. Specimen code casent0901932. Photographer Ryan Perry, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by OUM, Oxford, UK. |
Syntype of Sima humerosa. Worker. Specimen code casent0904041. Photographer Will Ericson, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. | Owned by MSNG, Genoa, Italy. |
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- laeviceps. Pseudomyrma laeviceps Smith, F. 1859a: 145 (w.) INDONESIA (Aru I.). Combination in Sima: Mayr, 1876: 111; in S. (Tetraponera): Emery, 1921f: 26; in Tetraponera: Smith, F. 1877b: 69; Donisthorpe, 1932c: 455. [Misspelled as leviceps by Dalla Torre, 1893: 54.] Senior synonym of dentifera, humerosa, platynota: Ward, 2001: 630.
- humerosa. Sima humerosa Emery, 1900d: 674 (footnote) (w.) NEW GUINEA. Combination in S. (Tetraponera): Mann, 1919: 306; in Tetraponera: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 80. Junior synonym of laeviceps: Ward, 2001: 630.
- dentifera. Sima (Tetraponera) dentifera Karavaiev, 1933c: 266 (q.) INDONESIA (Aru I.). Combination in Tetraponera: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 79. Junior synonym of laeviceps: Ward, 2001: 630.
- platynota. Sima (Tetraponera) platynota Karavaiev, 1933c: 269, fig. 16 (w.) INDONESIA (Wammer I.). Combination in Tetraponera: Chapman & Capco, 1951: 81. Junior synonym of laeviceps: Ward, 2001: 630.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Ward (2001) - HW 0.75-0.91, HL 0.86-1.10, LHT 0.63-0.78, CI 0.81-0.87, FCI 0.12-0.16, REL 0.40-0.45, REL2 0.46-0.53, SI 0.52-0.60, SI3 1.02-1.20, FI 0.43-0.51, PLI 0.45-0.59, PWI 0.40-0.49, PDI 1.11-1.34, LHT/HW 0.77-0.87, CSC 1-25, MSC 4-42.
Medium-sized species, with relatively broad head; clypeus short, its anteromedial portion protruding only slightly beyond level of the anterolateral clypeal margin; distance between frontal carinae approximately equal to maximum scape width; eye relatively large (see REL and REL2 values); scape length exceeding eye length; profemur moderately robust (see FI values); pronotum slightly to strongly expanded laterally (PrWM/MTW 1.15-1.37), its anteromedial surface varying from convex to slightly concave; lateral pronotal margins present, blunt-edged; mesopropodeal impression well marked but short, consisting of a pit-shaped depression, flanked by lateral ridges; propodeum usually conspicuously elevated, always notably higher than wide (PDI > 1.10), its dorsal face varying in profile from strongly convex and peaking far forward, above the propodeal spiracle, to broadly convex and somewhat flattened; dorsal face of propodeum rounding gradually into declivitous face; petiole relatively slender (PLI <0.60, PWI <0.50), with well differentiated anterior peduncle and node; petiole somewhat variable in size and shape (PL/HW 0.68-0.96, PL/HL 0.59-0.80, DPW/MTW 0.61-0.86; see also range of PLI and PWI values); postpetiole approximately as long as wide; metabasitarsal sulcus well developed, lying in a darkened patch of cuticle and adjacent to a low carina that occupies about 0.3-0.6x the length of the basitarsus. Integument with numerous small-medium punctures, interspaces smooth and shiny; larger punctures on dorsum of head and mesosoma 0.010-0.015 mm in diameter and separated by one to several diameters (occasionally denser on the pronotum); sculpture weaker elsewhere on mesosoma and petiole; integument largely smooth and shiny on side of pronotum, anterior part of mesepisternum, and side of petiole; postpetiole and gaster finely puncticulate, sublucid; lower malar area rugulopunctate. Standing pilosity varying from sparse to moderately common (see range of esc and MSC values), when common then often grading into shorter, subdecumbent pubescence; appressed pubescence common on most of body, especially dense on postpetiole and abdominal tergites. Black to dark brownish-black, appendages variably lighter (scape, protibia and tarsi often contrastingly yellow-brown).
Type Material
Ward (2001) - Syntypes, 3 workers, Aru, Indonesia (Wallace) (The Natural History Museum, Oxford University Museum of Natural History).
- Pseudomyrma laeviceps: Syntype, 3 workers, Aru, Indonesia, The Natural History Museum.
References
- Ward, P. S. 2001. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy. 15:589-665. (page 630, Senior synonym of dentifera, humerosa and platynota)
- Donisthorpe, H. 1932c. On the identity of Smith's types of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Alfred Russell Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10(10): 441-476 (page 455, Combination in Tetraponera)
- Emery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 94: 1-94 + 7 (page 26, Combination in S. (Tetraponera))
- Mayr, G. 1876. Die australischen Formiciden. J. Mus. Godeffroy 12: 56-115 (page 111, Combination in Sima)
- Radchenko, A.G., Fisher, B.L., Esteves, F.A., Martynova, E.V., Bazhenova, T.N., Lasarenko, S.N. 2023. Ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the collection of Volodymyr Opanasovych Karawajew. Communication 1. Dorylinae, Poneromorpha and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa, 5244(1), 1–32 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.1).
- Smith, F. 1859a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace at the islands of Aru and Key. [part]. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 3: 132-158 (page 145, worker described)
- Smith, F. 1877b. Descriptions of new species of the genera Pseudomyrma and Tetraponera, belonging to the family Myrmicidae. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1877: 57-72 (page 69, Combination in Tetraponera)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- CSIRO Collection
- Chapman, J. W., and Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monogr. Inst. Sci. Technol. Manila 1: 1-327
- Donisthorpe, Horace. 1943. The Ants of Waigeu Island, North Dutch New Guinea. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 (10): 433-475.
- Emery C. 1901. Formiciden von Celebes. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 14:565-580.
- Emery, C. "Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) (2) 20, no. 40 (1900): 661-722.
- Janda M., G. D. Alpert, M. L. Borowiec, E. P. Economo, P. Klimes, E. Sarnat, and S. O. Shattuck. 2011. Cheklist of ants described and recorded from New Guinea and associated islands. Available on http://www.newguineants.org/. Accessed on 24th Feb. 2011.
- Karavaiev V. 1933. Ameisen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet, VII. (Schluss). Konowia 12: 260-271.
- Klimes P., P. Fibich, C. Idigel, and M. Rimandai. 2015. Disentangling the diversity of arboreal ant communities in tropical forest trees. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117853. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117853
- Lucky A., E. Sarnat, and L. Alonso. 2011. Ants of the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea, Chapter 10. In Richards, S. J. and Gamui, B. G. (editors). 2013. Rapid Biological Assessments of the Nakanai Mountains and the upper Strickland Basin: surveying the biodiversity of Papua New Guineas sublime karst environments. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 60. Conservation International. Arlington, VA.
- Mann W. M. 1919. The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 63:273-391.
- Mann William. 1916. The Ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 63(7): 273-391
- Mann, W.M. 1919. The ants of the British Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College 63: 273-391
- Snelling R. R. 1998. Insect Part 1: The social Hymenoptera. In Mack A. L. (Ed.) A Biological Assessment of the Lakekamu Basin, Papua New Guinea, RAP 9. 189 ppages
- Taylor R. W. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41: 1-92.
- Taylor R. W., and D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2: 1-149.
- Viehmeyer H. 1912. Ameisen aus Deutsch Neuguinea gesammelt von Dr. O. Schlaginhaufen. Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der papuanischen Arten. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Anthropologische-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 14: 1-26.
- Ward P. S. 2001. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15: 589-665.
- Ward, P. S. 2001. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15:589-665.
- Wheeler W.M. 1935. Check list of the ants of Oceania. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 11(11):1-56.
- Wheeler, William Morton.1935.Checklist of the Ants of Oceania.Occasional Papers 11(11): 3-56