Monomorium salomonis
Monomorium salomonis | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Formicidae |
Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
Tribe: | Solenopsidini |
Genus: | Monomorium |
Species group: | salomonis |
Species: | M. salomonis |
Binomial name | |
Monomorium salomonis (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Subspecies | |
| |
Synonyms | |
|
In a study of ant communities in Senegal orchards, this species was found to thrive in "areas subjected to intensive agricultural practices that resulted in a high level of environmental disturbance" (Diame et al. 2015). This is consistent with Monomorium salomonis being a tramp species that can become established in anthropogenic habitats. Pashaei Rad et al. (2018) found this species in Iran in a moderate rainfall area.
At a Glance | • Invasive |
Identification
Distribution
Borowiec & Salata (2020): Monomorium salomonis was recorded from several countries of northern and Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It is also known as invasive species from the Mediterranean part of Spain, Madagascar, Antilles, and as introduced species from some European countries. Probably many of these records are based on misidentifications. Monomorium salomonis auct. appears to be a group of similar species and needs revision based on large materials from North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean area. Confirmed records are from northwestern Africa and western part of the Mediterranean basin. Samples from Jordan probably belong to one of members of the M. salomonis group but not to the true Monomorium solomonis.
Latitudinal Distribution Pattern
Latitudinal Range: 43.51682° to 22.883333°.
North Temperate |
North Subtropical |
Tropical | South Subtropical |
South Temperate |
- Source: AntMaps
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Afrotropical Region: Eritrea, Gambia, Mali, Saudi Arabia.
Malagasy Region: Madagascar.
Neotropical Region: Brazil, Cuba, Greater Antilles, Guadeloupe.
Palaearctic Region: Algeria, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Egypt (type locality), Georgia, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Malta, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Countries Occupied
Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species. |
![]() |
Estimated Abundance
Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species. |
![]() |
Biology
In den wärmeren Teilen des Mittelmeergebietes verbreitet; Nester in der Erde und unter Steinen, stark bevölkert (Emery 1908)
Castes
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- salomonis. Formica salomonis Linnaeus, 1758: 580 (w.) EGYPT, SAUDI ARABIA, ISRAEL.
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated).
- Type-localities: “Habitat in Aegypto, Arabia, Palaestina” (no further data).
- [Note: Linnaeus, 1764: 418, restricts the distribution to Egypt, which may be regarded as the type-locality.]
- Type-depository: ZMLS, perhaps also in UUUS.
- [Misspelled as salamonis by Arnold, 1916: 219, Arnold, 1944: 13; misspelled as solomonis by Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1916: 170; misspelled as solamonis by Menozzi, 1940: 268; misspelled as salmonis by Petrov, 2006: 94 (in key).]
- André, 1883a: 342 (m.); Emery, 1908h: 674 (w.q.m.).
- Combination in Monomorium: Roger, 1862c: 294;
- combination in M. (Xeromyrmex): Emery, 1915i: 190.
- Status as species: Linnaeus, 1764: 418; Linnaeus, 1767: 963; Forskål, 1775: 84; Gmelin, 1790: 2799; Christ, 1791: 507; Olivier, 1792; 503; Latreille, 1802c: 291; Roger, 1862c: 294; Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 429; Mayr, 1877: 20 (in list); Emery, 1877b: 369; Emery, 1878b: 50; Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Emery, 1880: 391; Emery, 1881b: 531; André, 1883a: 336 (in key); André, 1884b: 540; Emery, 1884a: 381; Saunders, E. 1890: 204; Emery, 1891b: 13; Scudder, 1891: 708; Dalla Torre, 1893: 69; Forel, 1894a: 162; Forel, 1894d: 19; Emery, 1895b: 66; Forel, 1895d: 227, 233; Emery, 1901e: 61; Ruzsky, 1902d: 25; Forel, 1902a: 152; Rothney, 1903: 97; Ruzsky, 1903b: 316; Mayr, 1904b: 4; Forel, 1904c: 5; Forel, 1904f: 422; Ruzsky, 1905b: 633; Wheeler, W.M. 1905b: 123; Forel, 1907a: 18; Forel, 1907e: 15; Emery, 1908h: 674; Santschi, 1908: 518; Forel, 1909e: 372; Forel, 1910c: 251; Karavaiev, 1910b: 59; Karavaiev, 1911: 4; Karavaiev, 1912a: 3; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1914: 19; Arnold, 1916: 219; Wheeler, W.M. & Mann, 1916: 170; Emery, 1916b: 161; Stitz, 1917: 346; Crawley, 1920a: 165; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 870, 1027; Emery, 1922e: 177; Stitz, 1923: 156; Wheeler, W.M. 1923c: 4; Wheeler, W.M. 1926: 3; Menozzi, 1927e: 117; Wheeler, W.M. 1927g: 107; Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 157; Menozzi, 1933b: 66 (in key); Menozzi, 1934: 160; Grandi, 1935: 100; Finzi, 1936: 176; Santschi, 1936a: 49 (redescription); Finzi, 1939a: 158; Finzi, 1940: 160; Donisthorpe, 1942a: 28; Arnold, 1944: 13; Donisthorpe, 1947e: 109; Bernard, 1948: 145; Bernard, 1950b: 290; Bernard, 1953a: 159; Wellenius, 1955: 8; Bernard, 1956b: 259; Ceballos, 1956: 305; Kempf, 1960f: 436; Cagniant, 1964: 89; Cagniant, 1966b: 279; Ettershank, 1966: 92; Bernard, 1967: 169 (redescription); Hamann & Klemm, 1967: 413; Cagniant, 1968a: 143; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 66; Cagniant, 1970a: 418; Bernard, 1971: 7; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 91; Kempf, 1972a: 144; Alayo, 1974: 14 (in key); Báez & Ortega, 1978: 190; Collingwood, 1978: 82 (in key); Barquin Diez, 1981: 183; Collingwood, 1985: 272; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 273 (in key); Hohmann, et al. 1993: 155; De Haro & Collingwood, 1994: 100; Bolton, 1995b: 266; Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 354; Espadaler, 1997b: 30; Fernández, 2007b: 137; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008: 140; Paknia, et al. 2008: 155; Vonshak, et al. 2009: 43; Borowiec, L. 2014: 125 (see note in bibliography); Lebas, et al. 2016: 304; Fernández & Serna, 2019: 808; Madl, 2019: 15; Borowiec, L. & Salata, 2020: 14.
- Senior synonym of debilis: Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Bolton, 1995b: 266.
- Senior synonym of obscuratum: Collingwood, 1978: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 266.
- Senior synonym of thorense: Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Dalla Torre, 1893: 69; Ruzsky, 1905b: 633; Bolton, 1995b: 266.
- Distribution: Algeria, Colombia (introducton), Egypt, Eritrea, France, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Italy (+ Sicily), Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Portugal (Madeira), Saudi Arabia, Spain (Balearics), Tunisia.
- [Note: earlier Neotropical records (Kempf, 1972a: 144) are probably best regarded as misidentifications; note that specimens from Dominican Republic and Haiti, earlier identified as salomonis, are identified as bicolor by Lubertazzi, 2019: 128.]
- Current subspecies: nominal plus bedui, didonis, molestum, obscuriceps, scipionis, subnitidum, targui, transversale, volubile, zanoni.
- debilis. Aphaenogaster debilis Walker, 1871: 10 (w.q.) EGYPT.
- Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s) (numbers not stated).
- Type-locality: Egypt (“Arabia”): Pharaoh’s Baths (= Hammam Pharaon) (J.K. Lord).
- Type-depository: BMNH.
- Junior synonym of salomonis: Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Bolton, 1995b: 261.
- obscuratum. Monomorium salomonis var. obscuratum Stitz, 1917: 346, fig. 12 (w.) ALGERIA.
- Type-material: syntype workers (number not stated, “a few”).
- Type-locality: Algeria: Ouargla, 24. 12. 13 (= 24.xii.1913) (v. Geyr).
- Type-depository: MNHU.
- [Misspelled as obscurium by Santschi, 1929c: 100; misspelled as obcurata by Emery, 1922e: 177.]
- Santschi, 1921e: 169 (m.); Emery, 1924a: 9 (q.).
- As unavailable (infrasubspecific) name: Emery, 1922e: 177; Emery, 1924a: 9; Santschi, 1936a: 58.
- Subspecies of salomonis: Santschi, 1921e: 169; Wheeler, W.M. 1926: 3; Menozzi, 1926b: 182; Menozzi, 1927g: 379; Santschi, 1929c: 100; Finzi, 1930b: 16; Menozzi, 1932c: 95; Menozzi, 1932e: 452; Menozzi, 1934: 155; Finzi, 1936: 176; Bernard, 1953a: 160; Ceballos, 1956: 305; Ettershank, 1966: 91.
- Junior synonym of salomonis: Collingwood, 1978: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 265.
- thorense. Monomorium thorense Mayr, 1862: 753 (q.) EGYPT.
- Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
- [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
- Type-locality: Egypt: Gulf of Suez, Thor (= El Tur) (no collector’s name).
- Type-depository: NHMW.
- [Misspelled as torense by Roger, 1863b: 32.]
- Status as species: Mayr, 1863: 429; Roger, 1863b: 32; Ettershank, 1966: 92 (error).
- Junior synonym of salomonis: Emery & Forel, 1879: 456; Dalla Torre, 1893: 69; Ruzsky, 1905b: 633; Bolton, 1995b: 267.
Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
Description
Worker
Emery (1908) - ☿. Hellrot bis rostbrauu, selten dunkelbraun, Gaster braun bis schwarz; Kopf, Thorax und Stielchen dicht punktiert, schwach glänzend oder glanzlos; Gaster sehr fein punktiert, glänzend oder halbmatt. Abstehende Behaarung und Pubescenz an der Dorsal-seite sehr zerstreut; Scapus und Tibien mit kurzer Pubescenz, ohne abstehende Haare, an der Beugeseite ist die Pubescenz länger und mehr abstehend. Kopf länger als breit, die Seiten parallel, der Occipitalrand gerade oder kaum merklich ausgebuchtet, die Seiten parallel, sanft gebogen; Auge ziemlich grofs, ungefähr 1/4 der Kopflänge erreichend; Clypeus gestreift, zwischen den Längswülsten stark glänzend, vorn in der Mitte vorgezogen und ausgerandet; Mandibel gestreift, mit 4 Zähnen; Antenne schlank, der Scapus erreicht knapp den Occipitalrand, Glied 3-7 etwa so lang wie dick, die Clava verdickt, deren vorletztes Glied um 1/4 bis 1/3 länger als dick. Thorax gestreckt, der Eindruck an der Mesoepinotalgrenze einen stumpfen Winkel bildend. Epinotum im Profil bogenartig abfallend; Petiolus vorn schmal gestielt, mit hohem, stumpf kegelartigem Knoten; Postpetiolus wenig breiter, queroval. - L. 2,5-3,2 mm.
Queen
Emery (1908) - ♀. Stets geflügelt, dabei aber der Thorax auffallend schmal (dreimal so lang wie breit). Rostrot bis rostbrann, Kopf dunkler, Gaster schwärzlich; Kopf, Thorax und Stielchen matt, oben gröfstenteils fein längsgestreift, die Seiten des Thorax teilweise gestreift, teilweise äufserst dicht punktiert; am Mesonotum ist die Grundpunktierung bei den schwächer skulpturierten Formen undeutlich und in der Mittellinie verläuft eine glänzende, glatte Längsbinde; seltener sind auch die Seiten des Mesonotum und des Scutellum glänzend; Gaster fein punktiert, schwach glänzend bis ganz matt; Behaarung und Pubescenz wie bei der ☿. Kopf wenig länger als breit; Clypeus mit deutlichen Längswülsten, in der Mitte des Vorderrandes ausgebuchtet; der Scapus erreicht den Occipitalrand; Funiculus, und Clava wie bei der ☿. Thoraxrücken abgeflacht; Scutum und Scutellum im Profil eine fast gerade Linie bildend; letzteres hinten etwas wulstartig vorspringend; Epinotum hinten abgeflacht oder schwach aüsgehöhlt, seitlich mit sehr abgestumpften Kanten, die hintere Fläche quer gerunzelt; Knoten des Petiolus hoch, keilförmig, mit geradem, oberem Rand. Flügel fast farblos, mit braungelbem Geäder. - L. 4,7-7 mm.
Male
Emery (1908) - ♂ (nur von der typischen Form bekannt). Schwarz, Funiculus, Gelenke der Beine, Tibien, Tarsen und Hinterleibsende rötlich; Skulptur und Behaarung wie beim ♀. Kopf mit den Mandibeln rundlich, etwas breiter als lang, hinten abgestutzt, mit mäfsig vorspringenden Augen, welche ungefähr die halbe Kopfseite einnehmen und vom Mandibulargelenk kaum weniger entfernt sind als vom Hinterrand; Clypeus gewölbt, dessen Mittelstück breit und wenig vorspringend; Mandibel stark gebogen, vierzähnig, gestreift; Scapus der fadenförmigen Antenne länger als die 2 folgenden Glieder, gegen das Ende durchaus nicht verdickt. Thorax breiter als baim ♀, sonst ähnlich gebaut; Epinotnm abgerundet, durchaus ohne Kanten, und nicht gerunzelt; Petiolusknoten mehr abgerundet als beim ♀. Flügel etwas gebräunt. - L. 4,8-5 mm.
References
- Ajerrar, A., Bouharroud, R., Zaafrani, M., Aabd, N.A., Qessaoui, R., Bahadou, H., Mayad, E.H., Tahiri, A., Chebli, B. 2020. Ground foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argane (Argania spinosa, L) ecosystem: Response to grazing impact. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 9: 90-97.
- André, E. 1883a. Les fourmis. [part]. Pp. 281-344 in: André, Edm. 1881-1886. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Tome Deuxième. Beaune: Edmond André, 919 + 48 pp. (page 342, male described)
- Baer, B. 2011. The copulation biology of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 14: 55-68.
- Borowiec, L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
- Borowiec, L., Salata, S. 2018. Notes on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Gambia (Western Africa). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology 26 (online 010), 1-13 (doi:10.5281/ZENODO.1243767).
- Borowiec, L., Salata, S. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Jordan. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology 29 (online 2): 1-26 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.3733156).
- Collingwood, C. A. 1978. A provisional list of Iberian Formicidae with a key to the worker caste (Hym. Aculeata). EOS. Rev. Esp. Entomol. 52: 65-95 (page 69, Senior synonym of obscuratum)
- Dekoninck, W., Wauters, N., Delsinne, T. 2019. Capitulo 35. Hormigas invasoras en Colombia. Hormigas de Colombia.
- Diame, L., R. Blatrix, I. Grechi, J. Y. Rey, C. A. B. Sane, J. F. Vayssieres, H. de Bon, and K. Diarra. 2015. Relations between the design and management of Senegalese orchards and ant diversity and community composition. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 212:94-105. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.004
- Emery, C. 1908j. Beiträge zur Monographie der Formiciden des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.) Teil V. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1908: 663-686 (page 674, worker, queen, male described)
- Emery, C. 1915g. Noms de sous-genres et de genres proposés pour la sous-famille des Myrmicinae. Modifications à la classification de ce groupe (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1915: 189-192 (page 190, Combination in M. (Xeromyrmex))
- Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 5: 441-481 (page 456, Senior synonym of debilis and thorense)
- Fontenla, J.L., Brito, Y.M. 2011. Hormigas invasoras y vagabundas de Cuba. Fitosanidad 15(4), 253-259.
- Heterick, B.E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 86, 1-245 (doi:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245).
- Idogawa, N., Lee, C.-C., Yang, C.-C.S., Dobata, S. 2021. The complete mitochondrial genome of a parthenogenetic ant Monomorium triviale (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6, 2793–2795 (doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1970632).
- Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii, 824 pp. (page 580, worker described)
- Lubertazzi, D. 2019. The ants of Hispaniola. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 162(2), 59-210 (doi:10.3099/mcz-43.1).
- Meurgey, F. 2020. Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography. Insecta Mundi 786: 1–183.
- Pashaei Rad, S., Taylor, B., Torabi, R., Aram, E., Abolfathi, G., Afshari, R., Borjali, F., Ghatei, M., Hediary, F., Jazini, F., Heidary Kiah, V., Mahmoudi, Z., Safariyan, F., Seiri, M. 2018. Further records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 64, 145-159 (doi:10.1080/09397140.2018.1442301).
- Rafael, J.A., Limeira-de-Oliveira, F., Hutchings, R.W., Miranda, G.F.G., Silva Neto, A.M.da, Somavilla, A., Camargo, A., Asenjo, A., Pinto, Â.P., Bello, A.de M., Dalmorra, C., Mello-Patiu, C.A.de, Carvalho, C.J.B.de, Takiya, D.M., Parizotto, D.R., Marques, D.W.A., Cavalheiro, D.de O., Mendes, D.M.de M., Zeppelini, D., Carneiro, E., Lima, É.F.B., Lima, E.C.A.de, Godoi, F.S.P.de, Pessoa, F.A.C., Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z., Sosa-Duque, F.J., Flores, H.F., Fernandes, I.O., Silva-Júnior, J.O., Gomes, L.R.P., Monné, M.L., Castro, M.C.M.de, Silva, M.P.G.da, Couri, M.S., Gottschalk, M.S., Soares, M.M.M., Monné, M.A., Rafael, M.S., Casagrande, M.M., Mielke, O.H.H., Grossi, P.C., Pinto, P.J.C., Bartholomay, P.R., Sobral, R., Heleodoro, R.A., Machado, R.J.P., Corrêa, R.C., Hutchings, R.S.G., Ale-Rocha, R., Santos, S.D.dos, Lima, S.P.de, Mahlmann, T., Silva, V.C., Fernandes, D.R.R. 2020. Insect (Hexapoda) diversity in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: updated taxonomic checklist and new records. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 64, e20200052 (doi:10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2020-0052).
- Rasheed, M.T., Bodlah, I., Fareen, A.G., Wachkoo, A.A., Huang, X., Akbar, S.A. 2019. A checklist of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Pakistan. Sociobiology 66(3), 426-439 (doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.4330).
- Roger, J. 1862c. Synonymische Bemerkungen. 1. Ueber Formiciden. Berl. Entomol. Z. 6: 283-297 (page 294, Combination in Monomorium)
- Ruano, F., Tinaut, A., Soler, J.J. 2000. High surface temperatures select for individual foraging in ants. Behavioral Ecology 11, 396-404.
- Salata, S., Borowiec, L., Trichas, A. 2020. Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Crete, with keys to species determination and zoogeographical remarks. Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum No 12: 5–296 (doi:10.5281/ZENODO.3738001).
- Sharaf, M. R., Wetterer, J. K., Mohamed, A. A., Aldawood, A. S. 2022. Faunal composition, diversity, and distribution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Dhofar Governorate, Oman, with updated list of the Omani species and remarks on zoogeography. European Journal of Taxonomy 838: 1-106 (doi:10.5852/ejt.2022.838.1925).
- Sharaf, M.R., Abdel-Dayem, M.S., Mohamed, A.A., Fisher, B.L., Aldawood, A.S. 2020. A preliminary synopsis of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Qatar with remarks on the zoogeography. Annales Zoologici 70: 533-560 (doi:10.3161/00034541anz2020.70.4.005).
- Sharaf, M.R., Aldawood, A.S. 2022. Tapinoma yacoubi, sp. nov., a new ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Saudi Arabia, Zoology in the Middle East, 68:2, 165-170 (doi:10.1080/09397140.2022.2077565).
- Sharaf, M.R., Mohamed, A.A., Boudinot, B.E., Wetterer, J.K., Hita Garcia, F., Al Dhafer, H.M., Aldawood, A.S. 2021. Monomorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with description of two new species, M. heggyi sp. n. and M. khalidi sp. n. PeerJ 9, e10726. (doi:10.7717/peerj.10726).
- Wetterer, J.K., Espadaler, X., Ashmole, N.P., Mendel, H., Cutler, C., Endeman, J. 2007. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the South Atlantic islands of Ascension Island, St Helena, and Tristan da Cunha. Myrmecological News 10: 29-37.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922j. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 711-1004 (page 870, see also)
References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics
- Abril S., C. Gómez. 2012. Lista actualizada de las especies de hormigas de Menorca (Islas Baleares, España) y primera cita de Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de la isla Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 50: 403-407.
- Bakr R. F. A., H. H. Fadl, R. M. Badawy, and M. R. Sharaf. 2007. Myrmecophile insects associated with some ant species (Hymenoptera : Formicidae )in Egypt. The second international conference of economic entomology (Entomological Society of Egypt) ,Cairo, Egypt, 8-11 December, (1): 205-233.
- Barech G., M. Khaldi, F. Zahra Boujelal, and X. Espadaler. 2018. Diversity and structure of the ant fauna of the El Ksob dam in Algeria: new record for Aphaenogaster rupestris Forel, 1909 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S. E. A.) 62: 253-258.
- Barech G., M. Khaldi, S. Ziane, A. Zedam, S. Doumadji, M. Sharaf, and X. Espadaler. 2016. A first checklist and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the saline dry lake Chott El Hodna in Algeria, a Ramsar Conservation Wetland. African Entomology 24(1): 143–152.
- Barech G., M. Khaldi, X. Espadaler, and H. Cagniant. 2017. The genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Maghreb (North Africa): Identification key, redescription of Monomorium major Bernard, 1953 and new records from Algeria. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 61: 151-157.
- Barquín, J. Las hormigas de Canarias. Taxonomia, ecologia y distribucion de los Formicidae In Secretariado de publicaciones de la Universidad de La Laguna, Colección Monografías Nº 3. Tenerife: Universidad de La Laguna, 1981.
- Bernard F. 1953. Les fourmis du Tassili des Ajjer. Pp. 121-250 in: Bernard, F. (ed.) 1953. Mission scientifique au Tassili des Ajjer (1949). Volume I. Recherches zoologiques et médicales. Paris: P. Lechevalier, 302 pp.
- Bernard F. 1958. Les fourmis des iles Pelagie, comparaison avec d'autres faunes insulaires. Esttrato dalla Rivista di Biologia Coloniale XVI: 67-79.
- Bernard F. 1967. Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Paris: Masson, 411 pp.
- Bernard F. 1970. Les fourmis de la forêt de Mâmora (Maroc). Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol 6:n483-513.
- Bernard F. 1977. Trois fourmis nouvelles du Sahara (Hym. Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 82: 29-32.
- Bernard F., and H. Cagniant. 1963. Capture au Hoggar de trois Acantholepis nouveaux pour ce massif avec observations sur leurs modes de vie (Hym. Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 67: 161-164.
- Bernard, F., and H. Cagniant. "Capture au Hoggar de trois Acantholepis nouveaux pour ce massif avec observations sur leurs modes de vie (Hym. Formicidae)." Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 67 (1963): 161-164.
- Bernard, F. "Remarques sur le peuplement des Baléares en fourmis." Bulletin de la Société d' Histoire naturelle de l' Afrique du Nord 47 (1956): 254-266.
- Borowiec L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25(1-2): 1-340.
- Borowiec L., C. Galkowski, and S. Salata. 2015. What is Tetramorium semilaeve André, 1883? (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 512:39-62.
- Bouzekri M. A. 2011. Bioecologie des Formicidae dans la region de Djelfa: nidification et relation avec les plantes. Mphil Ecole National Superieure agronomique. 153pp.
- Bouzekri M., S. Daoudi-Hacini, H. Cagniant, and S. E. Doumandji. 2015. Etude comparative des associations (plantes-fourmis) dans une region steppique (cas de la region de Djelfa, Algerie). Lebanese Science Journal 16(1): 69-77.
- Cagniant, H. 1968. Liste preliminaire de fourmis forestieres d'Algerie. Resultats obtenus de 1963 a 1964. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 104: 138-147
- Cagniant, H. "Contribution à la connaissance des fourmis marocaines. Nouvelle description et compléments à la définition de l'espèce Aphaenogaster praedo Emery (Hyménoptères, Formicoïdea, Myrmicidae). Problèmes posés par le groupe "praedo"." Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 123 (1987): 159-165.
- Cagniant, H. "Deuxième liste de fourmis d'Algérie récoltées principalement en forêt. (1re partie)." Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 105 (1970): 405-430.
- Cagniant, H. "Étude de quelques fourmis marocaines. Statistique provisoire des Formicidae du Maroc." Bulletin de la Société d' Histoire naturelle de l' Afrique du Nord 53 (1964): 83-118.
- Cagniant, H. Les peuplements de fourmis des forêts algériennes: écologie, biocénotique, essai biologique. Universite de Toulouse, 1973.
- Chemala A., M. Benhamacha, D. M. Ould el Hadj, F. Marniche, and S. Daoudi. 2017. A preliminary list of the ant fauna in Northeastern Sahara of Algeria (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 64(2): 146-154.
- Collingwood C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 230-302.
- Collingwood, C. A., and I. H. H. Yarrow. "A survey of Iberian Formicidae." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 44 (1969): 53-101.
- Collingwood, C. A. "Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia." Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7 (1985): 230-302.
- Comín del Río, P., and Andrés de Haro. "Datos iniciales para un estudio ecológico de las hormigas de Menorca." Bolletí de la Societat d´Historia Natural de les Balears 24 (1980): 23-48.
- Comín del Río, P., and X. Espadaler. "Ants of the Pityusic islands." In Biogeography of the Pityusic Islands, edited by H. Kuhbler, J. A. Alcover and C. Guerau, 278-231. The Hague: Junk, 1984.
- Comín del Río, P. "Los Formícidos de Menorca. Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfico y biológico." Tesina de licenciatura Universida (1977): 135 pp.
- Comín del Río, P. Estudio de los formícidos de Baleares: Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfìco y biológico. Palma de Mallorca: Universidad de las Islas Baleares, 1988.
- Crawley W. C. 1920. Ants from Mesopotamia and north-west Persia. Entomol. Rec. J. Var. 32: 162-166.
- Delye, G., and J. L. Bonaric. "Fourmis du sud Marocain." Etude de certains milieux du Maroc et de leux evolution recente RCP 249 (1973).
- Derwesh A. I. 1965. A preliminary list of identified insects and some arachnids of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture. Government Pressm Baghdad Iraq. Bulletin n 112: 128 pages.
- Diame L., B. Taylor, R. Blatrix, J. F. Vayssieres, J. Y. Rey, I. Grechi, and K. Diarra. 2017. A preliminary checklist of the ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) fauna of Senegal. Journal of Insect Biodiversity 5(15): 1-16.
- Donisthorpe H. 1942. The Formicidae (Hym.) of the Armstrong College Expedition to the Siwa Oasis. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11)9: 26-33.
- Donisthorpe H. 1947. Results of the Armstrong College Expedition to Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert), 1935: A second list of the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Bulletin de la Société Fouad Ier d'Entomologie 31: 109-111.
- Délye G. 1960. Fourmis du Tassili des Ajjer. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord 51: 259-272.
- Délye, G. "Répartition des fourmis dans les grands massifs de dunes du Sahara nord-occidental (Hym.)." Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 74 (1970): 224-227.
- Eidmann, H. "Die Ameisenfauna der Balearen." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 6 (1926): 694-742.
- Eidmann, H. "Zur Kenntnis der Insektekfauna der Balearischen Inseln." Entomologische Mitteilungen 16 (1927): 24-37.
- El-Hawagry M. S., M. W. Khalil, M. R. Sharaf, H. H. Fadl, and A. S. Aldawood. 2013. A preliminary study on the insect fauna of Al-Baha Province, Saudi Arabia, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 274: 188. doi:10.3897/zookeys.274.4529
- Emery, C. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der palaearktischen Ameisen." Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar (Helsinki) 20 (1898): 124-151.
- Emery, C. "Beiträge zur Monographie der Formiciden des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.) Teil V. Monomorium." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1908 (1908): 663-686.
- Emery, C. "Crociera del Violante, comandato dal capitano armatore Enrico d'Albertis, durante l'anno 1877. Formiche." Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 15 (1880): 389-398.
- Emery, C. "Formiche della Cirenaica raccolte dal Dott. Enrico Festa e dal Prof. Filippo Silvestri." Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 56 (1924): 6-11.
- Emery, C. "Sopra alcune formiche della fauna mediterranea." Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (5)5 (1895): 59-75 [pagination of separate: 291-307].
- Ettershank G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 73-171.
- Finzi B. 1939. Materiali zoologici dell'Eritrea raccolti da G. Müller durante la spedizione dell'Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese e conservati al Museo di Trieste. Parte III. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste 14: 153-168.
- Finzi, B. "Risultati scientifici della spedizione di S. A. S. il Principe Alessandro della Torre e Tasso nell'Egitto e peninsola del Sinai. XI. Formiche." Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Egypte 20 (1936): 155-210.
- Forel A. 1893. Nouvelles fourmis d'Australie et des Canaries. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 454-466.
- Forel A. 1904. Dimorphisme du mâle chez les fourmis et quelques autres notices myrmécologiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 48: 421-425.
- Forel A. 1904. Miscellanea myrmécologiques. Rev. Suisse Zool. 12: 1-52.
- Forel A. 1905. Miscellanea myrmécologiques II (1905). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 49: 155-185.
- Forel A. 1906. Moeurs des fourmis parasites des genres Wheeleria et Bothriomyrmex. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 14: 51-69.
- Forel A. 1907. Formicides du Musée National Hongrois. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 5: 1-42.
- Forel A. 1909. Études myrmécologiques en 1909. Fourmis de Barbarie et de Ceylan. Nidification des Polyrhachis. Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 45: 369-407.
- Forel A. 1910. Ameisen aus der Kolonie Erythräa. Gesammelt von Prof. Dr. K. Escherich (nebst einigen in West-Abessinien von Herrn A. Ilg gesammelten Ameisen). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 29: 243-274.
- Forel, A. 1894. Les formicides de la province d'Oran (Algerie). Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 30: 1-45.
- Forel, A. "Les Formicides de la Province d'Oran (Algérie)." Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 30 (1894): 1-45.
- Forel, A. "Les fourmis du Sahara algérien récoltées par M. le Professeur A. Lameere et le Dr. A. Diehl." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 46 (1902): 147-158.
- Forel, A. "Miscellanea myrmécologiques II (1905)." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 49 (1905): 155-185.
- Forel, A. "Miscellanea myrmécologiques." Revue Suisse de Zoologie 12 (1904): 1-52.
- Forel, A. "Nouvelles fourmis d'Australie et des Canaries." Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 37 (1893): 454-466.
- Forel, A. "Südpalaearctische Ameisen." Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gessellschaft 9 (1895): 227-234.
- Goetsch, W. "Beiträge zur Biologie spanischer Ameisen." EOS (Revista española de entomología) 18 (1942): 175-241.
- Grandi G. 1935. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XV. Boll. R. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Studi Bologna 8: 27-121.
- Guillem, R. "A survey of the ants of Minorca (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with two new species for the island: Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859) and Temnothorax algiricus (Forel, 1894)." Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología 33, no. 3-4 (2010): 447-460.
- Hamann H. H. F., and W. Klemm W. 1967. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Nubien-Expedition 1962. Teil XXXIV. Hymenoptera - Formicidae. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 70: 411-421.
- Hernandez Cuba O., C. Perez Banon, and M. A. Marcos Garcia. 2008. Los formicidos (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) del Parque natural de la Font Roja. Iberis 6: 9-20.
- Hernandez Cuba O., J. L. Perez-Bote, and J. M. Garcia Jimenez. 2006. Los formicidos (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) del Parque Natural de Cornaldo (suroeste de la Peninsula Iberica). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 38: 356-358.
- Hohmann H., F. La Roche, G. Ortega, and J. Barquín. 1993. Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln. Veröff. Überseemus. Bremen Naturwiss. 12: 14.
- Karavaiev V. 1911. Ameisen aus Aegypten und dem Sudan. Rus. Entomol. Obozr. 11: 1-12.
- Madl M. 2019. Notes on the ant fauna of Eritrea (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae): type specimens deposited in the Natural History Museum Vienna (Austria) and a preliminary checklist. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 9-18.
- Martinez J. J. 2008. Firebreaks in planted pine forests in Israel: patches for Mediterranean Bata ants. Vie et Milieu 58(3/4): 233-236.
- Medina, M. "Catálogo provisional de las hormigas de Andalucía." Actas de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 20 (1891): 95-104.
- Menozzi C. 1927. Risultati zoologici della Missione inviata dalla R. Società Geografica Italiana per l'esplorazione dell'Oasi di Giarabub (1926-1927). Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria. 52: 379-382.
- Menozzi C. 1927. Zur Erforschung des Persischen Golfes. (Beitrag nr. 12) Formicidae (Hym.). Supplementa Entomologica. 16: 117-119.
- Menozzi C. 1932. Missione scientifica del Prof. E. Zavattari nel Fezzan (1931). Hymenoptera-Formicidae. Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 64: 93-95.
- Menozzi C. 1932. Spedizione scientifica all'Oasi di Cufra (marzo-luglio 1931). Formiche. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria. 55: 451-456.
- Menozzi C. 1934. Reperti mirmecofaunistici raccolti dal Prof. L di Caporiacco nelle oasi di Cufra e in altre localita del deserto Libico. Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena (6)13(65): 153-166
- Menozzi, C. "Zur Kenntnis der Ameisenfauna der Balearen." Zoologischer Anzeiger 66 (1926): 180-182.
- Orabi G. M., F. M. Semida, M. S. Abdel-Dayem, M. R. Sharaf, and S. M. Zalat. 2011. Diversity patterns of ants along an elevation gradient at St. Catherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zoology in the Middle East 54(1): 101-112.
- Paknia O., A. Radchenko, H. Alipanah, and M. Pfeiffer. 2008. A preliminary checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Iran. Myrmecological News 11: 151-159.
- Pashaei Rad S., B. Taylor, R. Torabi, E. Aram, G. Abolfathi, R. Afshari, F. Borjali, M. Ghatei, F. Hediary, F. Jazini, V. Heidary Kiah, Z. Mahmoudi, F. Safariyan, and M. Seiri. 2018. Further records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 64(2): 145-159.
- Santschi, F. 1936. Étude sur les fourmis du genre Monomorium Mayr. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 16: 32-64
- Santschi, F. 1908. Nouvelles fourmis de l'Afrique du Nord (Égypte, Canaries, Tunisie). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 77: 517-534.
- Saunders, E. "Aculeate Hymenoptera collected by J. J. Walker, at Gibraltar and in North Africa. (Part I - Heterogyna)." Entomologists' Monthly Magazine XXVI (1890): 201-206 y 289-291.
- Saunders, E. "Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorca and Spain. I Majorca (1901)." Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (1904): 597-598.
- Schulz, A. "Epimyrma birgitae nova species, eine sozialparasitische Ameisenart (Hym.: Formicidae) auf Teneriffa (Kanarische Inseln, Spanien)." Beiträge zur Entomologie 44 (1994): 431-440.
- Sharaf M.R., and K. Al-Zailaie. 2006. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Farasan islands protectorate (Saudi Arabia). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 83: 61-68.
- Stitz, H. "Ameisen aus dem westlichen Mittelmeergebiet und von den Kanarischen Inseln." Mitteilungen aus den Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 8 (1917): 333-353.
- Tinaut A. 2016. Ants of the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Mountains Natural Park (Andalusia, Spain) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boln. Asoc. esp. Ent., 40 (1-2): 125-159.
- Vonshak M., and A. Ionescu-Hirsch. 2009. A checklist of the ants of Israel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 39: 33-55.
- Wellenius, O. H. "Entomologische Ergebnisse der finnländischen Kanaren-Expedition 1947-1951. No. 10. Formicidae Insularum Canariensium. Systematik, Ökologie und Verbreitung der Kanarischen Formiciden." Commentationes Biologicae Societas Scienitarum Fennica 15(8) (1955): 1-20.
- Wheeler W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 711-1004
- Wheeler W. M. and W. M. Mann. 1916. The ants of the Phillips Expedition to Palestine during 1914. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 60: 167-174.
- Wheeler W. M., and W. M. Mann. 1916. The ants of the Phillips Expedition to Palestine during 1914. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 60: 167-174.
- Wheeler, W. M. "Ants of the Balearic Islands." Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica 1 (1926): 1-6.
- de Haro, Andrés, C. A. Collingwood, and P. Comín del Río. "Prospección mirmecológica por Ibiza y Formentera (Baleares)." Orsis 2 (1986): 115-120.
- de Haro, Andrés, and C. A. Collingwood. "Prospección mirmecológica por el litoral mediterráneo de Marruecos (Cabo Negro, Martil, Oued Lau) y su comparación con la zona meridional ibérica." Orsis 9 (1994): 97-104.