Proceratium sulawense

Proceratium sulawense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Proceratiinae
Tribe:	Proceratiini
Genus:	Proceratium
Species:	P. sulawense
Binomial name
	Proceratium sulawense; De Andrade, 2003 Specimen Label

Nothing is known about the biology of Proceratium sulawense.

Identification

A member of the silaceum clade and resembling Proceratium dusun, but differing from it, in the worker, by the broader frontal carinae and by the CI > 101.5 instead of < 97.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Indonesia (Sulawesi) and Malaysia (Sarawak)

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Indo-Australian Region: Borneo, Indonesia (type locality), Malaysia, Sulawesi.

Distribution based on AntMaps

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.

Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.

Biology

Explore Overview of Proceratium biology

Very little is known about the biology of Proceratium ants. They nest in soil, rotten wood, under deep-set stones and, in a few cases, tree branches. For many species the nest consists of small rounded chambers hollowed out of soft rotten wood or in the soil. Toward the cooler limits of the range, particularly in North America, nests and foraging workers are found under deep set rocks instead of in rotten wood. The nest site is usually in forest shade, in old moist gardens, or similar habitats that are constantly moist. Some species of known to be egg predators of arthropods, especially of spiders.

Most Proceratium are relatively rare but this is not the full explanation for why they are not commonly collected. Colonies of most species are small. Based on anectdotal natural history information from a few species, it was once thought that most Proceratium would likely be found to have mature colonies that contain somewhere between 10 - 50 workers. Yet nests with more than 50, and in some cases up to 200, workers have been been reported. Besides small colonies, these ants also do not appear to forage in places where they are readily encountered.

Males and females are though to be produced in small numbers but we generally do not have enough data for colonies of any species to know what might be typical. Reproductive flights have been observered toward the end of the summer in some northern temperate areas. In these regions the nuptial flight occurs during the last half of August. Both sexes climb some distance from the nest entrance before taking flight. Workers too issue from the nest during the nuptial flight, as is often the case with otherwise cryptobiotic ants. ‎

Castes

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

sulawense. Proceratium sulawense De Andrade, in Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2003b: 392, fig. 151, 152 (w.q.) INDONESIA (Sulawesi), BORNEO (East Malaysia: Sarawak).
- Type-material: holotype worker.
- Type-locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi Utara, Danau Mooat, 1200 m., nr Kotamobagu, 13.ix.1985 (no collector’s name).
- Type-depository: BMNH.
- Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 2003b: 395 (putative q.).
- Status as species: Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 58.
- Distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi), Malaysia (Sarawak).

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Head as broad as long or slightly broader than long and with the sides gently convex. Vertex in full face view weakly convex. Clypeus reduced and as long as the antennal sockets. Anterior border of the clypeus truncate. Frontal carinae far from each other, slightly covering the antennal insertions. Lateral expansions of the frontal carinae broad, little raised, diverging on the two anterior fourths, converging on the third fourth, subparallel and carinate only on the last fourth. Frontal area gently concave on the three anterior fourths and with a central, thick longitudinal carina starting from the last fourth and prolonging posteriorly. Head anterolaterally with a short, thin, longitudinal carina. Genal carinae marked, each carina corresponding to the external border of a deep sulcus. Eyes visible as by a dark dot below the integument, small and on the middle of the head sides. First funicular joint slightly longer than broad. Funicular joints 2-10 broader than long. Last funicular joint as long as the sum ol joints 6-10. Scapes short of the vertexal margin and gently thickening apically. Masticatory margin of the inandibles with 8 denticles before the pointed apical tooth. Palp formula 2,2.

Mesosoma in side view gently convex and about as long as the maximum head length (mandibles included). Pronotal and propodeal sutures absent. Basal face of the propodeum declivous posteriorly. Area between the basal and declivous Faces of the propodeum concave, dorsally carinate and laterally denticulate. Declivous face of the propodeum gently sloping posteriorly. Sides of the declivous face carinate. Propodeal spiracle round and above mid height in lateral view.

Petiole subrectangular and slightly compressed. Anterior border of the petiole straight and anterolaterally carinate. Ventral process of the petiole large, stout and triangular. Postpetiole in dorsal view with sides diverging on the anterior half and gently convex on the posterior half. Postpetiolar sternite anteromedially with a marked subtriangular projection, gently convex posteriorly in side view. Constriction between postpetiole and gaster impressed. Gastral tergite I about 1/3 longer than the postpetiole and convex on the curvature. Remaining gastral lergites and sternites curved ventrally.

Legs relatively short. All tibiae with a pectinate spur. Spurs of fore legs without basal spine. Fore basitarsi longer than the mid ones. Hind basitarsi about 1/4 shorter than hind tibiae. Second tarsomere of hind legs shorter than pretarsus. Pretarsal claws simple. Arolia absent.

Sculpture. Head dorsum rugosopunctate, the rugosities thicker and slightly longitudinal on the sides. Mesosoma, petiole, postpetiole, anterior and sides of the first gastral tergite minutely granulopunctate. Remaining gastral tergite smooth and with minute piligerous punctures. Legs punctate. Body covered by hairs of three types: (1) short, dense, suberect or subdecumbent on the whole body, sparse on the funicular joints: (2) longer than type (1), erect on the whole body, slightly shorter on the scapes, absent on the funiculi; (3) shorter than hair type (1), dense and decumbent on the funicular joints only. In addition the funicular joints bear whitish, thick, appressed, sparse hairs.

Colour. Dark ferrugineous with lighter antennae and legs.

Measurements in mm and Indices: TL 2.90; HL 0.65; HW 0.66; EL 0.04; SL 0.42; WL 0.80; PeL 0.21; PeW 0.31; HFeL 0.47; HTiL 0.38; HBaL 0.29; LS4 0.31; LT4 0.62; CI 101.5; ST 64.6; IGR 0.50.

Queen

(tentative attribution). Differing from the worker in the following details: eyes large, about 1/4 of the head length, composed by many facets and with ocular pilosity. Ocelli well developed.

Mesosoma robust and convex in side view. Parapsidal furrows marked. Scutellum with the sides converging posteriorly and with the posterior border round. Dorsum of the scutellum with a thick, longitudinal ruga prolonging up to the posterior half of the mesonotum. Metanotum with a small Iamellaceous tooth. Basal face of the propodeum medially concave. Area between basal and declivous faces of the propodeum carinate and with a salient tooth on each side.

Measurements in mm and Indices: TL 4.32-4.34; HL 0.89-0.91; HW 0.94-0.95; EL 0.23-0.26; SL 0.59-0.60; WL 1.32-1.36; PeL 0.27-0.29; PeW 0.43-0.45; HFeL 0.75-0.76; HTiL 0.58-0.60; HBaL 0.50; LS4 0.43-0.47; LT4 0.88-0.92; CI 104.4- 105.6; SI 65.9-66.3; IGR 0.49-0.51.

Type Material

Holotype worker from Sulawesi labelled: "Indonesia: Sulawesi Utara, Danau Mooat, 1200 m, nr Kotamobagu, 13.7X.1985", in The Natural History Museum.

Etymology

"Sulawense" is a neologism indicating the provenance of the species from Sulawesi.

References

Baroni Urbani, C., de Andrade, M.L. 2003. The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Monografie, 36, 1–492. (page 392, figs. 151, 152 worker, queen described)

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

Baroni Urbani C., and M.L de Andrade. 2003. The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Monografie 36: 1-480.
Pfeiffer M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58